ANTH

What is the term for the process of participant-observation fieldwork in cultural anthropology?

Ethnography

The aim of most tribal wars is to annihilate an enemy tribe.

False

How does chapter author McDowell understand the political organization of ISIS (also called the Islamic State)?

He argues that ISIS has achieved many of the characteristics of a formal political state.

What was the problem with Flaherty's "documentary" film, Nanook of the North?

He staged certain scenes and provided traditional props to recreate an imagined past for the Inuit.

What was the eventual result of the debate within the American Anthropological Association (AAA) over Napoleon Chagnon's actions among the Yanomami?

He was not found guilty, but also not found guilt free.

Which of the following is true about anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski?

He wrote a book about life in the Trobriands, called Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922). He lived among Trobriand Island villagers, undertaking participant-observation fieldwork. He "went native" during his fieldwork, becoming personally involved with the locals in ways that are ethically questionable.

The Garbage Project and "African Burial Ground" are examples of which branch of anthropology?

Historical archaeology

In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?

Immersive fieldwork

According to "Walking with the Comrades" by Arundhati Roy, who are the Maoists?

Members of the banned Communist party of India

Law in tribal societies may include which of the following aspects?

Negotiation, mediation, or supernatural events

What type of food was discovered to make up the majority of the diet of human foragers (and, by extension, likely our ancient ancestors)?

Plant foods such as nuts, fruits and roots

What was the local New Guinea currency of exchange (a form of money) featured in the film First Contact?

Seashells

The film Dead Birds describes the war of which people?

The Dani

Which of the following is the best summary of the goals of economic anthropology?

To examine how many forces affect the decisions of economic actors in production, exchange, and consumption, and the meaning of material and immaterial objects

According to the film Ongka's Big Moka, feasting can be used to negotiate treaties with enemies.

True

According to the flim Ongka's Big Moka, pigs play an important role in New Guinean culture and politics.

True

In descent group theory, a way to define tribe is as

A collection of intemarrying clans

What is armchair anthropology?

An approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (supposedly superior) vantage point

What theorist is associated with the notion of "networked individualism"?

Barry Wellmann

In the film First Contact, the New Guineans viewed certain pieces of Australian garbage, such as tuna cans and cereal boxes as:

Beautiful pieces of art to be prized and made into body decoration

What cash crop is the focus of the film Black Harvest?

coffee

Which of the following is NOT found in Tajen: Interactive?

comparative video excerpts of dog fighting in the United States

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" is Tylor's definition of

culture

The ________ perspective focuses on how people perceive and categorize their own culture and experiences.

emic

In relation to Dr. Snodgrass's research, to what does "ERTL" refer?

ethnographic research and teaching laboratory

The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as

ethnography

Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups

is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity.

What kinds of goods and ideas flow across national boundaries, as identified by Appadurai's idea of "scapes?"

media people technology

The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called

political economy.

The three modes of exchange are

reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution.

A society characterized by a centralized government that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, a large diverse population, social stratification, and complex economies is called a

state

The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of

the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood.

There is no word for ______ in the !Kung language.

virginity

In the salsa dance world, which of the following best describes the coming together of people at salsa dance "congresses" and festivals?

Dancers from all over the world convene and, even though they may not speak the same languages or share local styles, they can dance together.

According to lecture and "Walking With the Comrades," tribal groups in India are totally isolated from outsiders and other caste communities.

False

According to lectures, Indian women have the same uniformly low status throughout their entire lives.

False

According to the film N'ai, the South African Afrikaaners wanted to recruit !Kung men into the military because the !Kung have a long cultural tradition of bush warfare.

False

What tribal group is featured in the film Black Harvest?

Ganiga

According to lecture, the film First Contact demonstrates

Most societies are to a certain extent imprisoned within their own cultural beliefs and values

Which types of societies throughout time have had the strictest controls over marriage, in order to reproduce the existing social structure?

Stratified non-egalitarian societies

In "A Guild Culture of Casual Raiding," what do Snodgrass and colleagues argue is the MOST important determinant of players' well-being?

The fit between a player's motivations and the guild's social norms.

What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose?

The language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others.

Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?

There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property.

Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to

adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation.

A society that is nomadic and small in size, lacks formal leadership, and generally forages for their living is likely a

band society.

In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of

bilateral descent.

In "Deep Play, Notes on the Balinese Cockfight," we see how anthropologist Clifford Geertz prides himself on

capturing local emic perspectives with "thick description"

As noted in "Shakespeare in the Bush," the author's experience validates the conclusion that

character motivations in literature are not easily understandable by all cultures

The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called

endogamy

"The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" is the definition of

globalization

The often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation is called

heteronormativity

According to "Arranging a Marriage in India," the practice of arranged marriages in India

is preferred by some young Indians

According to the lectures, ethnocentrism would best be defined as:

judging other cultures by the values and standards of one's own culture

The word used to describe culturally-recognized ties between members of a family is

kinship

Clifford Geertz, a post-modern anthropologist, stressed the importance of

language, as a means of transmitting symbolic knowledge in public contexts.

Margaret Mead's book, Coming of Age in Samoa (1925), was an important contribution to the nature-nurture debate, arguing that teenagers experience less stress in Samoa than in the United States. Her fieldwork provided evidence that

learned cultural roles are more important than biology in most types of behavior.

A social contract between (most often) two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists understand

marriage

The research technique in which an ethnographer records their own observations and thoughts, as well as what they do while engaging in daily community activities, is called

participant observation.

The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called

patrilocal

Those hijras who are the better rewarded financially and who have the highest status are the ones who earn a living by

performing at marriages and at births

When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include

policies to encourage foreign investment and encourage free trade. cutting spending to health care and education. privatizing state enterprises, like the water system.

The study of the means of control in societies is the subject of

political anthropology.

The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called

power

A sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other is referred to as having

rapport

In his book, The Golden Bough (1890), Sir James Frazer

relied on the accounts of others, such as missionaries and government officials, to formulate his ideas.

In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because

their leadership was made up of and controlled by women.

A person whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a man, may self-identify as

transgender

As Clifford Geertz interprets the contests, fighting cocks in Balinese cockfights represent Balinese male identity.

true

Cultural relativism argues that we should seek to

understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own.

Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that

while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another.

As noted in "Arranging a Marriage in India," the practice of giving a dowry is still legal but rarely occurs these days in India.

False

In "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," it is reported that !Kung Bushmen only insult boastful outsiders, never members of their own tribe.

False

According to the authors, in the story of Gulliver's Travels, which character(s) becomes The Other?

Both Gulliver and the Lilliputians

The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called

syncretism.

The hijra's guru/chela relationship is modeled after ________________ relationships which are an important feature of Hinduism

teacher/disciple

Clifford Geertz' term, "thick description," refers to the ethnographer's focus on

the context and meanings of any cultural practice.

In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as

lineage

In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which

mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons

The Nigerian email scams that ask Western strangers for money, and promise reciprocity, can best be understood as

negative reciprocity.

The multi-faceted political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets is

neoliberalism

Who was Zhang Qian?

One of the first people to systematically study and document cultural differences A traveler who discovered many of the trade routes used in the Silk Road A military officer born in the second century BCE

Napolean Chagnon's experience with the Yanomamo best demonstrates:

Some of the difficulties of anthropological field work

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is

polygyny

Anthropologists focus on three phases of the economy, which are

production, exchange, and consumption.

A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as

a dowry.

After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would

alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village.

The author of "Arranging a Marriage in India" speculates that the practice of arranged marriages has resulted in young Indian women

becoming self-confident and charming since they did not have to worry about their popularity with the opposite sex

According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are

domestic, tributary, and capitalist.

Before beginning fieldwork, researchers usually must submit their plans to an Institutional Research Board (IRB). The role of the IRB is to

ensure that study participants are aware they will not be harmed by the research.

A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an

extended family.

According to lecture, a "tribe" is characterized by centralized and inherited structures of power.

false

According to the film "Ongkas Big Moka" a moka means

feast

At the level of the state, the law becomes increasingly

formal.

The set of ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs, behaviors, and meanings associated with each gender, is referred to as a

gender ideology.

A set of culturally invented expectations leading to a role that a person assumes, learns, and performs, describes

gender roles.

Which of the following methods would an ethnographer use specifically to collect data on important kinship and familial relationships that form the foundation of the society? (choose the best answer)

genealogical method.

In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of

glocalization

The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as

glocalization

According to the Chapter "Harlan, Kentucky" in Malcolm Gladwell's book, Outliers, the most "critical moment of a young herder's (or shepherd's) reputation is his first___"

quarrel

What was one of the findings of Dr. Snodgrass's work with the Adivasi (tribal) people of central India?

religion can provide sources of spiritual healing and psychological resilience

Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through

the mother's line only.

Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are

tribes

A fundamental belief of the Nacirema, as described in "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," is that the body has a natural tendency toward disease.

true

In Geertz's interpretation, Balinese cockfights are ritualized contests that help the Balinese better understand themselves.

true

The ability to induce or cause the behavior of others to change due to a social or political position is called

authority

The four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are

band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.

major subfields of anthropology in the United States?

Biological anthropology Cultural anthropology Archaeology

Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children?

Bridewealth

Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.

consanguineal, affinal.

What is ethnocentrism?

It is the belief that one's own culture is better than others.

The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called

consumption

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious combination of different beliefs?

Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.

Traditionally, the !Kung people are generally egalitarian foragers.

True

In 'Eating Christmas in the Kalahari,' author Richard Borshay Lee claims that it is a general custom among the !Kung Bushmen to insult the animal that a man has tracked down and killed and that he intends to share with the rest of the tribe because they:

Want to enforce general humility and prevent that man from boasting and thinking of the tribe as his servants or inferiors

The term cisgender refers to

a person whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman.

In Hawaiian kinship terminology, there are

a smaller number of kinship terms, grouping you (Ego), your brothers and sisters, and your cousins together under the term "child."

The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT

an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples.

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as

colonialism

Franz Boas

used empirical methods in the field, seeking evidence that could be tested. conducted extensive field research among the Inuit of Baffin Island. redirected the field away from ethnocentric stereotypes and toward cultural relativism.