ANTH ch. 8 & 9

H. rudolfensis overlapped in time with which of the following hominins?

-H. habilis -H. erectus

Which of the following statements about Kenyanthropus playtops are true?

-It provides evidence that at least two hominin lineages existed at the same time. -It is dated to 3.5 million years ago. -The fossil find was made in northern Kenya.

What are some characteristics of the oldest known hominin fossil in Europe?

-It's from Spain. -It's more than one million years old.

Which of the following hominins had an anatomical feature called a sagittal crest?

-Paranthropus boisei -Paranthropus robustus

In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the cold environment that characterized the Würm glacial?

-They made more elaborate tools. -They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos. -They wore clothes.

Bipedalism traditionally has been viewed as an adaptation to

-open grassland. -savanna country.

How old is the human ancestor known as Sahelanthropus tchadensis?

6 to 7 million years old

Based on the extraction and analysis of fossil DNA, scientists now estimate that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs lived between

765,000 and 550,000 B.P.

How do the discoveries at Dmanisi compare to the Nariokotome boy?

There are notable skull similarities.

Which of the following statements best describes the group that was ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs)?

They evolved from Africa and spread from there throughout the world.

What is the best explanation of why Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Europe and Asia?

They were following the animals they hunted for meat.

Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of Homo floresiensis?

This small-brained species hunted elephants, made tools with small blades mounted on wooden shafts, and controlled fire.

The species Homo erectus is associated with which of the following important archaeological sites?

Zhoukoudian

The Oldowan chopper was

a by-product of flaking.

How is Homo erectus is like modern humans?

Both share a similar height and body shape.

Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal remains?

Chapelle-aux-Saints

The Neandertal-like fossils found at Sima de los Huesos cave in Spain had

Denisovan mtDNA.

How were Oldowan stone tools likely used?

For breaking open bones for marrow, and for digging up roots and insects to eat

What is a sagittal crest?

a ridge on the top of the skull where large chewing muscles attach, found in species such as Paranthropus boisei

Which of the following Neandertal characteristics are considered adaptations to a cold climate?

a stocky build and long, broad noses

What evidence of bipedalism was discovered at a famous site in Laetoli, Tanzania?

a trail of ancient footprints preserved in volcanic ash

What does the name Homo habilis mean?

able man

Which of the following groups stayed within a particular territory and did not engage in long-distance trade?

Neandertals

In 2010 scientists identified the Denisovan hominin group as most closely related to

Neandertals.

This human ancestral species, ______, might date as far back as 1.9 million years ago (m.y.a.) and continued to exist until about 500,000 years ago.

Homo erectus

What does the term Paleolithic mean?

Old Stone Age

The stone tools that date to about 1.8 million years ago that were found in Tanzania in the early 1930s by the Leakeys are called ___ pebble tools.

Oldowan

Where, in 1986, did Tim White discover an important specimen of Homo habilis (OH62) identified as female?

Olduvai

The first representative of Homo habilis was found at

Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.

A significant amount of fossil evidence has been found that relates to the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. Which statement best describes the number of fossil specimens found?

One site yielded about two dozen specimens; another site yielded fossil specimens representing 35-65 individuals.

Why were the "underground astronauts" who excavated H. naledi remains from the Rising Star cave all young, slender women?

Only such a body type could navigate the narrow passages leading to the fossils.

The genus Homo evolved just before the advent of which of the following geological epochs?

Pleistocene

What is the name of the possible human ancestor that was discovered in Chad (Central Africa) and dates to 6-7 million years ago?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Which site in southern France is important because it yielded evidence dating to 300,000 years ago of the ability to build huts and establish seasonal camp sites?

Terra Amata

The species named ______, discovered in Indonesia, had a cranial capacity smaller than that of a chimpanzee.

Homo floresiensis

Which statement best describes the general shape of the pelvis and spine of Australopithecus?

The australopith pelvis is shorter and bowl shaped, and the spine is curved, similar to that of humans.

How does the brain size or cranial capacity of the australopiths compare with Homo sapiens and chimps?

The australopiths' brain size was only slightly larger than that of chimps and was roughly one-third the size of Homo sapiens' brain.

What does the abbreviation AMH mean?

anatomically modern humans

Fossil finds from Dmanisi, Georgia, dating to 1.8-1.7 million years ago (m.y.a.) are significant because they

are the earliest known ancestral hominin fossils found outside Africa.

The genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus are both part of what hominin group?

australopiths

Which statement best describes the cranial capacities of Homo sapiens and the australopiths?

The average cranial capacity of Homo sapiens is 1,350 cm3 and the cranial capacity of the australopiths ranges from 430 to 540 cm3.

