ANTH Exam #2

frugivorous

All members of the genus Pan are heavily _____, and their lives are substantially affected by seasonality and fruit abundance.

Performance

The actual phenotype of a trait is referred to as its:

thermoluminescence, dendrochronology, potassium-argon (40K/40Ar)

3 chronometric dating technique?

Home range

A _____ is an area used by a primate group or community.

Fitness

A genotype's contribution to net lifetime reproductive success relative to other genotypes in the same population is called:

strategy

A set of behavior patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection is known as a(n) _____.

Methodology

A set of means used for data collection

Taxonomy

A structural classification system of all living forms on earth is called:

altruism

Acting in a way that has a net loss of energy to the actor and a net benefit in energy to the receiver is known as:

the multituberculates

After the mass extinction event 65 million years ago, _____ quickly became extinct.

the placentals

After the mass extinction event 65 million years ago, _____ underwent an adaptive radiation.

Phenotype

An animal's _____ consists of its observable and measurable traits.

Platyrrhines

Another word for neotropical monkeys is:

connective tissue

Cartilage, blood, and bone are

derived trait

Characteristics that are unique to a species are called:

The cercopithecines possess which of the following traits?

Cheek pouches

_____ occurs when the resource being fought over can be monopolized by one or more individuals.

Contest competition

intraspecific competition

Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as

Most primate species exhibit dominance hierarchies. Describe and give an example of what dominance and a dominance hierarchy mean. Be sure to use key words in your descriptions such as inherited/learned, linear hierarchies, alpha animal, coalitions, and alliances.

Dominance is a set of relationships that results in different relative Abilities to acquire desired resources. If an individual is dominant, they are of high rank and has gained a favored resource by different individuals relative to on another which is called dominance hierarchy. The dominant individual is called the alpha, and there would be individuals in charge at different ranks.

underwent an adaptive radiation.

During the Paleocene epoch, Plesiadapiformes:

nutrition, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition

General socioecological pressures can be divided into which of the following main categories?

Shared derived

Features that are common to some species but not others are called _____ traits.

ontogeny

Food preferences and knowing where to go for food are learned behavior patterns and important parts of:

Eocene

Fossil forms that meet all of the criteria for a true primate are first found in the _____ epoch.

Tibia

Identify the bone that bears the majority of the weight in the lower leg.

affiliative relationship

If individuals are frequently in close spatial association, we can say that they probably have:

They are recorded in a specific and standardized format.

In the context of the methods used to measure primate behavior, which of the following is true of data collected using quantitative methods?

interspecific competition

In the text, competition between monkeys and birds over the same fruit source is referred to as:

statements about Pan troglodytes dominance

Infants are, on average, dominant over older siblings. (NOT TRUE) - Males compete with other males to establish hierarchical ranks. - Males are, on average, dominant over females. - Females compete with other females to establish hierarchical ranks.

homiothermy, heterodontism, a set of specific reproductive patterns, and a set of unique brain structures.

Mammalian traits include:

Connective tissues

Much of the internal cohesion of the human body is created by:

1. A large brain size 2. Prehension or the ability to grasp objects 3. Enclosed eyesocket 4. Long gestation period

Name four traits that primates share with mammals

They store egg cells

Ovaries are important because:

the availability of resources, fruit and the number of estrus females

Overall, the chimpanzee subgroup size appears to be closely correlated with

body size or shape.

Sexual dimorphism is a difference between the sexes of a species in:

foraging

The act of seeking and processing food is known as:

Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes

The Primates suborder Haplorrhini is divided into the _____ infraorders.

Prosimians

The Primates suborder Strepsirrhini is also known as the:

Cercopithecoidea

The _____ are divided into two subfamilies: the colobinae and the cercopithecinae. Includes all monkeys found in Africa & Asia

ontogeny

The _____ of a behavior includes all the factors that have influenced an organism since its conception.

phylogeny

The _____ of a behavior is its evolutionary history.

Function

The _____ of a behavior is its selective consequences.

proximate stimulus

The _____ of a behavior is the trigger event that initiated the behavior.

Function

The _____ of a behavior refers to its impact on fitness or lifetime reproductive success.

Homiothermy

The ability to generate and regulate internal body temperature is known as:

Occipital

The back and the base of the skull are created by the _____ bone.

kin selection

The behavioral favoring of one's close genetic relatives is known as:

internal gestation

The carrying of the embryo/fetus within the female's body until birth is known as:

for use in reconstructions of past life, to draw inferences about the fossil, for use in reconstructions of past environments.

The context of a fossil is needed:

East Africa

The early hominoids, Proconsulidae, are found primarily in:

2123

The human dental formula is:

lactation

The internal production of a nutrient-rich milk by females to feed young offspring is known as:

Cranium & mandible

The major regions of the skull include:

dominance hierarchy

The measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another is called:

studying the layers of the earth.

The method of stratigraphy includes dating by:

Linnaean classification method

The most common system for classifying organisms in use today is the:

Hyoid

The only major bone in the human body that does not attach directly to another bone is the:

the foramen magnum

The opening on the bottom of the skull is called:

flowering plants

The origin of primates seems to be tied to the diversification and radiation of which of the following?

Fossilization

The process by which bodily tissues slowly turn to stone is known as:

help the colobines digest leafy matter.

The sacculated stomachs of the colobines have multiple folds that act as reservoirs for special bacteria that:

dominance

The set of relationships that results in different relative abilities to acquire desired goods is called:

fast postnatal growth

The specific association of all EXCEPT one of the following traits in the same organism helps define it as a primate. Which trait is NOT one of the main primate traits? long gestation period, a high encephalization quotient , 3-D vision, fast postnatal growth

Potential

The spectrum for a trait is referred to as its:

behavioral ecology

The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives

epithelial tissue

The surface of the human body is covered by:

Shoulder and arm

The term "brachiator anatomy" refers to modifications to the:

All humans

The term "hominin" refers to:

nails instead of claws on the ends of the digits.

The term "unguiculate" means:

Produce sperm

The testes are important because:

New World monkeys

They are found in forested environments from southern Mexico to southern Argentina. The vast majority are fully arboreal. They are a large and diverse group. The vast majority are relatively large compared to Old World monkeys. (NOT true)

galagos

They are leapers. They are found in Africa. They are small. NOT diurnal

lorises

They are nocturnal. They clamber. They are fully arboreal. They DO NOT eat a lot of big fruits.

characteristic of tarsiers

They use a diverse array of vocal sounds to communicate.

placentals

Today, the vast majority of mammals are:

ancestral trait

Traits or structures shared by all or most species in a group are called:

Using the comparative approach, compare and contrast three aspects of the social organization and behavior of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans.

We all have at some point in history been in foraging groups. All individuals have participated in food collection, defense, and rearing of young. Humans now have permanent settlements. We form strong bond both heterosexually and homosexually with both kin and non-kin. Human females do not appear to have a visible sign of estrus.

faunal correlation, fluorine dating, stratigraphy

What are the 3 relative dating techniques?

when choosing a method of dating technology it depends on the matter being dated and the type of interest information sought. There are also times where you use multiple methods on the same item to increase the validity of past timelines and sequences.

What determines which dating technique is used?

phylogeny

When we look at an organism's evolutionary relationships, we are examining its:

morphology

When we look at an organism's inner and outer form and structure, we are examining its:

Clavicle

Which of the following bones has been implicated in the human ability to produce the complex sounds required for language?

Sivapithecus

Which of the following is a strong candidate for a direct (or very close) orangutan ancestor?

Macaque monkeys

_____ are among the most widespread of any primate genus.

scramble competition

_____ occurs when a resource is not effectively defensible by one or a few individuals.

Relative dating

a method of dating that provides us with assessments of a fossils age relative to other fossils. And example is stratigraphy, which is the city of layers of the earth which we can use to assess the age of a fossil relative to its surroundings.

Displacement

ability to communicate about things/events not present in time and space

anthropoid

all monkeys, apes, and humans.

sprandels

by-products of structural change.

Interspecific competition

contests between different species for the same resources. For example monkey and birds fighting for the same fruit source.

Intraspecific competition:

contests between members of the same species or even the same group. This may be used for hierarchy status in the group or for food.

The lemurs

exist solely on the island of Madagascar.

Heterodontism

having different types of teeth

Fission-fusion is a social pattern in which:

individuals spend their time in various subgroups.

Chronometric dating

is a method of dating that provide specific age of a fossil based either on analysis of a piece of the fossil itself or analysis of the rock surrounding the fossil. For older items we can use decay ratios such as potassium to argon which decay at a slower rate however these are not usually found in fossilized bone but rather in rocks.

angiosperm radiation hypothesis, visual adaptation hypothesis, arboreal hypothesis

main hypotheses regarding the evolution of primates?

modifications to the arm, modifications to the shoulder, the lack of a tail.

morphological traits that are used to define apes

Prehension

n. The act of laying hold of or grasping.

Ceboidea

primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in the Americas

Encephalization quotient (EQ)

ratio of brain size to body size

Sociosexual behavior in Pan paniscus serves all of the following functions

resolving conflicts. reinforcing alliances. reinforcing coalitions. DO NOT reinforce birthing assistance

Chyme

the mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food.

The selfish herd concept

the odds of an individual in a group being eaten by a predator are reduced by the number of other individuals in the group.

All of the following are true about qualitative data

they are not collected in specific, standardized formats. they are important because they can frequently fill in data gaps by adding context. they may enlighten the observer about the behavior of a particular organism. they can NOT readily be used to test hypotheses across different studies.

examples include radiometric methods, they are based on analysis of a piece of the fossil itself or on analysis of the rocks surrounding the fossil, they give us a specific age for a fossil.

true about chronometric dating techniques

Most land environments were tropical and subtropical forests, It was generally warm and humid, At the beginning, North America and Europe were still joined.

true about the Eocene epoch

scramble competition

when a resource is not effectively defensible by one or a few individuals, which causes a race to see who can get as much fruit as they can before it's gone. An example is a whole orchard of fruiting trees.

dispersal

when primates leave their natal groups

Contest competition

when the source being fought over can be monopolized by one or more individuals. For example, there's a small prize fruit tree, one or a few monkeys can dominate access to it and keep others away. The contest is to see who can hold the tree and defend it from others.