anth101 exam 2

Australopithecus robustus's large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:

eating foods requiring heavy chewing.

Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?

femur (thighbone)

In primates, low, rounded cusps indicate a diet of:

fruit.

The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees. Which characteristics did these include?

grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence

Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds. What are some examples of these sounds?

grunts, pants, and hoots

Thick dental enamel in ________ helps with crushing food.

hominins

Old World monkeys have ________ molars.

bilophodont

Darwin's hunting hypothesis, Rodman and McHenry's patchy forest hypothesis, and Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis are three very different explanations for the rise of hominins, but all three invoke the same anatomical feature. What feature is this?

bipedalism

How can homeostasis be studied directly?

by experimentally manipulating or replicating environmental conditions and observing human responses

How is the process of stratigraphic correlation carried out?

by matching strata by chemical composition and color from several sites across distances

How can homeostasis be studied indirectly?

by observing living populations as they engage in various activities in various settings

What can scientists use to determine the type of plant an organism consumed?

carbon 13 and carbon 12

A mummy is discovered whose stone tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method would most likely be used to date the tomb?

carbon 14

During the Holocene artifacts like ________ began to appear.

ceramics

Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism. What is this evidence of?

cooperative males

A wooden tomb is discovered with a well-preserved mummy inside. Which of the following methods could be used to date the tomb most accurately?

dendrochronology

The northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of its:

lower premolar tooth.

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.

According to Canadian primate paleontologist David Begun, what did climate changes in Europe prompt late Miocene apes to do?

move from Europe back to Africa following food sources

Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?

predation

What are plesiadapiforms also called?

proprimates

For women with very low body weight, what can high amounts of exercise cause?

reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise

Infancy is the period that:

runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

Hominins have canines that are:

small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema

What does ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found show?

Early hominins lived in a forest.

What are basal anthropoids?

Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids

If you are examining the fossil remains of the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?

France

How do haplorhines differ from strepsirhines?

Haplorhines have better color vision.

How did Johann Friedrich Blumenbach influence the study of race?

He classified human skulls into five races.

What do the long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate?

The population is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.

Most of the early hominin fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?

These areas provided better preservation of fossils.

What has been observed about all-male groups of nonhuman primates?

They often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.

In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate. While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar. What do you note in your lab book?

This might belong to a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.

In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. What does this suggest?

This primate must be a species of strepsirhine, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.

What does variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest include?

two different loud alarm calls in response to aerial and terrestrial predators

Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?

woodland

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:

4 mya.

Physical anthropologists have discovered what about vocalization in chimp groups?

It is unique to specific groups or regions.

The Fayum desert has yielded fossils of which three primates?

Oligopithecus, Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources. What does this demonstrate?

Reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

Jane Goodall is one of the world's most famous scientists. Which of the following did she accomplish as a primatologist?

She established a long-term research project at Gombe, Tanzania, which focused on chimpanzees, and discovered that they use tools such as twigs.

What are the two suborders of primates?

Strepsirhini and Haplorhini

Macaques and humans in Indonesia sometimes interact, especially where there are temples. What is an example of a benefit and a cost, to the monkeys, of this interaction?

The monkeys are exposed to disease; the monkeys obtain extra food.

A feature unique to human teeth and found generally in Hominini teeth is:

a canine that shows wear on the tip.

What does the term monogamous describe?

a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring

What features does a strepsirhine have?

a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

How is a species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets described?

as biologically diverse

At what level does acclimatization occur?

at the individual level throughout an individual's lifetime

Monkeys underwent massive ________ in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.

adaptive radiation

At the Bouri site in Ethiopia, what did paleoanthropologists find accompanying the fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhi?

animal bones with cutmarks

A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world. What did these conditions cause?

the adaptive radiation of Euprimates

Among all primates, what do humans have?

the most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain