ANTH Final

Ecclesiastical cult

Highly complex religious organizations in which full-time clergy are employed

Cult

In the early anthropological literature, a nonjudgmental term that refers to a religious group that has its own set of beliefs, practices, and rituals. In popular discourse, a pejorative term referring to an antisocial group of religious extremists whose goal is mass suicide

Multinational corporations

Large corporations that have economic operations in a number of different countries throughout the world; their resources may be greater than the gross national product of independent nations

Covens

Local groups of witches that are often presided over by high priestesses

____________ percent of all items within a culture originated there.

Ten

Individualistic cults

The least complex type of religious organization in which each person is his or her own religious specialist

Magic and religion differ because they do not both

1. deal with major issues of human existence. 2. use prayer and sacrifices to appeal to supernatural powers. 3. use officially recognized functionaries such as priests.

Wicca, as practiced in North American cities,

1. has a matriarchal character. 2. emphasizes fertility. 3. does not perceive magical powers as supernatural.

Wicca's contemporary popularity

1. has stimulated book sales. 2. is evident in the teenage market.

An individual may become a shaman by

1. having a powerful vision. 2. apprenticing with a practicing shaman.

The organization called Cultural Survival functions to:

1. help indigenous people against exploitation 2. help indigenous people raise money for economic development

As defined by anthropology, witchcraft

1. is always viewed negatively. 2. can harm through evil thoughts. 3. relies only on psychic power to harm people.

Liberation theology, which developed during the 1970s and 1980s in South America,

1. is an activist form of Catholicism. 2. merged theology with an activism for social justice for the poor. 3. led many priests and nuns to lose their lives in political conflict.

Anthropological criticism of modernization theory is that it

1. is ethnocentric. 2. assumes that modern traits are superior to traditional ones. 3. assumes that traditional people should adopt more modern ways of thinking and acting.

The choice to adopt or ignore a cultural item from another culture is affected by whether or not it

1. is seen to be superior to what already exists. 2. is consistent with existing cultural patterns. 3. is easily understood.

Religion intensifies group solidarity because

1. people's shared religious beliefs, practices, and rituals often create powerful social bonds. 2. people share in the mysteries of their belief system. 3. people are separated by their beliefs from others who do not share the same ideas.

United States society (?)

1. places a high value on organized religion. 2. has a higher percentage of its population affiliated with a religious organization than in 3. Western European countries. 4. has a church membership that has grown steadily over the last hundred years. (?)

Handsome Lake, a New York state Seneca Indian,

1. prescribed new moral principles and rules of behavior. 2. received a vision to stop drinking and started a revitalizing religion. 3. urged the adoption of European agricultural practices.

Multinational corporations

1. sometimes have assets and power greater than those of many governments of lesser developed countries. 2. send most of their profits back to their home country. 3. sometimes directly exploit lesser developed countries.

Maintenance of cultural boundaries

1. strengthens the traditions of one's own culture. 2. discourages cultural borrowing from other groups.

The introduction of the TV set in the United States had far-reaching consequences for

1. the family system. 2. the political process. 3. the religious institution.

Which of the following is a major religious trend in the world today?

1. the rise of religious fundamentalism among Islamic nations 2. the growth of cyber-churches

The Manus of the South Pacific, according to Margaret Mead, accepted westernization because

1. they saw American technology during the war and chose freely to adopt it. 2. the Americans had treated the Manus with greater respect than had earlier contacts.

What causes the rise of obesity throughout the world

1. with food becoming more affordable, restaurants are "super-sizing." 2. with fewer people growing their own food, they are buying more fattening processed food

Imitative magic

A form of magic based on the idea that the procedure performed resembles the desired result; for example, sticking a doll-like image with pins will harm the person the doll represents.

Contagious magic

A form of magic based on the premise that things, once in contact with a person (such as a lock of hair), continue to influence that person after separation

Wicca

A modern-day movement of witches and pagans

Shamans

A part-time religious specialist who is thought to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training, or inspiration

Multiculturalism

A public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society

Nativistic movements

A religious force for social cange found among Native Americans

Vision quest

A ritual found in some Plains Indian cultures wherein, through visions, people establish special relationships with spirits who provide them with knowledge, power, and protection

Religion

A set of beliefs in supernatural forces that functions to provide meaning, peace of mind, and a sense of control over explainable phenomena.

Corvee labor

A system of required labor practiced during the colonial period

Magic

A system of supernatural beliefs that involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events

Religious nationalism

A trend toward merging traditional religious principles with the workings of government

Communal cults

A type of religious organization in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community

Shamanistic cults

A type of religious organization in which part-time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients

African-Americans and Korean-Americans have different linguistic styles in that:

African-Americans engage in "involvement politeness."

In the Wisconsin v. Yoder court case over Wisconsin's requirement that Amish children attend public school beyond the eighth grade, anthropologist John Hostetler explained that

Amish teenagers would suffer great psychological harm in public high schools, which foster radically different social and religious values from their own.

Which statement about religion in the United States is true?

Blacks are more religious than Whites

When we claim that religion, as a belief in the supernatural, is universal, we mean that

all cultures contain a belief in the supernatural but not all individuals believe in one.

Both religion and magic

are nonrational systems of supernatural belief.

The best way to adapt to the rapid changes of globalization is by

becoming better multiculturalists

Shamans, among the Reindeer Tungus of Siberia,

can be either men or women.

What type of religious organization has groups that perform rites for the community?

communal

Rites of passage with stages of separation, transition, and incorporation are part of

communal cults.

Separatist Christian churches in South Africa played a role in conflict resolution because Black South Africans

created an illusion of power by manipulating their own set of religious symbols and forming their own unique churches.

Both diffusion and acculturation always involve

culture change as the result of contact with another group.

Sorcery, involving the use of potions and medicines, is a/an

deliberate attempt to bring about harm through the use of supernatural powers.

________ is the spread of a thing, an idea, or a cultural pattern from one culture to another.

diffusion

Acculturation refers to

diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one dominant and one subordinate.

What type of religious organization has full-time religious specialists?

ecclesiastic

The most complex form of religion is the ________, which is commonly found in societies with state systems of government.

ecclesiastical cult

By helping individuals cope with the anxieties often accompanying deaths, accidents, illnesses and other misfortunes, religion serves a/an

emotional function

Which statement about globalization is INCORRECT?

globalization is an irreversible process

Strict rules about eating

help to maintain social ties and group solidarity.

Individuals benefit psychologically from religion because it

helps explain the unexplainable.

Myths, which tell stories of the gods, their origins, their activities, and the moral injunctions they teach, are found

in every society.

While forms of religion may vary, they all are founded upon a belief

in the supernatural

The predominant mode of religious organization practiced among food collectors is

individualistic cults.

A/an ________ is any new thing, idea, or behavior pattern that emerges from within a society.

invention

The Kikuyu initiation ritual

involves the incorporation of the initiate back into the society as a whole.

Globalization

is a worldwide phenomenon that has replaced the Cold War system.

Neocolonialism

is the control of former colonies by wealthy, former colonial nations through political, financial, and military power.

The part(s) of culture most likely to be diffused is/are

items of material culture.

The Quebec language law is an example of

maintenance of cultural boundaries.

Programs of economic development

may lead to inadequate nutrition.

According to the ______ theory, economic development in terms of the inherent sociocultural differences explain economic differences between the rich and the poor.

modernization

Cultural change is caused

more by diffusion than by invention.

Significant cultural differences exist in the world today because

not every cultural item is exchanged when two cultures come into contact.

Ralph Linton argued that

over the long run, the unconscious inventor has had a greater impact on culture change than has the conscious inventor.

The 1902 edition of the Sears & Roebuck catalog

provides a nearly total inventory of the material culture of the United States at the beginning of the century.

The reindeer-herding Skolt Lapps of Finland

rapidly adopted snowmobiles because of a key cultural concern with personal mobility.

According to the world systems theory,

rich and poor countries are different because the rich exploit the poor and keep them poor.

Marx argued that the working class

was blinded by religion to the fact that they were being exploited by the ruling class.

According to the ________ theory, the wealthy countries of the world achieved high levels of development by exploiting other regions, plundering their resources, using their people as cheap sources of labor, and dominating their markets.

world systems

Which of the following are negative health consequences of economic development programs?

1. an increase in bacterial parasites 2. an increase in such "industrialized" diseases as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension 3. an increase in contagious diseases in urban areas

Which statement about cell phone use in U.S. urban areas is TRUE?

1. It has led to an increase in traffic accidents 2. It has led to an increase in pedestrian accidents 3. It has made city life less civil and less friendly

Which statement about the Winnemem Wintu people is FALSE?

1. They are in danger of losing their last remaining ancestral land to the Shasta Dam 2. They have already lost ancestral land to the Shasta Dam

African-American churches in the US have played an important role as agents of social change in which of the following ways?

1. They have served as rallying places for protestors and community activists. 2. They helped freed slaves on the Underground Railroad. 3. Black Muslims have been a force for change by encouraging autonomous African-American communities.

Which statement is true about the belief system called Wicca?

1. Wiccans are found mostly in urban areas. 2. In North America, Wiccans are comprised of mostly women.

Globalization is defined by

1. a revolution in high-speed information technology. 2. privatizing and deregulating national economies. 3. the lowering of tariff barriers worldwide.

Anthropologists have evidence of religious ideas existing at least ________years ago

100,000

The average income of North Americans is ______times that of the average Ethiopian

178

Liberation theology

A form of Catholicism found throughout South and Central America in which priests and nuns are actively involved in programs that promote social justice for the poor

Rites of solidarity

Ceremonies performed for the sake of enhancing social intergration among groups of people

Rites of Intensification

Ceremonies performed for the sake of the community in times of crises.

Rites of passage

Ceremonies that celebrate the transition of a person from one social status to another

Which statement is true about the distinction between imitative and contagious magic?

Contagious magic is the notion that an object having been in contact with a person retains a magical connection to that person.

Less-developed countries (LDCs)

Countries that have a relatively low gross national product and low annual family income

An organization of cultural anthropologists working to help indigenous peoples is

Cultural Survival, Inc.

Contemporary witches are Satanists.

F

Ecclesiastical cults are found in all types of societies, from small-scale to state, and have both part-time and full-time professional clergy.

F

Generally Europeans tend to be more religious than people in the United States.

F

Indigenous peoples are those who receive foreign aid from wealthy countries.

F

Inventions stimulate the greatest amount of change in a culture.

F

Most anthropologists today support the position of modernization theory to bring growth to small-scale societies.

F

Religion never enables people to express their common identity in ways that create powerful social bonds.

F

The terms "inventor" and "innovator" mean the same thing.

F

Witchcraft and sorcery are only found in small-scale non-Western societies.

F

Which statement about innovators is true?

Innovators are often marginal people living on the fringes of society.

Indigenous population

People who are the original inhabitants of a region, identify with a specific cultural heritage, and play no significant role in the government

Revitalization movements

Religious movements designed to bring about a new way of life within a society

Cargo cults

Revitalization movements in Melanesia intended to bring new life and purpose into a society

Mahdist movements

Revitalization movements in the Muslim world

Which statement about religion in the US is true?

Roman Catholicism is the largest single denomination.

Which statement about shamanism is false?

Shamans are full-time specialists.

Separatist Christian churches

Small-scale churches that break away from the dominant church to gain greater political, economic, social, and religious autonomy

Millenarian movements

Social movements by repressed groups of people who are looking forward to better times in the future

An example of acculturation is the

Spanish conquest of Mexico.

According to World Systems Theory, wealthy countries achieve high levels of development by exploiting the poorer countries.

T

All forms of religion are alike in that they are founded on a belief in the supernatural.

T

American Catholics are now "outsourcing" their religious rituals to Catholic priests in India.

T

Both religion and magic are systems of supernatural belief and are not susceptible to scientific verification.

T

Disaster relief providers need to know as much as possible about the culture of the people they are responsible for helping.

T

Magic is practiced irregularly in response to specific and immediate problems.

T

Multimillion dollar yachts are made in the PRC (China), but Chinese do not buy and use them.

T

Rapid globalization will result in local cultures evolving into hybrid cultures.

T

Religion can reduce stress and frustrations that often lead to social conflict.

T

Rites of passage are important public rituals that mark a change in a person's social position.

T

Sometimes people voluntarily become acculturated because they believe that the adoption of certain technologies or behaviors will increase their adaptation to the environment.

T

When anthropologists study religion they do not attempt to determine which religion is true.

T

Whether a particular cultural item is accepted by a society depends largely on the item's utility and compatibility with already existing cultural traits.

T

Modernization theory

The idea that differences in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor

World system theory

The idea that differences in economic development may be explained by the exploitation of the poor by the rich nations of the world

__________ always opposes the process of culture change.

The conservative force promoting the status quo

Sorcery

The performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people

Colonialism

The political, economic, and sociocultural domination of a territorty and its people by a foreign nation

Witchcraft

The practice of an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people

Neocolonialism

The process of developed nations continuing to exert economic, political, and military influence over less-developed countries, even though the official period of colonization ended in the 1960s

Globalization

The worldwide process, dating back to the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, that includes a revolution in information technology, a dramatic opening of markets, and the privatization of government services

A myth that conveys morals through the stories of anthropomorphized animals is

a "trickster myth."

Anthony Wallace uses the term "cult" to refer to

a form of religion having its own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals.

The Crow vision quest is

a normal way of dealing with the stresses and strains of everyday life.

The contact of two cultures results in

a two-way process through which each culture is influenced by the other.

People perform religious rituals as

a way of invoking supernatural beings to control those forces over which they feel they have no control.

_______ is a special type of diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one of which is subordinate to the other.

acculturation

In an ecclesiastical cult, the laypersons are responsible for

supporting the church through their labor and money.

The Conference of Berlin in 1884 was aimed at

the dividing up of the continent of Africa into European colonies.

Rites of solidarity are directed toward the welfare of

the entire community.

A program in El Salvador to build latrines failed because

the latrines were designed inappropriately

Human culture has developed rapidly, precisely because

the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative resources.

Religion can play an important part in transforming a society when

there is cultural stress brought about by rapid change and foreign domination.

The Amish of rural Pennsylvania, Indiana, or Ohio are one of the oldest and most visible religious minorities in the United States and

they maintain a highly disciplined church-community and excommunicate and/or shun any erring members.

Latrines built by U.S. technicians were not accepted in rural El Salvador because

they were of the wrong design.