anthrbio quiz 1

Which of the following help to promote passing on the genes through reciprocity? - Gratitude - Suspicion - Friendship - All of these

- All of these

Which of the following are false dualisms? - All of these are false dualisms - Genetic versus environmental - Nature versus nurture - Biological versus cultural

- All of these are false dualisms

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace? - A contemporary of Darwin who also came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection - A mentor of Darwin's at Cambridge - All of these are correct - A geologist who believed in catastrophism

- A contemporary of Darwin who also came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection

Which of the following is false? - The greater the difference in the sequences between two species, the farther back in time they must have split - When body lice evolved from head lice is about when humans started to wear clothes - African body lice are the most genetically diverse, which means they evolved later than non-African body lice - Closely related individuals and species have more similar mutations, having inherited them from a common ancestor

- African body lice are the most genetically diverse, which means they evolved later than non-African body lice

Which of the following are true? - Many emotions and moral outrage and effects on reputation help to promote reciprocity - Reciprocity passes on the genes without any conscious knowledge on the part of the persons cooperating - According to Williams, an "individual who maximizes his friendships and minimizes his antagonisms will have an evolutionary advantage" - All of the above

- All of the above

In Hamilton's rule, r, B, and C stand for which of the following? Choose the answer that is completely correct: - B - benefit of an act to a recipient's fitness - C - cost to the donor's fitness - All of these are correct - r = coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient

- All of these are correct

What are the conditions for direct reciprocity? - Return benefit from an act is much greater than initial cost to donor - All of these are correct - Individuals interact repeatedly - Cheaters can be caught and not aided in the future

- All of these are correct

Which of the following does Wright invoke to further support the view that women tend to be more choosy about their sex partners than are men? - Men consume more visual pornography than do women - Men seek the services of prostitutes more often than do women - In the Trobiand Islands, a man wanting casual sex with a woman had to provide a small gift - All of these are correct

- All of these are correct

Which of the following is an example of deception? - Organisms that are not toxic but look like toxic species - People trying to convince others that they did more for the group than they did - All of these are correct - Orchids that look like female wasps

- All of these are correct

Darwinian social scientists dispute which of the following doctrines? - The environment determines everything and there is no contribution from the genes - Human nature has no basis in biology - The human mind is a blank slate shaped later by socialization and culture - All of these are disputed by Darwinian social scientists

- All of these are disputed by Darwinian social scientists

In most species males and females differ in which of the following ways? - Males have a higher potential number of offspring - Females produce larger gametes - Females do more parental investment - All of these are true

- All of these are true

Which of the following is a necessary property for evolution by natural selection? - All of these are true - Genetic variation - Fitness variation - Phenotypic variation

- All of these are true

Which of the following is true? - The greater the difference in the sequences between two species, the farther back in time they must have split - Closely related individuals and species have similar mutations, having inherited them from a common ancestor - When body lice evolved from head lice is about when humans started to wear clothes - All of these are true - African body lice are the most genetically diverse, which means they evolved earlier than non-African body lice

- All of these are true

Why do bacteria evolve faster than humans? - They practice conjugation - They have a longer generation time - Bacteria can spread their mutations to each other through conjugation and their huge population sizes create more opportunity for favorable mutations to arise at random - All of these are true

- Bacteria can spread their mutations to each other through conjugation and their huge population sizes create more opportunity for favorable mutations to arise at random

Which of the following is the evolutionary definition of altruism? - Behavior by an individual that decreases the fitness of another individual while increasing the fitness of the actor - Behavior by an individual that decreases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor - Behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor - Behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while also increasing the fitness of the actor

- Behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor

According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following is not part of the underlying purpose of human generosity and affection? - Helping our direct and indirect reciprocators - Helping our kin - Being upright and honest because it's the right thing to do - Helping mates who will participate in the passing on of our genes.

- Being upright and honest because it's the right thing to do

Which of the following is the best definition of natural selection? - Differential reproduction based on heritable variation - Mutations that arise because they benefit the species - Phenotypic change - None of these are true

- Differential reproduction based on heritable variation

Which of the following is most difficult to remember? - All of these are correct - Facts that are detrimental to our own self image or that are inconsistent with our world view - Facts that are consistent with our world view and thus quite obvious and easily forgettable - Facts that promote our own self esteem

- Facts that are detrimental to our own self image or that are inconsistent with our world view

Why did George Williams conclude that animals do not behave for the good of the group as a whole? - Group selection is too weak and slow a process compared to selection at lower levels - None of these - Individuals are taught through socialization and developmental cues to activate their selfish genes - Altruistic groups outcompete selfish groups and this is widely observed

- Group selection is too weak and slow a process compared to selection at lower levels

What was Darwin's delay? - He had an over-active conscious that caused him to spend 5 years in seminary school - He took 20 years to publish his theory of evolution by natural selection - None of these - He took almost an entire decade to marry Emma after he originally proposed to her

- He took 20 years to publish his theory of evolution by natural selection

Which of the following is false? - The ancestors of humans passed more eons as "seabags" than as hunter-gatherers - Humans have reached the pinnacle of life on earth and the rate of natural selection has slowed to almost a stand chill - There was no single EEA in the human past - Most of our genes are far older than the Pleistocene

- Humans have reached the pinnacle of life on earth and the rate of natural selection has slowed to almost a stand chill

What is the problem with group selection theory? - It only applies to humans and not to animals - If there is a conflict between what's good for the person and what's good for the group, people will tend to act selfishly - It goes against what's good for the species - All of these

- If there is a conflict between what's good for the person and what's good for the group, people will tend to act selfishly

Which of the following men was not a friend and supporter of Darwin? - Charles Lyell - Isaac Newton - Joseph Hooker - Thomas Huxley

- Isaac Newton

Why is the following statements about coyotes is not a good illustration of natural selection? "The most wily coyotes catch the most prey and have the most offspring" - It doesn't imply that there is phenotypic variation - It doesn't imply that there is competition among coyotes - It doesn't state that genes underlie the "willingness trait" - It doesn't imply that there are fitness differences

- It doesn't state that genes underlie the "willingness trait"

Which of the following is a consequence of widespread self deception in humans? - All of these are correct - So long as there are repeated interactions, communication will be honest and reciprocated - It makes it harder to detect our own selfish motives - It makes it easier to detect cheaters and selectively not aid them in the future

- It makes it harder to detect our own selfish motives

Why did TIT FOR TAT win the computer tournament of Robert Axelrod? - It was the meanest strategy and ensured that punishment was swift and sure - It was the simplest strategy - It wasn't repeatedly victimized or exploited and it promoted cooperation - It was the most complex strategy

- It wasn't repeatedly victimized or exploited and it promoted cooperation

Why do parents teach their kids to be nice? - It is a strategy for deceiving other people - It is the right way to behave - It will help them to attract social investment from other people in the form of reciprocity - None of these

- It will help them to attract social investment from other people in the form of reciprocity

According to Hamilton and Trivers, seemingly altruistic behavior in humans can usually be attributed to which of the following? - Kin selection and reciprocity - Kin selection and zero sum games - Reciprocity and prisoner's dilemma - Religion and morality

- Kin selection and reciprocity

What is a key difference between kin selection and reciprocity? - Kin selection requires that people have a relatedness of rB<C - Reciprocity never happens among kin - None of these - Kin selection requires genetic relatedness whereas reciprocity can happen among non-relatives

- Kin selection requires genetic relatedness whereas reciprocity can happen among non-relatives

According to Wright, humans are a species that is high in which of the following? - Sperm competition and overt female displays around the time of ovulation - Male parental investment - None of these - Extreme sexual dimorphism

- Male parental investment

Which of the following is false? - Behaviors favored by natural selection may actually be undesirable and unethical - It is not equivalent to ought - Natural selection leads to utilitarianism and the greatest for the greatest number - All of these are false

- Natural selection leads to utilitarianism and the greatest for the greatest number

The human brain permits phenotypic plasticity so that we can: - Engage in locomotion - Walk bipedally - Find food and extract tubers from the ground - Navigate our social environment, which is highly unpredictable

