ANTH Chapter 7

The earliest evidence for goat herding is about a. 7,0000 years ago b. 11,000 years ago c. 15,000 years ago d. 21,000 years ago

11,000 years ago

The first evidence of the cultural tradition called the Natufian is found at about how many years before the present? a. 8,000 b. 10,300 c. 12,500 d. 15,500

12,500

The rise of the Inka state dates to about a. 375 B.C.E. b. 1035 C.E. c. 1445 C.E. d. 1525 C.E.

1445 C.E.

Which of the following is evidence that the Natufians lived in relatively permanent settlements? a. There are bones of young gazelles and migratory birds at the sites. b. There are permanent buildings at settlement sites. c. There are cemeteries. d. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

Which of the following has been an explanation proposed for the rise of complex societies? a. The need arose to construct and maintain irrigation systems in dry regions. b. Population pressure required someone to exercise power to allocate resources and keep social chaos from erupting. c. Sedentary life in farming villages gave people the leisure time to invent social and technological complexity. d. All of the above have been proposed.

All of the above have been proposed.

Which of the following was one of the first crops domesticated in Southwest Asia? a. Barley b. Corn c. Rice d. Millet

Barley

How did the Natufians respond to the changes in the resources they depended on? a. Some began to keep cereal plants growing in areas that were no longer ideal. b. Some returned to a nomadic foraging way of life. c. Some moved into what is now Egypt. d. Both a and b are true.

Both a and b are true.

Why is the discovery of remains of many immature male herd animals at a site taken as evidence of human involvement with a herd? a. Hunters kill animals they find; they do not go out of their way to kill only young males. b. Only a small number of males are required for reproduction in a managed herd. c. Hunters are likely to kill the animals easiest to hunt; immature wild male herd animals are always on the outskirts of the herd. d. Both a and b are true.

Both a and b are true.

A population is living off a secure subsistence base, eating plants and animals caught by hunting, fishing, and gathering. The population expands, and as it does, it puts pressure on the resource base, forcing people to eat "third-choice" foods, especially grains. They discovered that the grain responded to human efforts to increase yields, and came to rely increasingly on it. This scenario would fit best with which of the following theories of agricultural development? a. Broad spectrum foraging theory b. Conflict theory c. Resource base transformation theory d. Population pressure theory

Broad spectrum foraging theory

The subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering is a. Broad spectrum foraging theory b. Conflict theory c. Resource base transformation theory d. Population pressure theory

Broad spectrum foraging theory

Which of the following describes the Early Horizon of Andean culture? a. It was the first time that many communities had adopted a single cultural tradition. b. It was the first known cultural tradition of the Chavín Horizon c. It was associated with the sixteenth-century cult of Pachacamac. d. It was the first time a cultural tradition had been spread by conquest

It was the first time that many communities had adopted a single cultural tradition.

According to the text, how do sedentism and domestication represent a change in worldview? a. People are more aware of the value of the natural environment b. Land is transformed into owned territories c. Plants and animals become objects of worship d. all of the above

Land is transformed into owned territories

The period of Inca dominance is known as a. Early Horizon b. Early Intermediate period c. Late Horizon d. Middle Horizon

Late Horizon

Which of the following is NOT an Andean society of the pre-Spanish conquest period? a. Chavín b. Mole c. Tiwanaku d. Wari

Mole

The culture in which the agricultural subsistence strategy expanded rapidly was the a. Anatolian b. Natufian c. PPNA d. PPNB

PPNB

The appearance of domesticated plants is taken to be the end of one great cultural period and the beginning of another. The period that ENDS with the beginning of domestication is called the a. Neolithic b. Natufian c. Paleolithic d. Premodern

Paleolithic

Richard Meadow argues that herding represents a complete change in human attitudes toward and relationships with animals. Why? a. Animals are no longer for eating, they are for herding. b. The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring. c. The focus shifts from meat to animal byproducts, especially milk and hides. d. Animals become the objects of affection rather than fear.

The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring.

To be dispersed successfully in its wild state, wheat requires a. a brittle rachis b. a soft glume c. a large seed head d. seeds that mature at the same time

a brittle rachis

Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication? a. abrupt population increase of some species relative to others b. morphological changes in animal populations c. absence of animal species outside its natural range d. remains of juvenile animals at a site

absence of animal species outside its natural range

In bands, labor is usually divided by a. age and gender b. occupation c. location d. family

age and gender

The systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness is called a. agriculture b. agronomy c. agroecology d. humanization

agriculture

The systematically modified environment (or constructed niche) which becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can flourish is referred to as a. agriculture b. agronomy c. agroecology d. humanization

agroecology

A modern multiple strand theory of domestication will include the local effects of a. climate b. environment c. social organization d. all of the above

all of the above

Compared with wild wheat, domesticated wheat a. is better tasting b. has a larger seed head c. has six rows of kernels rather than two d. all of the above

all of the above

The term "transegalitarian society" is a. a substitute for "rank society" b. a substitute for "tribe" c. designed to describe all societies that are neither egalitarian nor stratified d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a consequence of domestication? a. decline in quality of diet b. reliance on smaller number of plants c. environmental degradation d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of a state? a. a stratified society b. possesses a territory c. institutions to collect taxes d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following statements about current excavation at the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük, in Turkey, are correct? a. the excavation is directed by Ian Hodder b. the excavation incorporates cutting edge digital technology in the management of its data and in communication with stakeholders c archaeologists working there encourage the practice of "interpretation at the trowel's edge" d. all of the above

all of the above

The characteristic form of social organization among foragers is the a. band b. chiefdom c. tribe d. state

band

Material goods paid by perpetrators to compensate their victims for their loss are referred to as a. guilt money b. bloodwealth c. bridewealth d. loss prevention

bloodwealth

As cited in the text, Zeder and Smith argue that people a. tried a variety of different plants and animals to see which could be useful domesticated resources b. everywhere used the same practices in establishing domestication events c. were actively and deliberately shaping adaptive niches d. both a and c

both a and c

A society in which one person and his relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a a. band b. chiefdom c. rank society d. tribe

chiefdom

A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria is referred to a. complex society c. caste c. class d. occupational specialization

class

Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by a. simple foragers living in marginal environments b. complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources c. herders who decided to settle down d. aliens from outer space

complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources

Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization are known as a. complex societies b. modern societies c. egalitarian societies d. states

complex societies

The stage in human-animal relationships that is characterized by selective hunting of herds is called a. random hunting b. controlled hunting c. herd following d. loose herding

controlled hunting

Which of the following characteristics is NOT desirable in an animal if domestication is the goal? a. suitable for food b. multiple uses for human beings c. herd animal d. difficult to control

difficult to control

Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them is called a. domestication b. sedentism c. niche construction d. dependency

domestication

The space a species occupies and what it eats is called its a. constructed niche b. environment c. ecological niche d. evolutionary niche

ecological niche

Following Polanyi, Rhoda Halperin connects locational movements, or "changes of place," with a. ecological relationships b. economic relationships c. geographical relationships d. trade relationships

ecological relationships

Following Polanyi, Rhoda Halperin connects appropriational movements, or "changes of hands" with a. ecological relationships b. economic relationships c. geographical relationships d. material relationships

economic relationships

Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called a. egalitarian social relations b. simple social relations c. even social relations d. complex social relations

egalitarian social relations

The sum of all the natural selection pressures to which a population is exposed is referred to as a(n) a. constructed niche b. environment c. ecological niche d. evolutionary niche

evolutionary niche

Which of the following is NOT a form of monumental architecture? a. farmhouse b. palace c. royal tomb d. temple

farmhouse

Objects buried with a corpse are known as a. grave goods b. memorials c. funeral objects d. surplus production

grave goods

According to the text, both Belfer-Cohen and Henry argue that extensive Natufian artistic activity was connected with a. burial activities b. handling social tensions c. hunting magic d. trade

handling social tensions

Which of the following is NOT a theory for the cause of domestication? a. broad spectrum foraging b. climatic changes c. independent invention d. population pressure

independent invention

Sociocultural features that have been suggested as leading to the rise of social complexity include a. the presence of chiefdoms in the areas in which social complexity first began b. ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization c. the innate human need to control others d. both a and b

ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization

In which stage in human-animal relationships do people begin to control the movements of a herd? a. controlled hunting b. herd following c. loose herding d. close herding

loose herding

Constructions of a greater-than-human scale are examples of a. architectural scale b. complex architecture c. monumental architecture d. state architecture

monumental architecture

Which of the following is archaeological evidence for social complexity? a. burials b. monumental architecture c. permanent settlements d. tools

monumental architecture

When an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment, it is engaging in a. domestication b. niche construction c. sedentism d. habitat realignment

niche construction

Particular dedication to various occupations or social roles usually found in socially complex societies is called a. surplus production b. occupational specialization c. social stratification d. social class

occupational specialization

Sherds are pieces of broken a. bones b. promises c. tools d. pots

pots

In a rank society, a chief is given greater a. prestige than other people, but not greater power or wealth b. prestige and wealth than other people, but not greater power c. wealth and power than other people, but not greater prestige d. wealth than other people, but not greater prestige and power

prestige than other people, but not greater power or wealth

The Inka Empire differed from the earlier Chimú culture because it was based in a. great cities b. the Pacific coast c. rural villages d. centralized power

rural villages

The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place is called a. agriculture b. niche construction c. sedentism d. domestication

sedentism

A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power and prestige is called a. egalitarian b. simple c. social stratification d. complex

social stratification

In Mesoamerica, which of the following appeared together? a. squash, maize b. beans, squash c. peppers, maize squash, potatoes

squash, maize

Archaeologists digging at a site in southwest Asia find a series of burials that differ in size, construction, and the quantity of objects found in each. The archaeologists might conclude that the society responsible for the burials was a. egalitarian b. stratified c. unspecialized d. both b and c

stratified

The main difficulty faced by theories that attempt to explain the origins of social complexity in terms of social relations, political culture, or religious beliefs is that a. such phenomena leave no clear traces in the archaeological record b. such phenomena are known to be unconnected to the origins of social complexity c. such phenomena ignore environmental factors d. both a and c

such phenomena leave no clear traces in the archaeological record

The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population is called a. surplus production b. agriculture c. pastoralism d. occupational specialization

surplus production

Which period of history began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago, and is referred to as the "New Stone Age"? a. the Paleolithic b. the Neolithic c. the Mesolithic d. the Holocene.

the Neolithic

The evidence from Natufian burials leads scholars like Donald Henry to conclude that a. the Natufians maintained an egalitarian social organization b. infectious disease affected Natufian social organization once they became sedentary c. there was unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige in Natufian society d. the Natufians were an early example of a society of consumption

there was unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige in Natufian society

David Rindos argued that plant domestication came about because a. there were natural selection effects on the plants based on the unconscious activities of people in eating and propagating the plants b. people intervened directly in the fields, selecting the largest and tastiest seeds to preserve and plant c. of a combination of environmental and nutritional factors that favored the development of human interest in modifying the plants they ate d. only those plants that were most attractive to human beings survived after human beings began eating plants

there were natural selection effects on the plants based on the unconscious activities of people in eating and propagating the plants

The distinctive Andean pattern of integrating economic resources from a variety of environments is called the a. horizontal integration system b. late intermediate period c. local option system d. vertical archipelago system

vertical archipelago system

Which of the following is NOT a category of human societies to which archaeologists ordinarily assign assemblages? a. band b. state c. tribe d. village

village

Michael Hoffman suggested that the massive expenditure of resources by early elites on luxury goods was a a. motor for trade b. tribute to their leadership offered by the "ordinary people" of the society c. way of consolidating power by forcing possible enemies to work for them d. way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers

way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers

According to Bruce Smith, the ancestors of domesticated seed plants were a. weedy generalists that thrived in disturbed environments b. specialized plants with dietary appeal that required careful tending c. preferred plants that attracted wild animals that fed on them d. third choice plants that human beings ate only when necessary

weedy generalists that thrived in disturbed environments

Robert Carneiro's theory of environmental circumscription holds that a. the environments in the areas where social complexity began are particularly suitable for agriculture, providing the surplus required b. when hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken from other villages by force c. when environments changed due to climatic changes, the only way for people to survive was to grant the chief greater power d. the need to defend lands with favorable environmental circumstances led to the emergence of an elite

when hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken from other villages by force

A conflict among scholars concerning domestication centers on a. whether were people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants b. how plants could have evolved to meet the needs of the people who were eating them c. how specialized plants could have been made to thrive in disturbed environments d. how people were able to domesticate plants and animals at the same time

whether were people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants