ANT104

Different types of political organizations emerged at various points throughout human history. Match the type of political organization to the event that facilitated its development.

Bands: Rise of genus homo States: Rise of agriculture Tribes: Rise pastoralism and horticulture

Physical anthropologist Frans de Waal studies living primate groups including macaques, chimpanzees, and bonobos in order to better inform our understanding of human instinctual behavior. Identify whether or not these are behaviors that de Waal observed in these primates after conflicts occurred.

Behaviors observed in primates after conflicts: Increased attraction. Reconciliation

Which of the following is a civil society organization?

Black lives matter, because it is a nongovernmental organization that challenges police practices.

Match the key idea with the anthropologist who developed it:

Carolyn Nordstrom: Local communities may resist war in creative ways Catherine Lutz: Militarization includes the glorification of war in popular culture.

Since the late 1800s, anthropologists studying politics and power focused on hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, and horticulturalists. Beginning in the 1960s, anthropologists began studying state societies, and developed the specialization called political anthropology. Identify whether or not these are characteristics of the beginnings of political anthropology.

Characteristic of early political anthropology: Early political anthropology developed after world war 2. Early political anthropologist crated a typology to organize different political system.

A Western-style state form has steadily emerged since the sixteenth century, a form that has been spread around the world through colonial and globalizing activities. Identify the characteristics as those of either the Western-style modern state or historic states.

Characteristic of western-style modern states: Permeates everyday life of citizens, Strong and central administration Characteristic of Historic states: Porous borders, loose administration.

The effects of globalization can be felt not only in the largest cities but also in remote rural areas. Anthropologist Marc Edelman's Peasants Against Globalization (1999) examines the activism of the rural poor in Costa Rica during the 1980s and 1990s. Place the events of the Costa Rican crisis he describes and the response of the rural poor to change their situation in chronological order.

Costa Rica gained early independence from spain and built an economically strong and politically stable country. Costa rica got involved in the civil wars of various neighboring countries while a debt crisis. program Costa rican farmers could nt complete with subsidized food and went out of business, ending costa rican self-sufficiency. Costa rica farmers protested until the governent gave them low interst loans.

In her 1940 article "Warfare Is Only an Invention—not a Biological Necessity," anthropologist Margaret Mead argues that war is a cultural invention, using ethnographic evidence to make her case. Identify whether or not these are reasons she gives to demonstrate that war is not a necessity, but rather a cultural invention.

Evidence that war is a culture invention:Groups sometimes go to war to settle dispute. Groups settle dispute without going to war. Not Evidence that war is a cultural invention: Modern warfare is a recent development. War is decided by elites, not the entire society.

The world's most developed economies back international financial institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization, and through these institutions pressure other countries to implement neoliberal economic policies. Identify whether or not these are examples of neoliberal economic policies.

Example of Neoliberal Economic Policy: Free markets Privatization of state-owned infrastructure Reduction of government funding for social services.

Framing processes are key to the success of social movements. Through a framing process, a movement creates shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action. Identify whether or not these are examples of framing processes.

Example of farming process: the sundarbans campaign motto, the occupy wall street motto"we are the 99%" Not an example: the helping behaviors of many individual t The occupation of government buildings in the peasant protests costa rica.

Systems of power, including the state, usually have dominant hegemonic power and control over the population.

False

The Al Azhar Fatwa Council in Cairo, Egypt, is one of the oldest centers of Islamic authority. Match the following terms concerning the running of the council to the correct definitions.

Fatwa: Response to a question on how to live ethically and rightly. Sharia: Islamic law Mufti: Legal scholar interpreter of islamic law

The state refers to an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government. Identify the maps below in which the black labels indicate states.

Germany , Mozambique

Identify the process that is perpetuated by this advertisement for the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops III.

Glorification of war

Match the ethnographic description with the anthropologist who conducted the ethnography.

Hussein Ali Agrama: Religious justice councils can adjudicate claims meaningfully, even without state power. Marc Edelman: Rural social movements can resist the effects of globalization. Jeffery Juris: Virtual space and physical space can intersect in ways that strength social movements.

In addition to theories and perspectives shared with political scientists and sociologists, political anthropologists also take a distinctive perspective when studying contemporary politics. Identify the distinctive approach that political anthropologists take.

Political anthropologists focus on the process of the state rather than the institutions.

Early political anthropologists created typologies to organize political systems. Although they are infrequently used today, these typologies shaped a generation of anthropological thinking about political systems. Identify whether or not these are reasons why political typologies are problematic.

Reason why political typologists are problematic: Political typologists do not take colonial activities into account. Political typologies are not reliable representations of past political structures.

Anthropologists Akhil Ferguson and James Gupta describe one dynamic of the state as "vertical encompassment." Identify what they mean when using this term to describe the state.

The overarching awareness of the state's perpetual presence.

Most states in the world today are younger than the United States, which officially formed in 1783. Most gained independence from colonial rule following World War II. By 2015, there were 196 independent states in the world.

The united States World War 2 196

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states?

Today, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must exit alongside the pervasive influence of states.

Political anthropologist Elman Service divided political systems into four types. Though the classification system is too simplistic to be used alone today, his thinking shaped a generation of anthropologists and still shapes anthropological thinking today. Match each type of political system to its definition.

Tribe: Originally used to described a culturally distinct, multiband population descended from common ancestor; State: An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military. Band: A small kinship -based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory. Chiefdom: An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities.

Hegemony refers to the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. Identify whether or not these are ways in which hegemony is created and reinforced.

Way in which hegemony is created and reinforced: Nationalism Militarization

Hegemony refers to the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. Identify whether or not these are ways in which hegemony is created and reinforced.

Way in which hegemony is created and reinforced: Nationalism, militarization.

There are many different players in the arena of war. Identify which of the following people or groups of people contribute to the perpetuation of warfare.

Weapon manufactures,

In Cairo, Egypt, petitioners go to two different types of courts, Personal Status courts and the Al Azhar Fatwa Council. Identify which of the following characteristics apply to each court or council, and which apply to both.

Al Azhar Fatwa court: Decisions are taken seriously and respected. Non binding rulings Both: Deals with domestic matters, based on principal of islamic shria Personal status courts: Leagally binding rulings. Decisions viewed with suspicion and re ignored.

Anthropologist Margaret Mead presented ethnographic evidence of people settling conflicts without going to war. Her main idea comes through in the title of her article, "Warfare is Only -—Not -.

An invention, a biological necessity

Match the idea to the scholar who promotes it.

Anthropologist Catherine Lutz: Militarization shapes many aspects of culture Anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom: Everyday people resist war by helping each other and contributing to their communities. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes: Violence is the natural state of human affairs when political institutions collapse.

Power dynamics and expressions of power are central to discussions pertaining to the intersection of humans, culture, and politics. Identify whether or not these statements accurately describe power.

Describe Power: Power is the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence Power is embedded in all human relationships. Power is the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence. Does not Describe power: Power is held by institution, not individual Power is always openly displayed.

In Homefront: A Military City and the American Twentieth Century, anthropologist Catherine Lutz describes how militarization includes not only the production of military objects, but also the glorification of war and those who make war. Identify whether or not these are dangers of unchecked militarization noted by Lutz.

Drag unchecked militarization: Unchecked militarization can shape culture institutions to its ends. Unchecked militarization dehumanizes the act of killing. Unchecked militarization can create hegemonic way of thinking. Not a Danger of unchecked militarization: Unchecked militarization amplifies the scientifically proven human tendency towards violence.

Civil society organizations are local organizations that challenge state policies and uneven development. Identify another name for civil society organizations.

Nongovernmental organizations

In her extensive ethnographic research in war-stricken Mozambique, anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom noted community responses to the difficult situations created by years of war. Identify whether or not these are local responses to war she observed in Mozambique.

Local response to war in Mozambique: The community found new ways to continue with their everyday lives. Community and political leadres left and became refugees in other countries.

Anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom studied Mozambique during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during and directly after the Mozambican civil war. She noted the widespread use of "terror warfare" used by both guerilla and governmental soldiers. Identify the correct definition of terror warfare.

Terror warfare is the destruction and disruption of all aspects of civilian life.