ANTH 1150 Pearson Questions Chapter 6

People from a European country are settling on an island in the Pacific in order to try and convert the indigenous population to Christianity. These efforts are best interpreted as an example of which of the following? an endeavor to alter the demographics of the region through depopulation an attempt to instill European values through missionism an effort to educate the indigenous population in self-rule in order to form a settlement colony the establishment of an exploitation colony designed to harness resources for the home country

an attempt to instill European values through missionism

How are "core" countries different from "periphery" countries? "Periphery" countries are those found along coastlines, so they tend to control sea trade with laborers from landlocked "core" countries. "Core" countries exploit raw materials found in "peripheral" countries and then control the production and flow of goods. "Periphery" countries are countries that establish distant colonies in resource-rich "core" countries. "Core" countries have been colonized primarily through military operations while "periphery" countries have been colonized through missionism.

"Core" countries exploit raw materials found in "peripheral" countries and then control the production and flow of goods.

Which of the following statements reflects the status of the Xingu National Park in Brazil? The park represents the first and most successful attempt by the Brazilian government to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. After decades of attrition, the area of land and number of people living on it have increased. The amount of land allocated to indigenous use has grown from the initial 33,000 square miles established in 1961. It was once central to the mining industry in Brazil, but new government policies now prohibit mining.

After decades of attrition, the area of land and number of people living on it have increased.

In which of the following ways did the introduction of cash economies affect indigenous populations? Cash economies allowed indigenous communities to exploit European colonists through exchange systems that traded natural resources for European goods. Cash economies caused indigenous communities to rely more heavily on subsistence farming and cattle herding. Cash economies caused communities to splinter as people left to earn wages. Cash economies allowed most indigenous families to become wealthy, powerful, and prosperous in the colonial system.

Cash economies caused communities to splinter as people left to earn wages.

Which of the following best describes how customary law was developed under colonial rule? Indigenous people incorporated European principles of justice into their own judicial and legal systems. Colonial authorities were careful to create fully integrated legal systems by combining European laws and indigenous practices in equal parts. Colonial authorities selected aspects of indigenous systems of justice and adjudication to be codified into written law. Indigenous and colonial leaders worked together to compose new laws that would make sense under colonial conditions.

Colonial authorities selected aspects of indigenous systems of justice and adjudication to be codified into written law

How did colonial economies alter the economic systems of indigenous peoples in Africa? Colonial economies required indigenous people to earn cash rather than rely on subsistence farming or pastoralism. Colonial economies required indigenous people to rely on trade with other groups rather than participate in cash economies. Colonial economies required indigenous people to rely on subsistence farming or pastoralism rather than participate in cash economies. Colonial economies required indigenous people to rely on subsistence farming or pastoralism rather than trade with other groups.

Colonial economies required indigenous people to earn cash rather than rely on subsistence farming or pastoralism.

Which of the following correctly expresses the relationship between colonialism and imperialism? Imperialism includes the set of techniques that can be drawn upon to produce a situation of colonialism. Colonialism is a method that has been used historically to promote a country's imperialism. Colonialism is the form of imperialism that occurs when there is no sovereign monarch. Imperialism is the aspect of colonialism that refers to creating settlements outside of the dominant country.

Colonialism is a method that has been used historically to promote a country's imperialism.

Which of the following describes a prevalent European perspective on indigenous land ownership? European colonists believed in the legitimate ownership of land by indigenous people, but that land was meant for colonial use. European colonists believed that indigenous peoples legitimately owned land and any land the colonists seized should be purchased fairly. European colonists believed that they had the right to take land owned by indigenous peoples because indigenous peoples typically shared their goods and possessions with others freely. European colonists assumed that many indigenous peoples did not own land because they were nomadic.

European colonists assumed that many indigenous peoples did not own land because they were nomadic.

Which of the following was responsible for exacerbating conflicts between Native American groups in North America? The depopulation of indigenous communities led to increased pressure on environmental resources, which in turn led to conflict. Europeans aligned themselves with indigenous groups in order to play out their own conflicts with other European nations. Participation in the ruthless hunting methods used in the fur trade increased people's violent tendencies, which were expressed in armed confrontations. Native Americans tried to follow the lead of Europeans and conquer territories in order to exploit the human and natural resources of other groups.

Europeans aligned themselves with indigenous groups in order to play out their own conflicts with other European nations.

How did European colonial powers change indigenous traditions of justice when they incorporated them into customary law? The ways Europeans used indigenous laws were much more dependent on the context of an event or dispute than the original indigenous legal traditions were. European uses of indigenous law, unlike the original indigenous legal traditions, were aimed at resolving conflict and restoring social relations rather than assigning fault. Europeans removed any aspects of indigenous law that resembled European concepts of justice. Europeans applied indigenous laws more rigidly, did not take context into account, and sought to assign fault rather than resolve conflict.

Europeans applied indigenous laws more rigidly, did not take context into account, and sought to assign fault rather than resolve conflict.

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of European contact on native plant life in North America? Europeans had a moderate impact on New World flora created through deforestation rather than through the introduction of food crops or other plants. Europeans had a moderate impact on New World flora because even though they did not purposefully bring any food crops to cultivate in the colonies, they inadvertently brought many inedible plants to the New World. Europeans had a minor impact on New World flora because they brought carefully selected crops to the New World that did not have an impact on inedible plants. Europeans had a major impact on New World flora because they brought many crops and plants to the New World both inadvertently and on purpose.

Europeans had a major impact on New World flora because they brought many crops and plants to the New World both inadvertently and on purpose.

To what extent did the reservation system protect indigenous people's access to land? The reservation system fully protected the rights of indigenous people to territories if they could prove that their community had been in possession of the land for at least three generations. Even after the institution of the reservation system, settlers continued to encroach on the protected areas, forcing indigenous people to move farther west. Following the establishment of a reservation, the U.S. government provided military protection against settlers who tried to take reservation lands. Indigenous people were allowed access to reservations as long as the local settlers gave their official permission.

Even after the institution of the reservation system, settlers continued to encroach on the protected areas, forcing indigenous people to move farther west.

How did Sir Hubert Murray's strategy regarding the recruitment of indigenous people to serve as police officers affect indigenous communities? His strategy had little effect on indigenous communities because no indigenous men were willing to join the police force. His strategy resulted in the loss of traditional subsistence techniques which were replaced by wage labor employment. His strategy turned indigenous people against one another as the policemen became agents of colonial rule. His strategy preserved traditional forms of social control by creating official roles for indigenous law enforcers.

His strategy turned indigenous people against one another as the policemen became agents of colonial rule

What is one way that exploitation colonies are different from settlement colonies? Settlement colonies are established to exploit the natural resources of an area, whereas exploitation colonies are established in order to occupy land and control labor. In settlement colonies the colonists are allowed to rule themselves to a certain extent, whereas in exploitation colonies the colonists are completely controlled by the home country. In settlement colonies the primary goal is religious conversion, whereas in exploitation colonies the primary goal is to control foreign ports. Settlement colonies are established to control trade at foreign ports, whereas exploitation colonies are established in order to occupy land and control labor.

In settlement colonies the colonists are allowed to rule themselves to a certain extent, whereas in exploitation colonies the colonists are completely controlled by the home country.

How did the European slave trade impact the political landscape of West Africa? In some societies, elites used the wealth they accumulated through the slave trade to consolidate and expand their political power and further the development of state societies. Warfare decreased as West African states consolidated their power in order to benefit from the slave trade. West African political leaders gave Europeans exclusive political control in exchange for items produced through slave labor. In an effort to stand strong against European slave traders, West African states relocated inland in order to create alliances with their Eastern neighbors.

In some societies, elites used the wealth they accumulated through the slave trade to consolidate and expand their political power and further the development of state societies.

Which of the following addresses the way religious beliefs colored Spanish encounters with the Inca? Thinking the Spanish had no spiritual power, the Inca underestimated Spanish military strength. The Spanish believed they were deities sent to perform miraculous deeds that would improve the Incan quality of life. Incan beliefs were similar to Christianity, facilitating mutually beneficial interactions with the Spanish. Incan beliefs about returning deities corresponded with Spanish arrival, and some Spaniards reported being treated as returning deities.

Incan beliefs about returning deities corresponded with Spanish arrival, and some Spaniards reported being treated as returning deities.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the indigenous churches that were established in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century? Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa challenged European teachings about Christianity and the racist perspectives of European priests. Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa reaffirmed the Christian beliefs and practices that had been taught by European missionaries, but were led by African priests and ministers. Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa rejected all aspects of Christianity and reinstituted traditional religious practices. Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa were established to convert people from Catholicism to Protestantism.

Indigenous churches in sub-Saharan Africa challenged European teachings about Christianity and the racist perspectives of European priests.

Which of the following describes how indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization unfolded in the Chiapas region of Mexico? Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region joined forces with indigenous communities in northern Mexico to wage war against the Spanish. Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region resisted Spanish control through both military action and retreating into mountainous areas. Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region, after years of military battles with the Spanish, finally agreed to colonial domination. Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region resisted Spanish control passively by refusing to work or eat.

Indigenous communities in the Chiapas region resisted Spanish control through both military action and retreating into mountainous areas.

Which of the following statements best describes the experience of mission life for indigenous people under Spanish rule? Indigenous people received financial compensation for their work at the missions and gradually requested conversion. Many indigenous people sought and received sanctuary from the missions because the Church forbade the mistreatment and exploitation of human beings. Indigenous people were forced to convert to Catholicism and to labor on behalf of the mission system under brutal treatment. The majority of indigenous people converted to Catholicism willingly and volunteered their labor to support the mission system.

Indigenous people were forced to convert to Catholicism and to labor on behalf of the mission system under brutal treatment.

How did the Aztecs' and Incas' opinions of Europeans change over time? Initially the Aztecs and Incas hated and feared the Europeans, but they later welcomed them as godly beings. Initially the Aztecs and Incas welcomed the Europeans as godly beings, but they later respected Europeans as technologically advanced men. Initially the Aztecs and Incas hated and feared the Europeans, but eventually the Europeans were able to earn their respect and friendship. Initially the Aztecs and Incas welcomed the Europeans as godly beings, but they later thought the Europeans must be devils instead.

Initially the Aztecs and Incas welcomed the Europeans as godly beings, but they later thought the Europeans must be devils instead.

What impact did the wealth generated through slave labor in the Americas have? It paid to educate the children of people born into slavery. It provided compensation to African families who lost members to slavery. It helped support the economies of indigenous communities in the United States. It contributed to the inception of the Industrial Revolution.

It contributed to the inception of the Industrial Revolution.

How did the idea of the "white man's burden" affect the colonization of indigenous peoples? It obligated colonists to pursue large-scale projects in agriculture and manufacturing, which required them to acquire indigenous lands. It prompted colonists to treat indigenous people as equals. It provided colonists with justification for transforming and controlling indigenous people. It encouraged colonists to intermarry with indigenous people with the agenda of eventually replacing them.

It provided colonists with justification for transforming and controlling indigenous people.

Which of the following accurately describes the Underground Railroad? It was the formal organization of abolitionists that publically protested the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. It was an informally organized network that helped runaway slaves in the United States. It was a system of transportation that moved slaves from port cities to interior agricultural areas in the United States. It was an international effort to end the European slave trade.

It was an informally organized network that helped runaway slaves in the United States.

What argument did Australian colonial authorities use to justify removing Aboriginal children from their families? It was the best way to teach them colonial culture and would give them a better chance of fitting into colonial society. Aboriginal children were dying as the result of poor living conditions on Aboriginal lands. As representatives of the Crown, colonial authorities were tasked with reorganizing the Aboriginal population in order to decrease pressure on environmental resources. Aboriginal children could provide free labor to colonial farmers, which would improve the economy.

It was the best way to teach them colonial culture and would give them a better chance of fitting into colonial society.

How did missionaries try to change the settlement patterns of indigenous groups? Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to form settlements in areas rich in natural resources so that they could easily access goods to trade with colonists. Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to return to their traditional nomadic lifestyles. Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to form permanent settlements near colonial trading posts and ports. Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to form permanent settlements as far from European colonists as possible.

Missionaries encouraged indigenous people to form permanent settlements near colonial trading posts and ports.

How did most indigenous people feel about European goods? Most indigenous people were strongly opposed to the use of European goods because they were destroying traditional ways of life. Most indigenous people were not interested in acquiring European goods because they did not want to encourage the Europeans to remain on their lands to trade. Most indigenous people were not interested in acquiring European goods because they thought the goods were cheap and not very useful. Most indigenous people were very interested in acquiring European goods.

Most indigenous people were very interested in acquiring European goods

How did the fur trade in North America affect indigenous economic systems? Indigenous economic systems flourished in areas where Europeans established trading posts. Native Americans became increasingly reliant on European goods obtained through trade at the expense of traditional subsistence strategies. Indigenous people were forced to learn European agricultural techniques to supplement their income when the demand for furs was low. People applied indigenous principles of market exchange and production to the trade in furs.

Native Americans became increasingly reliant on European goods obtained through trade at the expense of traditional subsistence strategies.

Which of the following statements best describes the reaction of Native Americans to European colonists? Native Americans were initially interested in contact with the Europeans but later became indifferent when they realized the Europeans were only interested in land. Native Americans initially reacted violently toward the Europeans until they realized that the Europeans were interested in establishing a trade system. Native Americans were initially generous and friendly with Europeans, only becoming violent toward them after conflicts over land control. Native Americans were initially indifferent to the Europeans, only becoming interested in making contact after they realized the Europeans possessed useful technology.

Native Americans were initially generous and friendly with Europeans, only becoming violent toward them after conflicts over land control.

Which of the following is a process that is furthering globalization in the postcolonial era? People are migrating from rural to urban areas in their own countries and emigrating to other countries. People are no longer sharing their cultural practices and beliefs with people in other cultures. People are hoarding the plants and animals that are native to their home region. People around the world are immigrating and traveling less to other countries due to the threat of terrorism.

People are migrating from rural to urban areas in their own countries and emigrating to other countries.

Which of the following statements best describes Spanish attitudes toward intermarriage between Spanish personnel and indigenous women in Mexico? Spanish authorities encouraged intermarriage in order to help repopulate the Americas after so many had died from introduced diseases. Spanish authorities discouraged intermarriage because they wanted to maintain a strict social separation between colonists and native people. Spanish authorities encouraged intermarriage because they thought it might reduce social tensions after their conquest. Spanish authorities discouraged intermarriage because they believed mixed-race children were inferior.

Spanish authorities encouraged intermarriage because they thought it might reduce social tensions after their conquest.

What does it mean for a person to be xenophobic? That person is committed to preserving peace between factions in his or her country. That person worries about how overpopulation will affect the environment of his or her country. That person fears or hates strangers, outsiders, and foreign-born minorities. That person is fighting for independence from colonial rule.

That person fears or hates strangers, outsiders, and foreign-born minorities.

How was the Incan mita system different from the labor system used by Spanish colonists? The mita system only conscripted men, whereas the Spanish system conscripted both men and women. The Inca used the mita system to build public works, whereas the Spanish used their labor system to generate profit for themselves. Individuals volunteered to work in the mita system in order to earn financial compensation, whereas the Spanish forced people to work for them. The Inca enslaved people from neighboring states to provide labor through the mita system, whereas the Spanish provided fair monetary compensation to their workers.

The Inca used the mita system to build public works, whereas the Spanish used their labor system to generate profit for themselves.

Which of the following statements best describes the goals of Spanish colonists in the Americas? The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of land on which to establish large plantations but later focused on acquiring slaves for international sale. The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of slaves but later focused on obtaining land to establish large plantations. The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of new crops to grow in Europe but later focused on finding gold and other precious metals. The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of gold but later focused on obtaining land to establish large plantations.

The Spanish originally came to the Americas in search of gold but later focused on obtaining land to establish large plantations.

Which of the following explains why European colonizers did not completely displace or kill the majority of the indigenous populations in their African colonies? The colonizers in Africa were strict Christians and pacifists who succeeded in coexisting in peace and equality with indigenous peoples. The colonist population in Africa far outnumbered the indigenous population, so the colonizers did not bother to displace or kill indigenous peoples. The colonizers in Africa had a more humanitarian view of indigenous populations than colonizers in other areas. The colonizers in Africa were economically dependent on the labor provided by indigenous people.

The colonizers in Africa were economically dependent on the labor provided by indigenous people.

Which of the following accurately describes a typical feature of European colonies? The home country allowed people in the colonies to live and rule themselves however they chose. Both the indigenous and European residents of colonies had equal status to residents of the home country. The purpose of colonies was to produce wealth for the benefit of the home country. Colonies were so geographically isolated from their home countries that they were unable to sustain trade.

The purpose of colonies was to produce wealth for the benefit of the home country.

How were Native American gender roles affected by the fur trade? Native American gender roles reversed as women were largely in charge of trapping and dressing animals for the fur trade. The economic roles of men and women shifted from subsistence activities to those associated with acquiring, processing, and exchanging animal pelts. Native American gender roles became more deeply entrenched in tradition since resistance to the fur trade caused many Native Americans to fall back on the traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Native American gender roles remained largely unaffected because the fur trade relied on men and women continuing to do the kinds of work with which they were already familiar.

The economic roles of men and women shifted from subsistence activities to those associated with acquiring, processing, and exchanging animal pelts.

How did the fur trade affect Native American hunting and trapping practices? The demands of the European colonists encouraged the Native Americans to start hunting and trapping animals that they had previously considered sacred. The market demands of the fur trade caused Native Americans to overtrap their territories and depopulate animals that had desirable skins. The success of the fur trade meant that Native Americans no longer had to hunt or trap animals, which led to the overpopulation of many species. European colonists were overhunting the local game, so Native Americans stopped hunting and trapping in order to preserve animal populations.

The market demands of the fur trade caused Native Americans to overtrap their territories and depopulate animals that had desirable skins.

How were the approaches of the French and British missionaries similar? They attempted to attract converts through economic and political means. They believed that indigenous people were subhuman and needed to be controlled like animals. They decided that indigenous people had strayed too far from Christian teachings to be helped. They based their work on the belief that forces of evil had misled indigenous peoples and tried to enlighten them.

They attempted to attract converts through economic and political means.

What impact did colonial educational policies and programs have on indigenous children's cultural knowledge and skills? They helped indigenous children learn their traditional ways of life as well as skills that were useful for success in a colonial system. They helped indigenous children realize the value of their native cultures. They taught European values to indigenous youth. They provided vocational training that gave indigenous youth unfair advantages in the job market.

They taught European values to indigenous youth.

What happened to most indigenous groups after their nations gained independence from colonial rule? They usually obtained equal social, economic, and political rights in their new independent nations. They usually remained marginalized groups without equal social, economic, or political rights. They were usually absorbed into the colonial home country and received full citizenship there. They usually gained more power than other groups, finding themselves in leadership positions in their new independent nations.

They usually remained marginalized groups without equal social, economic, or political rights.

Why were the Incas especially vulnerable to Spanish invasion? They had a drastically diminished military force after years of civil war and armed conflicts with neighboring groups. They were suffering from devastating new diseases introduced by French explorers in the early sixteenth century. They were experiencing a general decline in health due to the sedentary lifestyle and higher population density that come with a reliance on agriculture. They were a completely pacifistic society that refused to engage in armed combat, even in self-defense.

They were experiencing a general decline in health due to the sedentary lifestyle and higher population density that come with a reliance on agriculture.

Which of the following explains how Italian tomato sauce, such as that commonly served on spaghetti, is related to European colonialism? Explorers leaving Italy developed tomato sauce in order to preserve tomatoes during the voyage to the New World. Italians introduced the tomato plant to regions outside of Italy as they expanded their colonial empire. Tomatoes are native to Central America and were introduced to Italy by European explorers and colonists. Italian colonists learned to grow tomatoes from indigenous people they encountered in North Africa.

Tomatoes are native to Central America and were introduced to Italy by European explorers and colonists.

A Spanish colonist in the New World is granted land by the Spanish government. This land grant gives the colonist the right to use the land as well as the labor of the native people who currently live there. This type of landholding is an example of which of the following? the mita system a mission village a hacienda an encomienda

an encomienda

In addition to conscription, how did the Spanish acquire people to work in their silver mines? by offering a steady wage and safe working conditions by purchasing indigenous slaves from the American southwest by offering criminals an alternative to prison by taking away people's land so that they had to work in the mines

by taking away people's land so that they had to work in the mines

Focusing on nationalism in a country often means sacrificing which of the following? cultural diversity gender equality military spending economic prosperity

cultural diversity

Which of the following most enabled European colonial expansion in regions around the world? the sheer size of the European population the existence of an established religion technological advances in ships and weapons the superiority of European culture

technological advances in ships and weapons

Which of the following justifications did colonial projects primarily rely on prior to the eighteenth century? the belief in the right to claim lands that they "discovered" for their own use the sacred responsibility to bring peace and civilized rule to the far reaches of the globe the desire to extend goodwill to other human beings in an effort to create mutually beneficial economic arrangements the European obligation to care for and improve the lives of indigenous people

the belief in the right to claim lands that they "discovered" for their own use

What was the "white man's burden"? the belief that white men were superior to other peoples and therefore had the obligation to keep the white race pure the belief that white men were superior to indigenous people and therefore had a moral obligation to protect and control them the belief that white men were genetically superior and therefore were morally obligated to have as many children as possible the belief that white men were superior to other peoples and therefore had the obligation to explore and share geographical discoveries with the world

the belief that white men were superior to indigenous people and therefore had a moral obligation to protect and control them

Which of the following economic ideas did Europeans introduce to the indigenous communities of North America? a socialist model of communal land ownership the notion that environmental resources could not really be owned because they are part of the natural world the belief that Native Americans had a divine right to exploit resources at the expense of others the concept of private property ownership

the concept of private property ownership

Which of the following was a major contributing factor to the depopulation of Native Americans? a sharp decline in fertility among Native American women a widespread famine that coincide with the arrival of the Europeans the transmission of European diseases to the Native American population the European capture and enslavement of Native Americans

the transmission of European diseases to the Native American population

Why did Sir Hubert Murray, lieutenant governor of Papua New Guinea in the 1930s, advocate for recruiting indigenous people to serve in colonial police forces? to help members of the indigenous community rebel against the imposition of colonial rule. because lawbreaking colonists responded better to pressure from indigenous authorities than European ones because most colonies relied upon indigenous rather than European systems of law to foster loyalty to the government as part of a pacification policy

to foster loyalty to the government as part of a pacification policy