ANTH 1050 Exam III Chapters 8-11

28. How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?

A) less than 10,000 years

26. What is the main evidence used to support the multiregional theory?

A) mtDNA

35. Which of these is an example of ethnographic analogy?

A) observing the use of tools by contemporary societies to determine how they were used thousands of years ago

12. The Y chromosome research suggests that the most recent ancestor lived about __________ than the date determined by mtDNA.

B) 100,000 years earlier

1. Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago

B) 200,000

11. The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________.

B) Africa

25. The most supported alternative to the Beringia model of movement of Native Americans is that they came to the Americas from __________.

B) Africa by boat

42. What does the cohabitation of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the Mount Carmel region of Israel suggest about their relationship?

B) Because they lived in the same geographical and temporal space, they probably interbred and led to modern humans.

5. The site at __________, dating to about 25,000 years ago in the Czech Republic, is one of the first for which there is an entire settlement plan.

B) Dolni Vestonice

49. How does genetic analysis compare with linguistic analysis of New World migration patterns?

B) Genetic analysis puts the date of migration much earlier than that determined by linguistic research.

2. What is the currently accepted scientific name of the Neandertals?

B) Homo neandertalensis

17. What have scientists discovered about the relationship between Neandertals and humans based on their mitochondrial DNA?

B) The mtDNA suggests that Neanderthals are genetically comparable to modern humans.

43. With all the evidence for Neandertals and humans being different species, why is there still debate about their evolutionary relationship?

B) Their mtDNA suggests that they were very closely related.

18. What is the main problem with anthropologists trying to reconstruct the body using fossils?

B) There are not enough fossils to begin the process.

5. Researchers from the United States and Germany have argued that the common ancestor of the Neandertal and modern humans existed about __________ years ago.

C) 400,000

31. The site of which city would have been covered by ice in Upper Paleolithic times?

C) Chicago

19. What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?

C) They were primarily made of wood or bone.

41. How does indirect percussion compare to earlier forms of toolmaking?

C) Toolmakers could make much smaller blades through indirect percussion than through earlier techniques.

1. Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?

C) art

38. A scholar that classifies erectus-like forms as Homo sapiens erectus is most likely a supporter of the __________ theory.

C) multiregional

49. What evidence is needed to support the genocide scenario?

C) remains of murdered Neandertal individuals

27. What environmental change was associated with the disappearance of the glaciers?

C) sea levels rose

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication

Fertile Crescent

Which of these is a consequence of the rise of food production?

declining health

What religious features would you expect to see in a state society?

full-time religious specialists

What are the key characteristics required to classify a society as a state?

hierarchical and centralized decision making affecting a substantial population

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.

hunting

In Ali Kosh in southwestern Iran after about 5500 B.C., __________ were two important innovations.

irrigation and the use of domesticated cattle

Which of the following is part of the state's infrastructure?

irrigation systems

In North America, a settlement with over 100 earthen mounds developed near present-day St. Louis. This settlement represented a __________.

large and powerful chiefdom

What physical feature would be adaptive by allowing a hunter to throw a spear further and with more force?

longer limbs

As economic specialization developed in Sumer, __________ became more elaborate.

social stratification

Archaeologists can determine whether status was conferred at birth or later in life by __________.

studying children's burials

10. At Olsen-Chubbock, archaeological evidence shows that early hunters were __________.

A) organized and hunted together

Which of these tools would most likely be made from obsidian?

atlatl

The __________ site of Guila Naquitz had evidence of casual plant domestication.

cave

The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.

more likely with

The population of the world seems to have increased dramatically as a result of people __________.

settling down

Because of its location in a neutral, nonproductive region, the city of Monte Albán is most like the modern capital city of __________.

Paris

How do cities relate to a society's agricultural production?

Successful cities have developed alongside all known types of subsistence economies

Which of these modern nations falls within what archaeologists call the Fertile Crescent?

Syria

14. The Upper Paleolithic cultures relied on hunting for food. Why?

A) There were vast supplies of meat available.

47. Why are mtDNA and Y chromosome DNA so important for evolutionary genetics?

A) They are the only types of DNA that do not undergo recombination.

26. How did Greenberg and Ruhlen come to the conclusion that there were three waves of migration into the New World?

A) They compared the indigenous languages of North and South America.

15. How can archaeologists estimate the size of Upper Paleolithic settlements?

A) They look at the size of the toolmaking sites at each community.

35. If a second Denisovan site was found today, where would you most expect it to be located?

B) western Europe

10. Cro-Magnon first appeared in Europe about __________ years ago.

C) 35,000

How do cuneiform and hieroglyphics differ?

Cuneiform was used by everyday people, whereas hieroglyphics were used by priests.

The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.

Indus

What was unusual about the Harappan civilization, as compared to other early states?

It lacked a centralized government.

__________ is often given as a reason for the decline of the Roman Empire.

Overextension

__________ has proposed a theory of state origin stressing population growth, circumscription, and war.

Robert Carneiro

__________ theorized that long-distance trade led to the state.

Wright and Johnson

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at __________.

the differences in house size and furnishing

Why did North American agriculturalists switch to a dependence on corn?

Corn is easier to harvest and store than many other crops.

Where might you find a Neolithic Natufian settlement?

Jordan

By about __________ B.C., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations.

3500

11. The glaciers began to disappear about __________ years ago.

A) 10,000

37. Based on the age and locations of early Homo sapiens finds, where would you expect the origins of our species to be if the single-origin theory were true?

A) Africa

28. How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?

A) Many species became extinct, forcing Upper Paleolithic hunters to adapt to unfamiliar game.

4. _________ claimed that Neandertals would not have been capable of complete bipedalism.

A) Marcellin Boule

18. How would one ensure that ethnographic analogy of early tool use is as accurate as possible?

A) The ancient culture should be one for which some historical records are available.

44. What support exists for the idea that cave paintings depicting animals were intended to influence the hunters' success?

A) The paintings are often associated with a cache of ritual hunting tools.

Why did cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East?

Agriculture started later in the New World than in the Old World.

7. Later Stone Age settlements in __________ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America.

Australia

22. Why we do still not know when human language emerged?

B) It is a difficult topic to explore archaeologically.

20. What alternative model has Catherine Borchert and Adrienne Zihlman provided for the perceived gender bias in explaining the origins of language?

B) Language may have developed through mother-infant communication.

32. What tool style would you expect to find at a European Neandertal site?

B) Mousterian

29. As the climate became warmer and drier, Archaic peoples of North America began to follow a more __________ lifestyle.

B) sedentary

3. In __________, the first Neandertal fossils were found in the Neander Valley, near Düsseldorf, Germany.

C) 1856

39. Features such as facial prognathism, an unbroken browridge, and relatively large molars are common in modern Asia populations. With which hominin species do they share these characteristics?

C) Homo erectus

8. Only __________ fossils have been found in North and South America.

C) Homo sapiens

16. Upper Paleolithic toolmaking appears to have had its roots in the Mousterian and __________ traditions.

C) Levalloisian

29. What non-genetic evidence supports the idea that Neandertals and humans may have interbred?

C) Neandertals and humans shared living spaces.

16. What led to the misrepresentation of the Neandertals as bent over, brutish ape-men?

C) One of the earliest Neandertal skeletons examined was from a diseased individual.

36. A 9,300-year-old skeleton known as Kennewick Man was the subject of a long legal battle involving the ownership of Native American remains. With which group of people would Kennewick Man most likely be associated?

C) Paleo-Indians

31. Which of these features would you expect to see on a Homo heidelbergensis skull?

C) separated browridge

How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?

Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.

Many scientists believe that the loss of the megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene was due to overhunting. What factor gives reason to question this hypothesis?

The population of humans at the time was far too low to have had such an effect on mammal populations.

What evidence at Ali Kosh indicates that the people depended mostly on wild plants and animals for their food?

There is no evidence of animal husbandry at this site.

How did the Archaic people of Highland Mesoamerica differ socially from the Natufians?

There is no evidence of social differences in Highland Mesoamerica.

What might explain the fact that agriculture spread more quickly in the Old World than in the New World?

There was less contact between cultures in the New World, which means less trade and diffusion of ideas.

How do Wright and Johnson evaluate whether a society had the three levels of political administration they require to be considered a state?

They consider the relative health of the populace.

How do we know that the city of Teotihuacán in Mesoamerica was very influential at its peak?

Though very small, the city provided a great deal of resources for its people.

Which of these archaeological finds would suggest domestication of animal species?

a disproportionate amount of one species over another

What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?

allowing for larger populations

At present, archaeologists define the Neolithic in terms of the presence of __________.

domesticated plants and animals

How did the origins of food production most likely occur?

independently around the world over a few thousand years

The increased use of stationary food sources during the Epipaleolithic explains in part why people in the Near East began to __________.

lead more sedentary lives

Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica, __________ were located near seasonally abundant resources.

macrobands

The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated __________.

maize

Which civilization is believed to have collapsed due to environmental degradation?

the Egyptians

Cities first appeared in the Near East about __________.

3500 B.C.

2. During the Upper Paleolithic the world experienced the last ice age. At this time, the world's temperature was __________.

4-7 degree celcius difference

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ B.C.

8000

46. How certain are scientists whether or not Neandertals engaged in ritual behavior?

C) Scientists have proof that Neandertals had ritual behavior.

46. What evidence do many scientists use to support the idea that Neandertals had language?

C) The Neandertal tool culture is too complex to have been passed along without language.

7. Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size., which was called the __________ method.

D) Levalloisian

13. During the Upper Paleolithic, the environment of North America south of the glaciers was best characterized as __________.

D) tundra

Where would you go to participate in a dig at the site of the ancient state of Axum?

Ethiopia

What is the Binford-Flannery model for the development of food production?

Food production creates adequate nutrition with less work than hunting and gathering.

The formative period in Mesoamerica was much longer than the period in Iraq.

In both regions, developments in irrigation were crucial for more permanent settlements.

How did the process of domestication differ between Mesoamerica and the Fertile Crescent?

In the Fertile Crescent, people shifted completely from gathering wild foods to depending on domesticated foods within only a few decades.

Why are many anthropologists interested in the reasons ancient civilizations collapsed?

Knowing about the decline of states in the past may help us preserve our own.

Most of the evidence given for the hypothesis that sedentary people have larger populations than nomadic people comes from a study of the __________.

Kung

Which region's development contradicts the theory that irrigation is one of the driving forces of the development of early states?

Mesoamerica

Where would you expect to find the earliest examples of states in the archaeological record?

Mesopotamia

The earliest city-state in Mesoamerica was probably __________.

Monte Albán

How does overdependence on a few staple foods increase the risk of famine?

The fewer the staple crops, the greater the danger to the food supply posed by crop failure.

What do anthropologists mean when they say that city-states arose "independently" in various regions of the world?

The states emerged without colonization or conquest from other states.

Mesoamerican farmers are often credited for the clever idea of growing maize, beans, and squash together, because the plants complement each others' nutritional needs. How would the Mesoamerican farmers likely come up with this idea?

These are the only plants that can be grown in the same field successfully, and it saves space.

Catal Hüyük was set in a remote area with few natural resources. How did the people cope with this challenge?

They lived a simple existence using just the bare necessities.

How did a shift to a more sedentary lifestyle and reliance on grains affect the Natufians' health?

They suffered nutritional deficiency, as shown by their teeth.

Which modern type of home best approximates the homes in the city of Teotihuacán?

a mobile home

What is the most likely factor involved in the decreased birth interval seen in sedentary !Kung communities, as compared to more nomadic groups?

a shift away from the post-partum sex taboo seen in more nomadic groups

The date of domestication in mainland Southeast Asia appears to be __________.

comparable to that of Mesoamerica

Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?

complex hunting

The first form of writing found in Sumer and dating to around 3000 B.C. is known as __________.

cuneiform

The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.

egalitarian

Which of these terms can be applied to all known states?

egalitarian

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.

environmental degradation

Based on the evidence explaining the decline of earlier states, what factor is the most pressing consideration for today's civilizations?

food production

In the state, many people are relieved of the need for __________.

food production

What evidence exists to show that African preagricultural settlements were reliant on water resources for food?

harpoons in the archaeological record and sites along the shores of rivers and lakes

From the time agriculture developed to about 6000 B.C., people in the Near East lived in __________.

small villages

Based on their site of domestication, where do you expect the wild ancestors of today's sheep and goats to have lived?

the Near East

The Uruk period refers to pre-state developments in __________.

the Near East

23. During the Upper Paleolithic, people migrated to Australia and New Guinea from __________.

A) Asia

45. What evidence at Shanidar suggests that the find was a deliberate burial?

A) Fossilized pollen was found around and on top of the man's body.

13. Most paleoanthropologists agree that __________ evolved into H. sapiens.

A) H. erectus

21. How do Richard Klein and Lewis Binford differ in their interpretations of the Klasies River Neandertals?

A) Klein thinks they had seasonal migrations, but Binford thinks they had permanent settlements.

30. How did Neandertals relate to modern humans in terms of adaptation to their environment?

B) Neandertals were better suited to hunting the big game common in the region.

3. Large game animals of the Upper Paleolithic period were known as __________ megafauna

B) Pleistocene

33. Which of these materials would make the best punch for making a tool through indirect percussion?

D) obsidian

38. Paleo-Indians who lived in the eastern woodlands would likely have depended on what resources for food?

D) plant food and small game

39. The Maglemosian people of northern Europe lived in a heavily forested environment. Which tools would you expect to find in high numbers at a Maglemosian site?

D) punches

27. The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.

D) single origin

30. What innovation from Upper Paleolithic culture had the most lasting importance for humans, both in the Old and New Worlds?

D) the discovery of stone tools

Why does health often suffer in cities?

The high population allows infectious diseases to flourish.

What development in the Neolithic society allowed for woven textile clothing?

domestication of sheep

6. The Neandertal period in Africa is called the __________.

A) Middle Paleolithic

34. Based on your knowledge of the Neandertal's environments, diet, and social life, what do you expect was the function of their heavy wooden spears?

A) They were used for hunting big game.

9. Who are the Denisovans?

A) an isolated population of late Homo erectus

21. What features are characteristic of the Venus figurines?

A) broad hips and large breasts

4. Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in __________.

A) caves and rock shelters

50. The __________ scenario has the best archaeological evidence to support it.

A) interbreeding

Which civilization is possibly the first officially Christian state in the world?

Axum

14. Why is there disagreement on the classification of many fossils dating to between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago?

B) Many fossils from this period have a mix of H. erectus and H. sapiens traits

36. Which group of people would be most likely to have Denisovan traits in their DNA?

B) Scandinavians

8. At __________, a stack of seven bear skulls was found with evidence of Neandertal habitation.

B) Shanidar

42. What could explain the trend toward smaller blades during the Upper Paleolithic?

B) Small blades were made to be disposable.

19. How did Upper Paleolithic people most likely obtain mammoth bones for building?

B) They scavenged them from sites where mammoths died naturally.

24. What does the degree of variation in modern human mtDNA suggest?

B) We all share relatively recent common ancestry.

45. What might explain the relative rarity of depictions of men and children in Upper Paleolithic European art?

B) Women may have had a high status in the Upper Paleolithic, due to their role as mothers.

6. The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly __________.

B) animals

40. Where would you find the Archaic settlement sites in an archaeological dig?

B) below Paleo-Indian sites, since they are more ancient

20. Which of these is the earliest evidence of art?

B) cave painting

48. Which theory is most discounted by the finding that the HLA system was inherited from Neandertals and Denisovians?

B) multiregional

34. Which of these scholars are most likely to specialize in Upper Paleolithic peoples and cultures?

B) paleoanthropologists

33. Which of these foods would most likely be found in the diet of a European Neandertal?

B) reindeer

37. Where would you be most likely to find Clovis points?

B) the Midwest

23. What is the major principle of the single-origin theory?

C) Neandertals became extinct.

48. How do anthropologists know that Native Americans originally came from Asia?

C) There was no path available for migration other than the one from Asia.

Which important site was an adobe town set high in the mountains of southern Turkey?

Catal Hüyük

43. In addition to being an efficient use of source materials, what is another benefit of microlith technology?

D) Microlith tools are easier to use than earlier tools.

9. Which site pushes the arrival of humans in South America to at least 15,000 years ago?

D) Monte Verde

47. What evidence is there for a more sedentary lifestyle among the Upper Paleolithic peoples of East Asia?

D) Most of the archaeological sites are located in caves or rock shelters.

50. How do we know that Paleo-Indians hunted mammoths?

D) One mammoth skeleton was found with multiple projectile points in it.

40. How would you expect a Neanderthal's dietary requirements to differ from that of a human's?

D) The Neanderthal would need more calories than the human.

44. Why might cave and rock shelters be overrepresented in the fossil record?

D) They are more likely to be found than are sites that were once in the open but now buried.

15. What is the relationship between H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis?

D) They are most likely a single species that should be grouped with early Neandertals.

22. The single-origin theory is also known as the __________ theory.

D) continental migration

41. When doing facial reconstructions of hominin species, which features are entirely dependent upon the artist's own imagination?

D) hair or eye color

17. When would a toolmaker use pressure flaking?

D) in the final stages of retouching a tool

25. Y chromosome evidence traces descent from __________.

D) males only

32. Archaeologists have found the remains of Pleistocene megafauna in Siberia. Which of these animals do the fossils most likely represent?

D) mammoth

24. Until recently, the prevailing view was that humans were __________.

D) not present south of Alaska until after 11,500 years ago

12. What new tools become more common in the tool kits of the Archaic peoples as the glaciers retreated?

D) tools for grinding seeds and nuts

The preagricultural developments in Southeast Asia are poorly known at this point, but are most likely in response to environmental changes. What changes were occurring in the climate at this time?

a warming trend and higher sea levels

Archaeologists speak of domestication only when there is evidence that plants and animals show a __________ wild plants and animals.

modification from

Which of these is an example of a composite tool?

a sickle made with microliths

Which of these societies would fit the anthropological definition of a chiefdom?

a society in which a political official has authority over several communities

__________ called the period from about 5000 B.C. to 3500 B.C. the formative era in southern Iraq.

Elman Service