- Navigate our social environment, which is highly unpredictable

How would you calculate the relatedness of individual A and B? - 0.5 cubed plus 0.5 squared - None of these are correct - 0.5 squared plus 0.5 squared - 0.5 cubed plus 0.5 cubed

- None of these are correct

Which of the following is not a consequence of evolution by natural selection? - Conscience - Compassion - None. all of these are a consequence of evolution by natural selection - Guilt

- None. all of these are a consequence of evolution by natural selection

A good moral reputation is vital for which of the following: - Reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) - Zero Sum Games - Kin selection - Prisoner's Dilemma

- Reciprocity (reciprocal altruism)

Which of the following was a part of Wynne-Edwards two-part theory of group selection? - Selfish groups will out-compete altruistic groups - Altruistic individuals will out-compete selfish individuals within groups - None of these - Selfish individuals will out-compete altruistic individuals within groups

- Selfish individuals will out-compete altruistic individuals within groups

Which of the following is false? - Respect, reverence, awe, honor, stubborn pride, contempt, disdain, ambition are all natural selection's way of helping us to pass on our genes in the context of status hierarchies - Some societies are completely egalitarian - De Waal argued that the origins of politics predate our own species and are found in chimps - Some anthropologists such as Ruth Benedict believe that biology has little influence on human behavior and that we are shaped by culture instead

- Some societies are completely egalitarian

Animals have no conscious knowledge of their fitness interests. Instead they have evolved to pursue proximate goals that: - Tend on average to promote fitness in the varied cultural and social environments in which we find ourselves - None of these are true - Promote fitness unless the environment has novel elements to which the species will not adapt due to insufficient cognitive capacity - Tended on average to promote inclusive fitness in past environments

- Tended on average to promote inclusive fitness in past environments

Darwin described females as more coy than males. Robert Trivers' key insight was that the greater choosiness of females in regard to mate choice is due to which of the following? - The more extensive male parental care in humans compared to other species - The genetic quality of each offspring is more critical to the reproductive success of females - Culture - All of these are correct

- The genetic quality of each offspring is more critical to the reproductive success of females

What is the naturalistic fallacy? - Freudian Ethics - The idea that we can derive our values from evolution or any aspect of observed nature - Utilitarianism - Greatest good for the greatest number

- The idea that we can derive our values from evolution or any aspect of observed nature

What is the problem with the term "instinctive"? - Song birds have a critical period - None of these are true - The phenotype is always a reflection of both genes and the environment (and their interaction) - It ignores culture

- The phenotype is always a reflection of both genes and the environment (and their interaction)

According to evolutionary biology, which sex is usually expected to be the most choosy when picking mates? - Females - The sex investing more in parental care - Both sexes invest equally - Males

- The sex investing more in parental care

According to Professor Strassmann's lecture, clothing styles are adaptive because: - They evolved by natural selection and therefore reflect genetic differences - They reflect genetic differences between individuals - They help people to survive or attract mates or do other things helpful to their genes - All of these

- They help people to survive or attract mates or do other things helpful to their genes

What is the purpose of self deception? - To deceive others it is also helpful to deceive oneself - None of these are correct - Persons who are self-deceived and reveal their low status will climb the social hierarchy faster - Self deception saves neurons for more important tasks like mating and parental investment

- To deceive others it is also helpful to deceive oneself

According to the cultural and reproductive success hypothesis of William Irons, which of the following is true? - People have evolved adaptive mechanisms that cause them to strive for the goals that translated into engaged reproduction over human evolutionary history - The cultural goals that people strive for differ between societies but the underlying adaptive mechanisms are the same and promote reproductive success - Culture and biology are separate influences on human behavior and must be recognized as such - Two of these are correct

- Two of these are correct

Which of the following is true about adaptation? - Natural selection is the evolutionary force that is responsible for adaptation - Two of these are correct - Adaptation is not an absolute property, instead adaptation is relative to the environment - Adaptation is something even individuals do in their lifetimes rather than being a property of populations as a whole

- Two of these are correct

Which of the following is a human universal? - None of these are correct - Monogamy - Two of these are true - Status differentiation and hierarchy

Status differentiation and hierarchy