Which ability of Homo erectus provided the best protection against cave predators?

control of fire

The position of the foramen magnum in australopiths is centered under the base of the skull, which indicates that Australopithecus

could move bipedally.

Marcellin Boule claimed that the Neandertal found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints

could not straighten the legs for fully erect locomotion.

Fossil remains from several sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia dating between 850,000 and 200,000 years ago may represent species transitional between Homo erectus and Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. What species name has been assigned to this group?

Homo heidelbergensis

The species name of the skull known as KNM-ER 1470, which may be as old at 2.4 m.y.a. and features an unusual combination of a large brain (775 cm3) and very large molars, is

Homo rudolfensis.

In human evolution, the shape of the pelvis changed to accommodate two conflicting requirements. Which statement best reflects the nature of the change in the pelvis?

Humanlike birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size that the pelvic opening could be.

Which of the following statements about the diet of afarensis is true?

It was mainly vegetarian.

H. erectus remains have been found at which places?

Java Africa

The fossil of the flat-faced "man" that was discovered in 1999 by Maeve Leakey's research team and represented a new branch of the early human family tree was named

Kenyanthropus platyops.

Which of the following paleoanthropologists made Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania famous by discovering and naming the first Homo habilis?

L. S. B. and Mary Leakey

Significant Australopithecus afarensis discoveries have been made in

Laetoli, Tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia.

The stone-tool technology associated with Neandertals is called

Mousterian.

Where was the first evidence of Neandertals discovered in 1856?

Neander Valley, Germany

Mousterian tools include a wide variety of stone scrapers and notched tools designed to make clothing from animal hides and to be used for sawing and piercing. Which ancient hominin group made these tools?

Neandertal

The average cranial capacity of which of the following species exceeded that of modern humans?

Neandertal

Which of the following statements is true about the skeletons of Homo erectus and modern humans?

The skeleton of H. erectus (below the head) was similar to that of modern humans.

The location of which opening at the bottom the skull of an ape or human ancestor indicates whether the species was bipedal or quadrupedal?

foramen magnum

The Homo heidelbergensis jaw was discovered in modern-day

germany

What is another term for ice ages?

glacials

South African australopiths can be divided into two major groups based on bone structure. To which group does Australopithecus africanus belong?

gracile

What is the term for a body type that is slighter and less rugged?

gracile

Heavily enameled teeth suggest that the Au. anamensis diet likely may have included

hard, abrasive foods.

The most notable aspect of the Nariokotome boy fossil was its

height

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?

homo erectus

Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?

homo erectus

What ability set apart Homo erectus from Homo habilis and Au. boisei?

hunting ability

What physical characteristic of Homo erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?

longer legs

Lucy's arms suggest

significant time spent in trees.

What trait of the fossil remains found in the Liang Bua cave led paleoanthropologists to assign a new species, H. floresiensis?

small stature

The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus

split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).

How did scientists relate the Denisovans to other groups?

studying their DNA

Which of the following traits appeared first in human evolution, setting human ancestors apart from ape ancestors?

upright bipedalism

The structure of the pelvic, hip, leg, and foot bones of Au. Afarensis suggests

upright bipedalism.

Fossilized remains indicate that Orrorin lived in what kind of environment?

wooded

The discovery of an early form of hominin called Ardipithecus revealed that bipedalism may have first appeared in which type of habitat?

woodland or rainforest habitat

Which of the following are likely social changes associated with a diet reliant on meat?

-pair bonding -increased male investment in children -a gender-based division of labor

Which statement best describes some important characteristics of Ardipithecus?

Ardipithecus had a transitional pelvis and lived in a woodland forest environment.

The fossil known as "Lucy" is a partial skeleton of a bipedal walker. A more recently discovered fossil skeleton predates "Lucy" by more than a million years and is an even earlier bipedal walker. What is the name of this earlier species?

Ardipithecus ramidus

The three subdivisions of the Pleistocene reflect

the age of the fossils.

True or false: The Kanjera site provides the earliest, and very complete, evidence for persistent reliance on meat within the hominin diet.

true Reason: The site provided excellent evidence of hunting and the bones at the site tell the story of diet that included meat.

Which of the following correctly describe the hominins who lived at Terra Amata?

-Their tools were made from local materials. -They used tree saplings to support huts. -There were hearths within their shelters.

Which of the following statements about the Denisovans are true?

-They lived in Asia from roughly 400,000 to 50,000 years ago. -The split between ancestral Neandertals and Denisovans happened when Neandertals spread to the west and the Denisovans headed east.

Key hominin fossil discoveries announced in 2015 included

-a jaw fragment found in Ethiopia, dating to 2.8 m.y.a., that appears to be the earliest known member of the genus Homo. -finds at South Africa's Rising Star cave of more than 1,500 bones, which have been assigned to the species H. naledi.

Among the anatomical contrasts that distinguish H. erectus from modern humans are

-a large brow ridge. -thicker skull bones.

What is the cranial capacity (brain size) of Australopithecus afarensis?

430 cm3 (Au. afarensis had a brain size of 430 cm3, only slightly bigger than the average chimp brain size.)

What was the cranial capacity of Au. afarensis?

430 cm3, close to the size of an average chimp

What is the name of the hominin skeleton that was discovered in 2009 and dates to 4.4 million years ago?

Ardipithecus ramidus

In the evolutionary sequence of hominins, which probably came first: Australopithecus afarensis or robust australopiths?

Australopithecus afarensis

A new species of hominin was discovered in 1999 in Ethiopia that may have used stone tools to butcher animals earlier than any human ancestral species had been thought to use them. What was the name given to this early tool user from 2.5-2.6 million years ago?

Australopithecus garhi

A discovery in 1908 of a Neandertal skeleton turned out to be an old man with osteoarthritis, but it gave us the popular image of a cave man who cannot walk upright. What is the name of the famous site where this Neandertal was discovered?

La Chapelle-aux-Saints

Archaeological evidence of intentionally made fire has been found in Israel dating back almost 800,000 B.P. and in Spain dating back 800,000 B.P. Based on these dates, which human ancestral species would most likely have been the first to master fire?

Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis

Which of the following statements best describes the time period during which Homo habilis and Homo erectus overlapped?

The species overlapped between 1.9 m.y.a. and 1.4 m.y.a., but after that only Homo erectus endured to perhaps 5 m.y.a. (or 500,000 years ago).

Which of the following species was a miniature hominin that lived on an Indonesian island until at least 60,000 B.P.?

Homo floresiensis

With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimeters (cm3), which of the following species was initially identified as the first tool maker and as the first member of the genus Homo?

Homo habilis

A the the time that Neandertals were first discovered, what did scientists think of the discovery?

It was confusing; there was no framework for understanding evolution.

The species known as Homo habilis was first discovered and identified by which famous team of paleoanthropologists in 1960?

L. S. B. and Mary Leakey

Which statement best describes the famous fossil find known as "Lucy"?

The Lucy skeleton, which is 40% complete, is that of a female hominin and has been dated to about 3.3 m.y.a.

Which of the following statements best describes the cranial capacity (brain size) of Homo erectus compared with the australopithecine average?

The average cranial capacity of H. erectus at about 1,000 cm3 was double the size of the australopiths.

The teeth of early hominins such as Australopithecus afarensis have been carefully analyzed to see if they are more like those of apes or humans. Which statement best describes the differences?

The canines of Au. afarensis are larger than those of humans and extend beyond the other teeth.

The name for the place in the skull where the spinal cord joins the brain is the ______, and its placement in the species named "Toumai" or Sahelanthropus suggests that Toumai may have walked bipedally.

foramen magnum

Which of the following is true about H. naledi?

The fossils have been dated somewhere between 335,000 B.P. and 236,000 B.P.

What do the teeth and jaws of Australopithecus afarensis suggest about its diet?

The large back teeth and thick lower jaw (mandible) suggest the ability to chew and process hard, brittle foods.

Which hominin species dates to between 3.8 and 3.0 m.y.a. and is associated with the sites of Laetoli, Tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia?

Australopithecus afarensis

True or false: Our knowledge of Au. afarensis is based on fewer than 10 fossil specimens representing only 2 individuals discovered at Laetoli and Hadar.

false. Reason: Although there is one famous skeleton nicknamed "Lucy" and one called "Lucy's Baby" there have been other remains recovered at these sites that come from 35 to 65 individuals from this species.

What are some physical characteristics of Neandertals?

heavy brow ridges slanting foreheads

The human ancestral species ______ is associated with the cave site in China known as Zhoukoudian, which contained hearths and a large amount of tools, animals bones, and the fossilized remains of more than 40 individuals.

homo erectus

What are long warm periods between ice ages?

interglacials

Which dating technique was used to establish that the age of the volcanic ash at the Laetoli site was 3.6 million years old?

potassium-argon (K/A) dating

Of Ardipithecus and Australopithecus, which genus was probably the ancestor?

Ardipithecus was probably ancestral to Australopithecus.

Which statement most accurately describes the teeth of Australopithecus afarensis?

Au. afarensis had pointed premolars that are somewhat similar to an ape's.

What does it mean when scientists say that there was a high degree of sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis?

Au. afarensis males were taller and heavier than the females.

Both Au. africanus and Paranthropus probably descended from

Au. afarensis.

Genetic material indicates that descendants of the Denisovans live in Papua New Guinea and which continent?

Australia

What is the species name of the oldest fossil child, known as "Lucy's Baby"?

Australopithecus afarensis

In 1924, Raymond Dart identified the skull of a child belonging to a new ancestral species from a quarry in Taung, South Africa. What was the name he gave to this new species?

Australopithecus africanus

What was the species name given to the famous "Taung child" discovery, and which anatomist named it?

Australopithecus africanus; Raymond Dart

What was the physical location of the three important early hominin discoveries of 2015?

All were in Africa.

Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type known as Acheulean?

Homo erectus

Neandertals were resistant to change and were suspicious of outsiders, but members of which group were innovators and had regional social networks?

AMHs

The oldest Homo habilis and Homo erectus fossils can be found on which continent?

Africa

The fossil specimens of "Ardi" (Ardipithecus) and "Lucy" both show anatomy built for bipedal walking, but one of these hominids was considered more primitive. Which of the following statements best describes their differences in anatomy?

Ardi's pelvis is transitional for use in arboreal climbing and bipedalism; Lucy's pelvis shows nearly all the adaptations needed for full bipedalism.

The early hominin species Ardipithecus had bipedal anatomy but still retained which characteristic of apelike anatomy?

Ardipithecus had a divergent big toe, like an ape's, and her feet lacked the archlike structure of later hominin feet.

A possible ancestor to Neandertals and anatomically modern humans (AMHs) has been discovered in northern Spain at Atapuerca dating to 780,000 years ago. The name given to this species is ______, although some scientists consider them to be Homo heidelbergensis.

Homo antecessor

What is the foramen magnum and why is it important?

It is the hole through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain; its placement on the skull indicates whether or not a creature was bipedal.

Which of the following is true of a meat-rich diet?

It led to territorial expansion among hominins.

Which of the following is true about Au. anamensis?

It was a bipedal hominin from northern Kenya.

What important information regarding Homo erectus was revealed by the fossil find known as the Nariokotome boy?

The find suggested that the boy as an adult might have reached a height of six feet.

Which of the following is true of similarities and differences of the anatomical features of Au. afarensis with those of apes and humans?

The teeth and skulls were more apelike, while the pelvis and leg bones were more humanlike.

Which statement best describes the anatomy and characteristic movement of the possibly ancestral species known as Orrorin, which dates to about 6 million years ago?

The thigh bone suggests bipedal walking, and the upper arm bone suggests tree-climbing skills.

A fossil discovery known as "Lucy's Baby" was found in northern Ethiopia. Which statement best describes this specimen?

The toddler bones date to about 3.3 m.y.a. and, compared to Lucy, includes more skull and skeletal material.

Which statement best describes the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis?

The weight of adult males was likely twice that of the females.

The search for ____ is the most probable explanation for hominins to expand their home ranges.

meat

What is the name for the simple stone tools dating to about 1.8 million years ago that were first discovered by L. S. B. and Mary Leakey?

oldowan tools

Acheulean tools were part of which of the following tool making traditions?

paleolithic

How did natural selection find a balance between upright bidepalism's need for larger-brained babies and the limits of expanding the human pelvic opening?

the birth of children whose brains and skulls grow dramatically after birth

Which statement best describes the fossils belonging to the genus Ardipithecus and how they relate to the genus Australopithecus?

there are more than 100 fossil specimens enabling scientists to suggest that Ardipithecus was an ancestor

Which of the following was the reason why Eugene Dubois went to the Indonesian island of Java?

to find a transitional form between apes and humans

True or false: The brain size or cranial capacity of Australopithecus afarensis was only slightly larger than the average chimpanzee brain size.

true Reason: Au. afarensis walked bipedally like humans but still had a small brain.

True or false: The earliest member of the genus Homo, dated to 2.8 m.y.a., was found in Ethiopia, and the earliest stone tools, dated to 3.3 m.y.a., were discovered in Kenya.

true Reason: Both were found in 2015, which was an important year for announcements about hominin evolution.

True or false: All Neandertal mtDNA derives from an ancient AMH woman who mated with a Neandertal male.

true Reason: It is true that all Neandertal mtDNA derives from an ancient AMH woman who mated with a Neandertal male sometime before 270,000 B.P.

In 1891 the fossil find called "Java man" made ______ famous as one of the first scientists to identify a "missing link" between apes and humans.

Eugene Dubois

The Acheulean hand ax, associated with the species ______, represents a type of tool that requires a mental template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution.

Homo erectus

Which human ancestral species was the first to migrate out of Africa?

Homo erectus

Some _____ hominins evolved into a groups known collectively as australopiths.

Miocene

Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia.

Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia.