ANTH exam 2

By about __________ B.C.E., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations.

3500

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ B.C.E.

8,000

Why did cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East?

Agriculture started later in the New World than in the Old World.

How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?

Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

Why must we be cautious about drawing inferences about our past from the lifestyles of modern foraging societies?

Like all societies, foraging societies have evolved and are still evolving.

Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?

a high degree of craft specialization

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?

a more sedentary way of life

What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?

allowing for larger populations

Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

In the Near East, dogs seem to have been domesticated __________.

before the rise of agriculture

One characteristic of pastoral societies is __________.

dependence on trade with agriculturalists

For most horticulturalists, people __________.

do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it

Although food production is not necessarily __________ than food collection, it is generally __________ per unit of land.

easier; more productive

The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.

egalitarian

Compared to horticulturalists, societies practicing intensive agriculture are more likely to __________.

experience periods of famine and spend more time laboring.

Most anthropologists find the term "chiefdom" to be outdated and no longer useful for anthropological research.

false

How many separate political units exist in the world today?

fewer than 200

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

food collecting

The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.

food-getting, economy, and social stratification

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.

hunting

Among horticulturalists __________.

individuals almost always make all their own tools

Intensive agriculture utilizes __________.

irrigation and fertilizers

The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated __________.

maize

Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________, rather than a __________, effect on the major types of subsistence.

restraining; determining

Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.

social inequality

Which of these is a common task for young children?

tending animals

From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?

the milk and blood of the animals they raise

In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.

the resolution of disputes

In a(n) __________ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production.

tributary