ANTH 1102, Exam #1

What is the definition of ANTHROPOLOGY?

- Is the scientific study of humanity (holistic and comparative) - Holistic both through space and time -To compare, we must compare every aspect of human society between groups of people through space and time -Very broad study

What were some reasons that hominids began walking?

-Drier savannah environment created a number of ecological problems for early hominids -Food and water more dispersed on the landscape -Broadening of dietary patterns -Open space + terrestrial existence = danger from predators -Frees hands to do other things (gave the ability to carry things, such as food) -Walking on all fours tires you out faster -Being on all fours gave them an advantage against predators

What is INDEPENDENT INVENTION? What examples in history relate to independent invention?

-Independent Innovation: the process by which humans innovate, or find creative solutions to problems o Domestication of plants and animals o Pyramids o Social institutions

What kind of lifestyle did the typical Neanderthal have?

-Meat-based diet -Skilled hunter -Cave dweller -Exploited seasonal resources -Small social groups -Large territories -Burial practices -Medicinal cures and care

What is PALEOANTHROPOLOGY? What is ARCHEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY? What is EXCAVATION?

-Paleoanthropology The study of fossil remains of humans, our ancestors, and other ancient primates in order to understand and explain processes of human evolution. -Anthropological Anthropology --The primary goal is to explain PAST BEHAVIOR. -The study of material remains and cultural features in order to describe and explain past human behavior. -Recovery an analysis of material traces: artifacts, structures, settlement, etc. -The goal is to establish a broad picture of human cultures and societies, including subsistence systems, economies and trade, political systems, environment, etc. -Excavation Careful recording and removal of fossils or artifacts and other archaeological materials from the surrounding matrix.

Determine what HYPOTHESIS, QUESTION, VARIABLE, ASSOCIATION, and THEORY mean.

-Research Question: is a problem that needs to be solved -Hypothesis: is a suggested but as yet unverified explanation -Variable: is the thing to be understood -Association: an observed relationship between two variables -Theory-is a set of ideas formulated to explain something

What are some reasons that we study culture?

-To better understand the human condition. -To collaborate with people whose cultural patterns and processes we seek to understand. -To bridge social distances. -To help give greater voice to the people whose cultures and behaviors anthropologists study. -To encourage respect for the diversity of individuals, cultures, societies, and knowledge systems.

What -somewhat- FALSE "images" are Neanderthals typically given?

-muscular -dim-witted -knuckle dragging -cave dwelling brute

Although Neanderthals get a bad rap, scientists have found that humans today and Neanderthals had _________________, ____________, and ____________ in common.

-posture -manual capabilities -range/characteristics of movement

Give the time period, location, and physical characteristics of Homo Antecessor.

1.2 MYA - 800,000 BP Probably evolved from H. Erectus or H. Heideldergensis Cannibalism Spain, Europe

What was the time period for the Pleistocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (Q)

1.8 M.Y.A. Climate fluctuations. Glaciations. Homo Habilis and A. Boisei.

Give the nickname, time period, location, and physical characteristics of Homo Habilis.

1.9 - 1.4 MYA East Africa "Handy Man" Australopithecine body; brain somewhat bigger.

Give the nickname, time period, location, and physical characteristics of Homo Erectus.

1.9 MYA - 300,000 BP East Africa, Asia, Europe (first to leave Africa) Brain much bigger; human-like body; smaller jaws "Upright Man"

What was the time period for the Holocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (Q)

11,000 B.P. Transition to agriculture. Emergence of states.

Give the nickname, location, time period, and physical characteristics of Neanderthals.

130,000 - 25,000 BP "Neanderthal Man" Adapted to severely cold weather Mainly lived in Western Europe Lived during a glacial period Elongated skull Extremely muscular

Give the nickname, time period and location of Homo Sapiens.

200,000 YA Africa "Wise Man" or "Knowing Man" or "Doubly Wise Man"

What was the time period for the Miocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (T)

23-5 M.Y.A. Tree-dwelling, fruit eating hominoids. Gigatopithecus- largest ape that ever lived.

Give the nickname, time period, location, and physical characteristics of Homo Heidelbergensis.

300,000 BP Mix of Neanderthal, Erectus, and Sapiens Important site: Sima De Los Huesos 33 Individuals found... which is UNHEARD of.

Give the time period and location of Homo Neanderthalensis.

300,000 YA Near East and Europe "Neanderthal Man"

What was the time period for the Oligocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (T)

38-23 M.Y.A. Scarcity of fossils. Egypt used to be a tropical rainforest. Prominence of monkey and apelike features. Old World Species: monkeys, humans, apes. Europe drifted into Asia, and a cooling trend swept the Earth. Period of huge geological and climate change.

What was the time period for the Pliocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (T)

5-1.9 M.Y.A. Ardipithecus Ramidus, Austalopithecus Anamensis, Aust. Afarensis, Aust. Africanus, and Aust. Robustus.

What was the time period for the Eocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (T)

54-38 M.Y.A. Dominated by prosimians. Africa, North America, Europe, Asia: warm, wet, rainforests. Anthropoids branch off during this time.

What was the time period for the Paleocene Primates? What are some characteristics of this time? (T)

65-54 M.Y.A. The earliest primates. Tiny skull from China; similar to lemur.

State the differences between ACCULTURATION and DIFFUSION.

Acculturation: mixing, exchanging, and borrowing of culture, where original roots of a culture CAN be retraced. Diffusion: mixing, exchanging, and borrowing of culture, where original roots of a culture CANNOT be retraced; the culture is lost.

What are Austropithecines?

Are the members of the Australopithecus group.

What kind of evidence has been found that supports the use of language by Homo Erectus?

Biological-- -vocal tract -brain -reduction in tooth and jaw size Cultural-- -coordination of actions for hunting -social groups, home bases, and structure -transmission of culture (tools being made generations apart)

Define: BIOLOGY, CULTURE, VARIATION, and ADAPTATION.

Biology: includes our physical structure, function, growth, and evolution. Culture: is the learned traditions and customs that form the basis of the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. Variation: biological and cultural differences between human populations. Adaptation: the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses. Animals/humans can adapt biologically and culturally.

What are the main five Hominids and Hominins that Professor Birch seems to want us to focus on?

Chimpanzee Austropithecine Homo Erectus Neanderthal Early Homo Sapiens

Give characteristics for each sub-discipline of anthropology (Cultural, Biological, Archeological, and Linguistic.)

Cultural --Describe, analyze, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences -Ethnography -Ethnology Linguistic --Explores how language shapes communication, social identity and group membership, cultural beliefs and ideologies, and cultural representations of natural and social worlds. Biological --The study of human biological variation past and present -Paleoanthropology -Human Osteology -Forensic Anthropology -There are also Genetics and Ancient DNA Anthropologists Archeology --the study of human activity through material remains. -Recorded through finding artifacts, refuse (garbage), burials, remains of structures, and entire settlements and their distribution on the landscape. Applied --Application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. -Includes Cultural Resource Management.

What is CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Cultural Resource Management: -Archaeologists, architectural historians, and historical architects. -Managing places of archaeological, architectural, and historical interests. -Compliance with environmental and historic preservation laws.

What are the four sub-disciplines of anthropology?

Cultural, Biological, Linguistic, and Archeological.

How are DNA, GENES, and CHROMOSOMES related?

DNA- the genetic material -A complex molecule that contains information that can direct the synthesis of proteins -DNA molecules can produce exact copies of themselves. Genes- portions of DNA molecules that do the actual directing of the synthesis of protein Chromosomes- DNA combines with protein to form chromosomes -Inherited from both parents -23 pairs of chromosomes in humans

What are the four groups of Hominids? What species are in each of these groups?

Four groups of hominids are: Ardipithecus, Gracile Australopithecus, Robust Australopithecus (also called Paranthropus), Homo. What species are in each of these groups? Ardipithecus: A. Ramidus Gracile Australopithecus: Au. Anamensis, Au. Afarensis, Au. Bahrelghazali, Au. Garhi, Au. Africanus. Robust Australopithecus: P. Aethiopicus, P. Robustus, P. Boisei. Homo: H. Habilis, H. Rudolfensis, H. Ergaster, H. Erectus, H. Antecessor, H. Heidelbergensis, H. Neanderthalensis, H. Sapiens.

Who is the "Father of Anthropology?"

Frank Boaz, who was an American Anthropologist in the late 19th Century and the early 20th Century.

What are GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES?

Genotype- the genetic makeup or constitution of an organism-biological "building blocks" Phenotype- the physical expression of biological characteristic- part genetic, part adaptation to environmental forces.

What are tools used to document the exact location of an object?

Geographical Positioning System (GPS), Total Station, and Measuring Tapes.

What is the difference from being terrestrial and arboreal?

Terrestial: ground-dwelling. Arboreal: living in the trees.

What are the four types of culture? Describe what each type of culture entails.

The four types of culture are International, National, Subculture, and Popular Culture. International: culture that extends the boundaries of a nation. National: apple pie, baseball, American flag represent the United States as a nation. Subculture: UGA, Gay Pride, "Punk' Style. Popular Culture: Kayne, Taylor Swift, Olympics.

What specific accomplishments are Homo Erectus known for?

They were the first hominin: -to hunt -use fire -move out of Africa (to Europe, India, Southeast Asia) -make complex stone tools (Acheulian hand axes) Also--- 1. Construction of shelters 2. Clothing 3. Open-water travel

We know that culture is transmitted in more than one way and this way is NOT genetically. List the ways in which culture can be transmitted.

Unconsciously (through observation) or Consciously (through instruction and teaching).

Define UNIFORMITARIANISM. Who coined this term?

Uniformitarianism: is that the present is the key to the past. Charles Lyell coined this term.

What is the definition of EVOLUTION and of NATURAL SELECTION? What is the "MOLECULAR CLOCK"?

Evolution: descent with modification. Natural Selection: adaptation due to reproduction, environmental stresses, and mutation. Molecular Clock: measures genetic mutations in Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

What is PRIMITOLOGY? What are the two suborders of primatology and what species does each contain?

Primatology: is the study of nonhuman primates, including their behavior and social life. Two Suborders: Prosimians: Lemurs, Tarsiers, and Lorises. Anthropoids: Humans, monkeys, and apes.

What are the three Paleolithic time periods and what were some significant facts about them?

Lower Paleolithic (H. Erectus) ---2.6 MYA- 300,000 BP Middle Paleolithic (archaic H. sapiens, including Neanderthals) ---300,000- 30,000BP Upper Paleolithic (AMH's up to 15,000 years ago) ---30,000- 10,000 BP

What are the differences between MICROEVOLUTION and MACROEVOLUTION?

Microevolution -Refers to genetic changes in a population over a few, several, or many generations, but without speciation Macroevolution -Refers to larger-scale or more significant genetic changes in a population OVER A LONGER TIME PERIOD and result in speciation.

What are four key sources of the evolution/change in a species?

Mutation- change/alteration that produces a new gene Genetic Drift- chance fluctuations in the gene pool Gene Flow- introduction of new alleles from nearby populations Natural Selection- adaptation

What were some focal points for Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

Natural Selection Competition Between Species Variation in Species

What are the orders of significant hominids?

ORDER OF SIGNIFICANT HOMINIDS Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens sapiens

Define: PALEOANTHROPOLOGY, HUMAN OSTEOLOGY, and FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY.

Paleoanthropology: the study of human origins. Human Osteology: the study of bones. Forensic Anthropology: analysis and identification of human remains.

What are the "Primate Periods" in order?

Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene.

What are PROSIMIANS and ANTHROPOIDS? What species are included in the Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and Hominoids/Anthropoids group?

Prosimians: Lemurs, Tarsiers, and Lorises. Anthropoids: monkeys, humans, and apes. New World Species: Spider Monkey Old World Species: Colobus Monkey

Define PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM/EVOLUTION.

Punctuated Evolution -Punctuated equilibrium or punctuated evolution -Certain events can cause rapid and dramatic change -There may also be long periods of time with little significant change.

What is RELATIVE DATING and what is ABSOLUTE DATING? What are some techniques used for these terms?

Relative Dating: dating things in sequence. --Superposition: dates the layers of a digging (the lower - the older; the higher - the younger). --Seriation: places objects in a chronological sequence based on changes in form or style. --Stratigraphy: (layers=strata) branch of geology that studies rock layers. Absolute Dating: precise calendar dates. --Dendrochronology: tree-ring dating. --Radiocarbon Revolution: helps date objects based on the decay of C14. --Potassium-Argon Dating: geological technique that can date volcanic products.

What is the definition of SEXUAL DIMORPHISM?

Sexual Dimorphism: the anatomical and temperamental differences between males and females.

What are some defining characteristics that separate hominins from hominids?

Shared characteristics of distinguishing hominins from the other African apes: --Position of foramen magnum is more forward (since we stand upright, our foramen magnum is more centered, due to our center of gravity. Apes have theirs shifted more forward due to their four legged nature) --Wider, shorter pelvis --Angle of femur: "kneeing-in" of thigh bones (femora) --Stable arched foot --No opposable big toe --Shorter toes

What are the classifications of living things? What did Charles Linnaeus believe to be the important aspects in determining the species of a living thing?

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom. Linnaeus classified living things into: -overall similarities. -the ability to interbreed.

Briefly describe Developmental Anthropology, Business Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology, and Applied Anthropology.

Developmental Anthropology -Focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development -Help to plan, guide, and carry out developmental policy Anthropology and Business -Use ethnographic to study parts of organization (workers, managers, etc.) and how they function together as a system -Improve organizational culture -Study how products are used in homes Medical Anthropology -How illness is socially constructed, diagnosed, managed, and treated -The incidence and severity of disease and illness vary between cultural and socio-economic groups Forensic Anthropology -Identification of deceased individuals -Age, sex, stature, ancestry, trauma, disease -Cause of death -Work with state and international legal teams -Homicides, war crimes, and political violence Applied Anthropology -The Garbage Project - Gathered data on household consumption and waste - Advised cities and waste management firms - Led to modern recycling movement

What are the differences between DISEASE and ILLNESS?

Disease- a scientifically identified threat such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or other pathogen Illness- a condition of poor health as felt by an individual, and which is culturally constructed.

What does the GRID SYSTEM help accomplish in an Excavation?

During an excavation, it helps to determine the exact spot where a fossil or other object is found.

What are ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and ENVIRONMENT ANTHROPOLOGY?

Ecological Anthropology: the study of cultural adaptations to environments; the study of the interactions between species living in the same environment. Environmental Anthropology: sustainability and conservation of the environment.

What are the differences between ETHNOLOGY and ETHNOGRAPHY? Applied in what fields?

Ethnology: synthetic based study that compares the data of several studies performed by anthropologists. Ethnography: fieldwork that an anthropologist performs while studying a specific culture.

What is the definition of a FOSSIL? What is FOSSILIZATION?

Fossils- the remains of once living organisms that have been preserved in the earths crust Fossilization- typically involves the hard parts of an organism (bones, teeth, shells, woody tissues of a plant).

What are the differences between the GRACILE and ROBUST Australopithecines?

Gracile: smaller in size, weaker and slower. Robust: larger in size, stronger and faster. Was robust group better adaptive?

Name some of the key primate tendencies?

Grasping: opposable thumbs. Reliance on sight: stereoscopic vision. Hands as primary tactile organs. Brain complexity. Parental Investment. Social Animals.

What are the definitions of HOMININS and HOMINIDS?

Hominids- the taxonomic family that includes humans, apes, and their immediate ancestors. Hominin- a species that paleoanthropologists have agreed is human or a human ancestors (OUR evolutionary ancestors, not that of apes, monkey, etc.) NOT ALL HOMINIDS EVOLVED INTO US!