Antho exam 2
The use of fossils, DNA analysis, and morphological analysis provides us with a limited perspective on early humans, even though it is drawn from hard, factual data. This limitation occurs because
"Hard" data is more difficult to identify in cultural dynamics and social relationships, which are also a critical part of hominin evolution.
A multi-suited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):
-in a government hearing on immigration policy -by traveling with migrants as they cross borders in the southwest -by interviewing border officials
The difference between a fight or flight response in an antelope and that of a primate can be seen in the latter's exposure to
"social learning and culture"Life lessons on how a primate evaluates and responds
Changes in tool making gave humans improved access to __________.
*Processing both animal and plant matter to reduce the pressures on the teeth and jaw *Processing meat and hides *Modifying woods and bones
The creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities is known as __________.
localization
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
In some species of primates, females and their relatives and young are socially organized around
matrifocal units
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
For much of its early history, physical anthropology was associated with what methodology?
measurement and classification of skulls according to racial characteristics
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
migrants
Among the primate Pan paniscus (bonobo chimpanzee), dominance interactions resulting in disputes are often resolved through the use of ______________
non-reproductive sexual behaviors
The rough edge stone chopping tools made by early members of the genus Homo are called
olduwan tools
People around the world often think of development as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is _________
on their own terms
Monkeys, apes, and humans are all referred to as __________
primates
A dominance hierarchy exists when members of the same group have
ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources
Among the Bonobo chimpanzees, social conflict is often resolved through sexual activity. This is a form of
reconciliation
Discovery of an archaic human in the Denisova cave, which consisted of a finger bone and two teeth, has allowed paleoanthropologists to
reconstructing their genome
If you were a paleoanthropologist looking for an ancient primate fossil, what would you do to increase the likelihood of your success?
review satellite imagery surveys
Paleoanthropologists believe that the predominant diet of our earliest omnivorous ancestors consisted mostly of
roots, tubers, and fruits
The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium found in H. erectus is known as a
saggital keel
Differences in height and strength between the makes and females of a species are referred to as ____________
sexual dimorphism
Archaic humans can be distinguished both through morphological differences as well as
specialized tools
When considering the question "do apes have culture?" anthropologists typically emphasize that culture is more than the transmission of social behaviors across generations and cannot be understood by
studying behavior alone
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism, friction, creolization
One compelling argument that favors the adaptation of bipedalism and the ability to run long distances is that early hominins, unlike many of the animals they sought as prey, had
the ability to sweat
While most paleoanthropologists agree that bipedalism was in part a consequence of hunting, the limitation of the argument is that
the archaeological evidence for hunting appears after the evidence for bipedalism
anthropologists often study primates to broaden understanding of
the evolution of social behavior in humans
Postcolonialism:
the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysis of development , the second seek ways to influence it from within
Haplorrhini:
the infraorder of primates including monkeys, apes, and humans .
Biocultural evolution is the term used to describe how modern humans arrived on the scene, and it encompasses
the interaction of biology and culture over time
Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies
the interface between human and ape communities
One of the persistent ideas that has captured the public imagination is that of the "missing link," something paleoanthropologists recognize as impossible due to
the non-linear evolution processes that have led to our modern form
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
the over reaching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to reduce trade
The reason that DNA sequencing and morphological analysis cannot give us a complete picture of the evolution of humans is because
the role of culture was critical
The emergence of increased cultural capacity in H. erectus can be seen in their changed diet, tools, and
the use of fire and cooking
What is the strongest evidence that Neanderthals had rich symbolic lives?
their use of non-functional material goods such as jewelry
One possible reason that the Tarahumara Indians in Mexico are able to run vast distances without injury is that
they do not use shoes that interrupt the action of the foot arch
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
Often, anthropologists use the term _____________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transitional
Strepsirrhines are __________ dwelling creatures
tree (arboreal)
A consequence of larger brain sizes in early humans is that they require larger amounts of energy.
true
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
true
Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates
true
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics
true
Localization is the flip side of gloabization
true
Males and females in a given primate population may be co-dominant
true
One of the most powerful tools used to analyze archaic humans has been through use of mitochondrial DNA.
true
Primates often live in groups in order to avoid predators
true
Studying both humans and other primates can also include understanding how humans think about other primates
true
The number of early human-like ancestors continues to grow as new discoveries are made, supporting the view that we are all hominins.
true
The process of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies
true
Many arguments over global integration are about __________, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance
winners and losers
if there is no contextual data for a fossil, it can be near impossible to determine its age.
...
there is reasonable certainty that the lineage from which modern humans emerged appeared ______.
2 mya
Some of the evidence for very early hominin-like ancestors dates to at least
7-6 millions
Anthropoid
A Primate superfamily that includes monkeys, apes, and humans.
Gracile
A body of slender build.
Canine/premolar-3 shearing complex:
A condition in which the lower first premolar tooth is somewhat sharpened or flattened from rubbing against the upper canine as the mouth closes
Sexual dimorphism
A difference between the sexes of a species in body size or shape.
Mousterian industry
A disk-core technique of stone tool making that allowed the tool makers to produce many good flakes with little effort and then turn those flakes into a wide variety of fine tools. Associated with the Neanderthals.
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialsim
Mya:
A million years ago.
Acheulian tools
A more complex and diverse stone-tool kit than earlier Olduwan tools. The main characteristic was bifacial flaking, a process that produced strong, sharp edges.
Dispersal
A pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity.
Sagittal keel
A raised area in the mid-cranium.
Affliation
A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association based on tolerance, even friendliness.
Sagittal crest
A ridge running along the top of the cranium, usually representing increased bone area for the attachment of chewing muscles.
Strategy
A set of behaviors that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection.
Researchers could conclude that a human ancestor had a higher percentage of meat in the diet based on the changes found in
A smaller gut size that requires higher energy foods.
Australopithecines
A word that refers to the genus Australopithecus.
Nocturnal
Active during the nighttime
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
Advocates of poor and marginalized people
Costs and Benefits
An analytical approach that considers the caloric cost of obtaining food and the calories obtained
Current research suggests that modern humans emerged from the genus ________________.
Australopithecus
When paleoanthropologists uncover ancient hominin fossils, one of the main reasons it is difficult to know if they found a new species is
Because morphological variations are normally found within a single species.
The evolution of the tail among New World monkeys reflects an adaptation to their environment and would be of interest to a
Behavioral ecologists
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
Being subjected to alien culture influences
The combination of bipedalism, increased cranial capacity, changed diet and tool use, and expanding social relations all suggest that among the first humans
Biology and culture interacted to shape their evolution.
People participate in globalization by
Consuming coca cola, watching tv, migrating to distant cities for work
One likely outcome from the development of increased brain size in A. afarensis was ______________.
Cooperative social behaviors and group action
The latest thinking among some paleoanthropoligists is that Neanderthals and Denisovans never completely disappeared because we can confirm the existence of shared _______________.
DNA
In comparing humans, apes, and monkeys, one significant factor that separates humans from both apes and monkeys is
Differences between male and female life patterns
When children in the United States reach a certain age, they often move out of their parents' home and into their own living space, something anthropologists refer to as
Dispersal
Diffusionists
Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.
The concept of costs and benefits is useful to understand
Energy expenditure in an organism
_____ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
Exiles
The process through which bone and teeth slowly turn into stone is calles
Fossilization
According to anthropologists, ____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
Globalization
The first humans were the group called which emerged some 1.8 mya.
Homo erectus
If you applied the extended evolutionary synthesis to study the evolution of hominins, you would be most interested in evidence that shows
How archaic humans modified their environments through fire and tools.
If you applied a behavioral ecology perspective to understanding a college student's dietary patterns, you would likely be most interested in
How much physical effort a student puts in to get food and how many calories they actually consume
comparative
It explains why conflict is growing in the world
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
It lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
Paleolithic:
Literally "old stone," refers to a long epoch in human prehistory from about 2.5 mya to 10,000 years ago and roughly corresponds with the Pleistocene geological epoch.
Arboreal
Living in the trees.
Terrestrial
Living on the ground
Multiregional evolution model (MRE)
Modern humans are only the most recent version of a single species, Homo sapiens, that had been in Africa, Asia, and Europe for nearly 2 million years.
Recent African origin model (RAO)
Modern humans arose as a new species in Africa about 150,000 years ago, during the late Pleistocene
World culture
Norms and values that extend across national boundaries.
When behavioral ecologists study socioecological pressures on primates, they are primarily interested in
Nutrition, or the necessity of sufficient food and water
Molecular and morphological knowledge of living humans and apes supports the idea that humans are more closely related to chimpanzees and gorillas than we are to
Orangutans
Exiles:
People who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
Immigrants
People who leave their countries with no expectation of ever returning.
Migrants
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
Refugees
People who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country.
Hybridization
Persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end point.
Our understanding of the Ebola virus may be improved by research on human-ape interactions, such as that done by ____________
Peter Walsh
Paleoanthropologist
Physical anthropologists and archaeologists who study the fossilized remains of ancient hominids to shed light on their biological and behavioral evolution.
Orangutans are members of the ___________ subfamily.
Ponginae
If you discovered an ancient hominin with megadontia and a dental grinding structure similar to a Paranthropus you might suggest that the diet of this hominin was
Predominantly plant based.
The argument that modern H. sapiens appeared as a new species in Africa about 200,000 years ago is called the
Recent African Origin model
Transnational
Relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.
Chimpanzees can suffer from polio. If you wanted to develop a chimpanzee polio vaccine, you would likely discover that
Research and testing on apes is tightly regulated by many governments because of their close similarity to humans
Olduwan tools
Rocks that were modified to produce sharp flakes and edged choppers.
Altruism
Seemingly "selfless" acts that have a net loss of energy to the actor but a net gain in energy to the receiver.
Homologous
Similar due to shared ancestry.
Analogous
Similar in appearance or function, not the same due to shared ancestry
The term "culture" often implies socially transmitted learning. While such learning has been observed in many different species, including non-primates, a primatologist would likely argue that this learning is different among primates because
Social learning in other species is confined to single behaviors
Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except
Stereoscopic vision
Levallois technique
Stone tool-making technique that involves complex preparation of the stone and provides a higher quality toolkit than previous types with more uses.
Hominidae
The African subfamily of the Family Hominidae, which includes humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.
Ponginae:
The Asian derived subfamily of Hominidae to which the Orangutan belongs.
Hominoid
The Primate superfamily Hominoidea that includes all of the apes and the humans.
Prehensile
The ability to grasp things, usually referring to hands or tails
Development anthropology
The application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects.
Kin Selection
The behavioral favoring of your close genetic relatives.
Megadontia
The characteristic of having large molar teeth relative to body size.
One of the distinguishing features of the different primate group is
The characteristics of their social behavior and social organiszation
Genome:
The complete set of an organism's DNA.
Localization
The creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based identities and communities.
Culture of migration
The cultural attitudes, perceptions, and symbolic values that shape decision-making processes around, and experiences of, migration.
Hominine
The division (called a tribe) in the superfamily Hominoidea that includes humans and our recent ancestors.
Postcolonialism
The field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism.
Pan
The genus of chimpanzees.
Macaca
The genus of macaque monkeys.
Strepsirrhini
The infraorder of primates including lemurs, galagos, and lorises.
Biocultural evolution
The interaction of cultural capacity and biology to meet selective demands.
Cultural differences are often caused by
The isolation of communities
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following
The more open a country is to foreign trade the better the economy will be.
Foramen magnum
The opening at the base of the skull (cranium) where the spinal column enters and connects to the brain.
A crucial limitation of cost-benefit analysis in primates is
The oversimplification of population dynamics and complexity
Cultural imperialism
The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture.
Dominance hierarchy
The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another.
Push-pull factors
The social, economic, and political factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries.
Behavioral ecology
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives.
Ethnoprimatology
The study of the interface between human and ape communities.
World systems theory:
The theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and a global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery."
Hominini:
The tribe to which humans and our direct human ancestors belong, who are referred to as hominins.
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
The unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes fans and officials from different countries
Bipedal locomotion
The use of two legs rather than four for movement.
Globalization:
The widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.
The anatomy of Haplorrhines is considerably more varied than that of Strepsirrhines in large part because
They are more diverse in their lifeways
Grooming
Touching another individual to remove dirt, insects, and debris, usually as a way for individuals to bond.
A distinguishing feature of most australopithecines is their high degree of sexual dimorphism.
True
From the anthropological perspective, culture, paired with language, makes out species distinct because
We are able to communicate knowledge that is inaccessible to other organisms and disseminate that knowledge
Matrifocal unit
a cluster of individuals generally made up of related females.
One important adaptation found in New World monkeys is the presence of
a prehensile tail (can hold objects)
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
all of the above
The major component of being human—bipedalism—can, from an anatomical perspective, be either
allowing or enforcing
Socioecological pressures are forces that modify primate behaviors and can include all of the following except
altruism
Primatologists are unsure if observed patterns of social behavior in humans and chimpanzees are ________ or _________
analogous homologous
Social behavior patterns observed in one species that look like behavior patterns in another, but which do not arise from a shared ancestry, are known as
analogous behaviors
Both H. habilis and H. rudolfensis display a diverse combination of
ancestral and derived characteristics
World systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is
clash of civilizations theory
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-suited ethnography?
comparative
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
A primary characteristic that allows paleoanthropologists to place a particular finding into the genus Homo is
cranial capacity
An example of how modern humans differ from primates is
cultural variations in mating patterns
Franz Boas and his students were ________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another
diffusionist
Cultural _______ often exist not in spite of but because of global interconnections
diversity
The act of primates leaving their group when they enter reproductive maturity is known as .
dominance hierarchies
One striking difference between the social behavior found in common chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and in bonobo chimpanzees, Pan paniscus, is that of
dominance relationships
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
expand state power
Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank
false
Dominance among primates is an inborn trait
false
Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied inter connectivity before
false
In the current view of taxonomists, all hominines are hominins.
false
It is easy to identify direct casual links between genes and behavior
false
Most primates rely extensively on their sense of smell
false
Old World monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers
false
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
false
The appearance of culture was the event that signaled the arrival of modern humans
false
The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more
false
The taxonomic ordering of Homo erectus has been completely resolved through careful fossil analysis.
false
The term hominine refers to humans and great apes
false
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
false
All the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except
father-son bonding
If you wanted to study pair-bonding among bonobos as a window into understanding the evolution of human pair-bonding, you might encounter some difficulty because
female bonobos are sex dominant whores
Among chimpanzee and bonobo populations, tool use is more prolific among __________
females
An essential part of bipedalism is the presence of the _____________ at the base of the skull.
foramen magnum
Which of the following is not one of the key benefits of full-time bipedalism?
gives humans the choice to climb or walk
Suppose you wanted to study the reasoning behind why men use a particular hair product to attract sexual partners. A s a biological anthropologist, you might be very likely to examine this through the lens of
grooming
The word primate comes from the Latin for "of the first rank" and was the word Linnaeus used in his taxonomic system because
he took for granted the idea that humans were closer to divine powers
Tool making was an important part of early human cultural development. The gradual improvements led eventually to forms of
highly refined blade tools made from the chips of the material used
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
Orangutans and humans are not simply anthropoids but also _________
hominoid
Cultural ___ occurs when cultural and systemic power differences are ignored.
imperialism
The major goal of "development" is
importing health, expanding capitalist markets, alleviating poverty
Multiple dispersals model (MD):
incorporates complexities in genetic datasets to argue that humans left Africa in multiple waves
Postorbital constriction
indentation of the sides of the cranium behind the eyes.
The gradual emergence of human cultural capacity over several millions years began to
influence evolutionary processes among hominis
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world.
The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
Behavioral ecologists call the favoring of a genetic relative over a more distant relative __________
kin selection
