ANTH 103 Final - Quiz Key
B
For the academic community, a critical problem with secret research is: a. It may endanger the lives of the anthropologists who pursue it. b. The scientific community has no way to assess its validity. c. It is almost always used for illegal or immoral purposes. d. It is unlikely to provide benefits to either anthropologists or the people who are the subjects of such research. e. It can rarely be used to support the tenure and promotion of anthropology professors.
F
Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles. True False
E
The area of the world most associated with the two-spirit is: Select one: a. Ireland. b. West Africa. c. New Guinea. d. Southern Spain. e. Native societies of North America.
A
A critical factor that makes Northern Indian kinship terminology difficult for Americans is: a. The use of different terms for kin from the mother's side and father's side of the family. b. The fact that the same individual may be called by as many as three different kin names on different occasions. c. The fact that some people that are much younger than you, must be called father or mother. d. The fact that women are only rarely allowed to use a kin name when addressing members of her own family. e. The fact that all older males within one's family are called father.
A
A critical insight of medical anthropology is that: a. Disease and medicine never exist independently from culture. b. Diseases are universal, biological entities and have little relation to culture. c. There is a single, universal medical model that is applicable to all cultures. d. Although diseases may have different names and different treatments in different cultures, the same diseases are present in all cultures. e. Traditional cultures have a greater number of diseases that modern medicine considers "psychological" than does modern culture.
C
A female perspective on the Tiwi marriage system indicates that: a. There is no such thing as sexual egalitarianism in foraging societies. b. Women benefit psychologically by having husbands much older than themselves. c. Tiwi wives enjoy both sexual and social freedom. d. Tiwi women are totally dominated by their husbands. e. There are no advantages for women in this marriage system.
B
A fundamental principle of language is that: a. Oppressed groups rarely contribute words to the language of their oppressors. b. Language always reflects the history of those who use it. c. The more phonemes a language has, the more different ideas can be expressed in it. d. The more material goods a culture has, the more talkative its members will be. e. The more primitive a culture, the more likely its members are to be dependent on senses such as smell and hearing rather than language.
F
A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely. True False
C
A widely accepted function of the incest taboo is that it: a. Prevents recessive genes from appearing in human populations. b. Is key to maintaining the species differences between humans and other primates. c. Helps families form wider alliances. d. Demonstrates our connections with other primate families. e. Raises the intelligence level of the human species.
T
Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture. True False
F
All anthropologists agree that culture is a shared set of norms and values. True False
T
All children, regardless of culture, go through the same stages and sequence for language learning. True False
E
All of the following are adaptive aspects of a Karen house except: a. It has a place for water containment on the verandah. b. It has a peaked roof. c. It is made of bamboo. d. It is raised about 6 feet off the ground. e. It does not contain a kitchen.
B
All of the following are arguments commonly used to explain the existence of a gender hierarchy except: Select one: a. Women and men have differential status based on their distribution and exchange of resources. b. Women's status is higher in societies where they do not have any domestic duties and work, instead, outside of the home. c. Women's lowered status is due to the private/public dichotomy. d. The expansion of capitalism and colonialism has had enormous impact on non-Western gender hierarchies. e. Male dominance correlates with the existence of ecological stress and warfare.
A
All of the following are characteristics of cultural symbols except: a. They are easily defined. b. They contain condensed meanings. c. They can be both objects and ideas. d. They are used to store information. e. They are used to create meaning.
A
All of the following are reasons why language is being lost today in such great numbers except: a. Linguistic minorities are increasingly working to teach their languages to their children. b. A vast majority of media is conducted in a few languages. c. Global trade favors more populous languages from more wealthy nations. d. Nation-states often try to suppress linguistic diversity. e. It is more profitable and advantageous to speak languages that are numerically superior.
A
All of the following statements about the understanding of culture in anthropology are correct except: a. Culture is biologically and genetically transmitted from person to person. b. Culture is the way of life of a particular human society. c. Culture is the learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups. d. Culture is the primary way that human adapt to their environments.
A
All of the following were considered the highest risk field dangers in a 1990 study of anthropologists except: a. Tuberculosis. b. Vehicle crashes. c. Malaria. d. Hepatitis.
T
All the sounds used in the different languages of the world can be represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet. True False
D
Contemporary anthropological approaches to gender emphasize: Select one: a. Explanations for universal male dominance. b. Ways to increase women's power in contemporary society. c. The ways in which men in many cultures feel threatened by female empowerment. d. The central role of gender relations as a basic building block of culture. e. Questions about why there are so few women in anthropology.
A
Among the Kipsigis, in negotiating the terms of the bridewealth payment, a woman's parents: a. Try to find a balance between seeking a high bridewealth payment and concern for their daughter's happiness. b. Will frequently forgo the payment if the man is nice. c. Will ask more payment if their daughter is in love with the man. d. Will be motivated solely by making the best financial arrangement they can. e. Will ask less for a highly educated woman who can earn her own living.
F
Anthropologists generally agree that they should defend Western notions of human rights. True False
E
Anthropologists have become more sensitive to issues of voice and of power and have begun to reflect more critically on their role as observer in another culture primarily as a result of: a. Reflectionist ethnology. b. Franz Boas. c. Feminist anthropology. d. Collaborative ethnography. e. Postmodernism.
B
Anthropologists say that human adaptation is biocultural. Which of the following best represents what is meant by this statement? a. Human adaptation is both biological and cultural, and anthropologists cannot distinguish between the meanings of these concepts. b. Human adaptation involves both biological and cultural dimensions and each influences the other. c. Human adaptation is unique among all animals because it is based exclusively on physiological adaptations. d. Human adaptation is the same as that of all animal because culture plays a role in the adaptation of all forms of life. e. Human adaptation is based exclusively on culture. Biology is subsumed within the cultural dimension and does not exert an independent influence on humans.
A
Anthropologists study symbols because: a. They can represent an entire constellation of ideas and emotions. b. They are highly complex and members of a culture are unable to understand them without help from anthropologists c. They have single, unique meanings that are easily learned. d. They only hold meaning when in tactile form, such as a flag. e. They reflect the concerns of particular individuals in culture.
B
Anthropologists who are interested in the ways in which people in different cultures classify their world often use a theory called: a. Functionalism. b. Ethnoscience. c. Structuralism. d. Interpretive anthropology. e. Sociobiology.
T
Anthropology degrees lead to about the same job prospects as other liberal arts degrees. True False
A
Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called: a. Ethnocentrism. b. Participant observation. c. Cultural relativism. d. Ethnography. e. Postmodernism.
D
Chinese factories hire dagongmei because: Select one: a. They need to provide entertainment for their male workers. b. They are likely to be better trained than other workers. c. Since they are orphans, they are easily exploited. d. They are a cheap source of labor. e. The government provides extra cash incentives for companies that hire them.
A
Comparing culture to a system implies that: a. A change in one part of culture will result in changes in other parts of culture. b. A culture has no immediate relationship to its natural environment. c. Each cultural pattern has the same meaning for every individual. d. Culture is a means to an end. e. No part of culture can work unless every part of culture works.
D
Conflict is likely to be found: a. Only in societies that have capitalist economic systems. b. Only in large scale industrialized societies. c. Only in societies that claim to have principles of equality but do not follow them. d. In all sorts of societies. e. Only in societies that have a social hierarchy and separation into classes or castes.
E
Cultural relativism requires that: a. All cultures be seen as equally good. b. All cultures be seen as equally self-serving. c. All cultures be measured against our own. d. An individual must give up his/her culture in order to understand another culture. e. Values and customs be understood in terms of the culture of which they are a part.
E
Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members: a. Spouses only. b. Children only. c. Brothers and sisters. d. Grandparents. e. Spouses and children.
A
Ethnocentrism is the tendency for: a. Every society to view itself as superior to others. b. Every society to want to exploit the wealth of other societies. c. Every individual to consider him/herself the equal of others. d. Every individual to want to see another's point of view. e. Every society to value the group above the individual.
T
Even though biologically capable of making the sounds of human language, no chimp has ever produced voluntary speech-like verbalization. True False
D
How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories? a. It is the study of how humans have changed from simple to complex communication and transportation systems. b. It is the study of how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time. c. It is the study of how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms, sometimes even changing species. d. It is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones. e. It is the study of how native people classify their natural world.
F
If a person speaks a more "proper" form of English (such as SSAE instead of AAVE), then their thought process will become more complex and rational. True False
T
If a society classifies kin according to relative age, it would have different terms to designate older and younger brothers. True False
C
In Northern India, much of the underlying logic of the kinship system is based on all of the following except: a. Bifurcation. b. Patrilineality. c. Flexibility. d. Hierarchy. e. Relative age.
T
In Nuer culture, kinship lineage is important because all who are not in some way kin are enemies. True False
F
In a unilineal kinship system, one is affiliated with family members on both the father's and mother's side. True False
E
In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land: a. Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it. b. Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual. c. Is owned by chiefs or headmen, who have the right to sell it if desired. d. Is privately and exclusively owned by men. e. Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.
B
In gender studies, the idea of the public/private dichotomy refers to the notion that: Select one: a. Men act differently toward women in public than they do in private. b. Societies are divided into a private world dominated by women and a public world dominated by men. c. Private relationships between men and women are threatened by public disclosure. d. Women are able to maintain more power over men if their actions are public than if they are private. e. Behavior of both men and women is different in the public sphere than in the private sphere.
F
In modern capitalist societies, people rarely get much of their identity through work. True False
D
In most cases, in pre-modern societies, the elderly are respected: a. Because they control access to land and water. b. To a far greater extent than in most modern societies. c. If they are male. If they are female, not so much. d. When they have wealth, power, and descendents. e. But only after they have grandchildren.
F
In recent years, women in Iran have moved away from wearing the burka in public. Select one: True False
C
Indigenous peoples involve all of the following except: a. Members of a society that have occupied a region for a long time. b. Members of groups recognized as original inhabitants. c. Members of any group who dress as indigenous peoples and participate in native pow-wows. d. Members of a group that is recognized as very ancient to a region. e. Members of a group that continues to live in a traditional manner.
C
Informed consent involves all of the following except: a. Anthropologists must be involved in a dynamic discussion with participants in order to explain the significance of informed consent. b. Individuals should understand the risks and benefits inherent in the research. c. Participants must sign a witnessed contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study. d. Participants must understand how the research data is likely to affect them. e. Individuals must be free to decide if they want to participate.
F
Inuit children are protected from the harsh environment and physical challenges until it is time for them to transition into adulthood. True False
F
It is likely that difficult and dangerous conditions in the meat packing industry will soon result in new, strong government regulation of that industry. True False
B
Karen houses are generally: a. Built in the shade under trees. b. Built without windows. c. Built with their main living floor two or three feet below ground level. d. Built by men but owned by women. e. Built with adobe brick.
C
Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which of the following is not an example of a leveling mechanism? a. The Mexican cargo system whereby wealthy adults take turns in sponsoring religious feasts. b. The inheritance pattern by which all of a man's children share equally in his property. c. A public stock offering by a private firm in a capitalist society. d. The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations. e. Witchcraft accusations against especially prosperous persons.
B
Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of: a. Franz Boas. b. Charles Darwin. c. Bronislaw Malinowski. d. Margaret Mead. e. Carolus Linnaeus.
A
Like most horticulturalists, the Lua' traditionally plant: a. A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons. b. Whatever crops bring the highest price in the world market. c. Only one main crop. d. Year after year, in the fields closest to their villages. e. Corn, beans, and squash.
T
Marriage is the way most societies arrange for the products and services of men and women to be exchanged and for the care of children. True False
F
Medical anthropologists work in other cultures but are rarely focused on healthcare in the United States. True False
T
Men in "San Blas," Spain assert that all women are "seductresses and whores." Select one: True False
D
Men in Andalusia, Spain generally view women as: Select one: a. More intelligent than men. b. Trustworthy. c. Naive. d. Lustful. e. Angels.
T
Most anthropological data comes in the form of extensive field notes, audio recordings, and photographs. True False
T
One anthropological perspective understands male initiation as a type of fertility cult. Select one: True False
E
One aspect of Omaha kinship that might strike many Americans as unusual is: a. A male can be called "mother." b. Brothers are not distinguished from sisters. c. The term "myself" can mean either the person speaking, or one of his or her brothers or sisters. d. Everyone is called by the same name. e. People in many generations may be called "mother's brother."
A
One of the exceptions to the almost universal prohibition on brother/sister marriage was among: a. The ancient Hawaiian royalty. b. Medieval Europan Royalty. c. The Tiwi of Australia. d. The Toda of India. e. The Kipsigis of East Africa.
B
One piece of evidence that supports a Freudian interpretation for male rites of passage is that: Select one: a. They occur in all societies. b. They are more common in cultures in which boys have strong identification with their mothers. c. They involve elements of repression and reaction formation. d. The imagery used in them seems to be closely associated with dreams. e. Many of the themes they express seem closely tied to the id.
D
Polyandry is adapted to a number of different economic and demographic circumstances. Among the Toda of South India, it is an adaptation to the: a. Shortage of land. b. Need for men to be away as soldiers for long periods of time. c. Low birth rate of females as compared with males. d. Shortage of females, created by female infanticide. e. High degree of occupational specialization.
F
Postmodernism has been accepted now by all anthropologists. True False
B
Pure cultures, free from outside influence: a. Tend to be much more ethnocentric than other cultures. b. Have never existed. c. Existed until the 15th century in many parts of the world. d. Are more common in Africa than in other parts of the world. e. Have fewer traits than those in frequent contact with the outside.
A
Sea ice is critical to the Inuit because: a. It is used as a highway and as a building material. b. It allows animal herds to migrate from one area to another. c. It is their only supply of fresh water. d. It allows supply planes to land, bringing needed food and equipment as well as tourists. e. It connects different Inuit communities.
F
Since they can be used in gardening, the key items exchanged in the Kula trade have great economic value. True False
T
Sir Edward Tylor's early definition of culture was intended as a way of explaining the differences between human societies. True False
C
Sociolinguistics is helpful to anthropologists in understanding culture because: a. Speech is a constant, while social structure is variable. b. The distribution of irregular verbs can indicate the relative importance of different actions in a cultural system c. People's speech varies depending on their position in a social structure or social relationship. d. Speech is always consistent within a social group. e. The ways in which people speak determine their position in the social structure.
A
The concept that caring for the elderly is a burden: a. Is widespread and occurs even in societies where group harmony is valued. b. Is linked to conditions where warfare is common. c. Is most common among foraging societies. d. Rarely occurs in pre-modern societies. e. Is a particular aspect of current-day Western society because of its focus on money earning.
F
The cultural differences between males and females are due entirely to biology, although they are sometimes understood differently from one culture to another. Select one: True False
E
The difference between a productive resource and a capital resource is: a. Capital resources can be sold or inherited, productive resources cannot. b. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive resources exist everywhere. c. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive resources exist only in traditional societies. d. The ownership of capital resources makes one wealthy, but the ownership of productive resources does not. e. Capital resources are used to generate profit for their owners, while productive resources do not necessarily have this function.
F
The example of the Kayapo of the Xingu River Basin in South America shows that traditional people were often capable of destroying their own environments. True False
C
The function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to: a. Certify and approve departments of anthropology. b. Suggest disciplinary actions against researchers who violate ethical standards. c. Approve, monitor, and review all university research involving human subjects. d. Review articles submitted to academic journals prior to publication. e. Fund anthropological research.
T
The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America. True False
D
The kinship classification systems that emphasize the importance of the unilineal kin group are: a. The Eskimo, the Omaha, and the Hawaiian. b. The Sudanese and the Eskimo. c. The Iroquois and the Hawaiian. d. The Crow, the Omaha, and the Iroquois. e. The Sudanese and the Crow.
C
The main subsistence crop of the Lua' is: a. Corn. b. Beans. c. Rice. d. Potatoes. e. Wheat.
B
The masculine cultural belief in Spain that women's lust is a threat to male honor and dignity is: Select one: a. A unique cultural pattern found in few other places in the world. b. Rooted in traditional Christianity where the lustful woman is symbolized by Eve as Adam's temptress. c. A contemporary belief with no historical roots. d. Realistic given the high rate of temporary male migration which leaves women unprotected at home. e. In contrast to traditional Christianity where women are regarded as dignified, virginal persons.
F
The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment. True False
C
The power of the hijras in Indian culture comes through their: Select one: a. High entertainment standards of dancing and singing. b. Practice of prostitution. c. Attempts to completely identify with the goddess Bahuchara Mata. d. Ownership of land and property. e. Patronage by the British during colonial days.
F
The public/private dichotomy is particularly important in foraging societies. Select one: True False
F
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density. True False
E
Tlingit women generally consider men to be: Select one: a. The only ones who can properly accumulate wealth and handle money. b. Physically weaker than women. c. Unable to conduct ceremonies accurately. d. The only ones who can hold political office. e. Irresponsible with money.
A
Under most conditions, foraging requires: a. Independence and mobility. b. Strong, capable leadership. c. The presence of nearby agricultural people. d. Complex and sophisticated tools. e. Clear and enforceable ideas about land ownership.
A
When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their own members or members of other groups, they are participating in: a. Redistribution b. The kula trade. c. The institutionalization of unequal wealth. d. Reciprocity e. A market economy.
D
When anthropologists examine language across different cultures, they find that: a. Children raised with their mothers speak better than children raised with other relatives. b. Children learn to speak early when mothers and babies interact a lot. c. Children learn to speak very early when the culture has written language. d. Children learn to speak at the same time in all cultures and with equal competence. e. Children speak in the same way in all cultures regardless of different languages.
D
Where the levirate and the sororate exist, they testify to the importance of: a. Romantic love as a reason for getting married. b. The diffusion of this Judaic custom from its Middle Eastern origin. c. The unimportance of children as a reason for getting married. d. Marriage as an alliance between families, rather than between individuals. e. The emotional attachment between brothers and sisters.
A
Which of the following is not a subsystem of language? a. Symbology. b. Semantics. c. Morphology. d. Syntax. e. Phonology.
A
Which of the following is the most common form of marriage (favored) across cultures? a. Polygyny. b. Sororal polyandry. c. Monogamy. d. Polyandry. e. Serial monogamy.
C
Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do? a. Ask God for forgiveness of his sins. b. Demand that his followers worship him. c. Brag about his wealth and power. d. Demand that those whom he invited give him gifts. e. Praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited.
C
Which of the following studies how languages are related to each other? a. Biological anthropology b. Human variation c. Historical linguistics d. Paleo-linguistics e. Cultural linguistics
C
Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century? a. Increasing presence of Wal-mart and other superstores and decline of family-owned businesses. b. Increasing wealth of farmers (along with the increasing tendency of their children to leave the farm). c. Increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm. d. Increasing opportunities in rural America leading populations to return from cities to rural areas. e. Increasing importance of education in rural school districts.
A
With regard to the stability of a marriage, bridewealth payments: a. Tend to stabilize marriages b. Make it easier for a wife to leave her husband than for him to leave her. c. Make it easier for a husband to leave his wife than for her to leave him. d. Have a destabilizing effect. e. Have no effect.
F
Women usually have a lower status in societies where there is a matrilineal reckoning of descent than they do in a patrilineal society. True False
