Anthro Final

In addition to theories and perspectives shared with political scientists and sociologists, political anthropologists also take a distinctive perspective when studying contemporary politics. Which of the following is a distinctive approach that political anthropologists take?

Political anthropologists focus on the processes of the state rather than the institutions.

Which political scenario as promoting neoliberal economics?

Private sector, nongovernmental groups provide education and social services.

Which statement is true of anthropologist Melissa Checker?

She believes research can be applied, not just extracted for informational purposes.

According to Karl Marx, how do capitalists profit by extracting surplus labor value from workers?

The bourgeoisie profit from how much more the sale price is than the production costs.

Since the 1990s, China has been experiencing a religious revival that includes all state-recognized religions but especially Chinese popular religion, which is a blend of Buddhism, Daoism, and respect for family and village ancestors. This revival has had unexpected effects on rural Chinese villages, such as in the Black Dragon King Temple complex in Shaanbei, China. Which of the following is a way in which the transformation of a small rural shrine into the Black Dragon King Temple complex affected the village of Shaanbei?

The community led a revolt against the oppressive government

What significance does Morrinho have beyond its representation of the city?

The game analyzes the intersections of class, poverty, power, kinship, identity, the state, and politics

What might Max Weber suggest is the primary difference between a lawyer in the United States and the self-made millionaire of a U.S.-based manufacturing company?

The lawyer has high prestige by virtue of occupation, while the self-made millionaire has high wealth.

What does the analysis of European Paleolithic cave art indicate?

The paintings were modified and repainted over a 20,000-year period

What is true of most states today?

They did not exist prior to World War II.

The spatialization of the state is produced

Through everyday bureaucratic acts of governance.

What is one of the arguments given to support the idea that humans are naturally violent?

Violence is genetically ingrained in all primates

Kepone is

a carcinogenic, hormone-altering pesticide

How would an anthropologist characterize a tax refund?

a leveling mechanism

In 1931, anthropologist Audrey Richards documented the chisunguritual, performed by the Bemba people in Zambia. What is this women-only ritual that centers on menstruation and marriage an example of in anthropology?

a rite of passage

In Tibet, there are about 200 traditional healers known as amchi who provide health care. What is their system of health care based on?

achieving balance between body and spirit in the individual

When did the British remove the Banaba people?

after World War II

A decentralized political authority in which decisions are made by consensus is a characteristic of a

band

The political system with the least stratification is a

band

Susan Shepler found a discrepancy between the beliefs and moral expectations of international aid agencies and those of local Sierra Leoneans with respect to

childhood

Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system are

core countries

Veronica Davidov and her classmate Ariana participated in

ecotourism

Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity?

industrial agriculture

Martinique's Carnival

is a time when people perform sexuality and gender transgression.

What is an important characteristic of agriculture?

it uses labor and technology such as irrigation systems and plows

Which of the following is a person who sacrifices their life for the sake of their religion?

martyr

The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is

power

Balanced, generalized, and negative are forms of

reciprocity

In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?

redistribution

About what proportion of the world's population suffers from food insecurity?

14%

What is the average size of a band?

20 to several hundred individuals

What percentage of the world's population lives in low-lying coastal areas?

25

About how many people have migrated out of the towns and villages near Fuzhou, China?

50-70 percent of many towns and villages

The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with which theorist?

Adam Smith

College students can engage environmental issues on personal and institutional levels. Which is an example of institutional engagement?

Adriana and her friends campaign for a politician who supports sustainability efforts.

The "triangle trade" that emerged in the 1500s resulted in the exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, disease, and ideas between

Africa, Europe, and the Americas

What is a key difference between the fatwa and the court system in Egypt?

Both the individual and the mufti share responsibility for the outcome.

What do the Sundarbans campaign in Bangladesh and the Fossil Free movement at Swarthmore College have in common?

Both took action to halt and reverse climate change and global warming.

Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on

Enlightenment values of rationality, individualism, and progress

How does Theodore Bestor's study of the Tsukiji fish market illustrate the nature of a global commodity chain?

He traces the hands through which fish pass in a network that connects previously unconnected people and locations

The author states that Chinese immigrants he had never met recognized him on the streets of New York. How was this possible?

He was filmed in a festival video in China that was later viewed by immigrants in New York.

Anthropological research illustrates that people make a religious tradition come alive in their own context through local expressions and adaptations. Which of the following is an example of this?

In India, Hindu and Muslim pilgrim both seek the healing powers of the Husain Tekri shrine.

How do distributions of income and wealth reveal the way power is distributed in a society?

Income and wealth determine an individual's access to resources such as health care.

The dominant idea of health care in the United States is of doctors in white coats, hospitals, and advanced technology. What have medical anthropologists found to be the case in regard to this concept in the rest of the world?

It is one of the least common points of access to health care for most people worldwide.

What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?

It was rife with magic.

Identify the author of the Communist Manifesto and its purpose

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this pamphlet to urge workers to unite and change their class position.

What conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.

Which of the following theorists believed that ideas can be just as powerful as economics in shaping society?

Max Weber

The residents of Togotala, Mali, cannot produce enough food to meet their daily needs due to the region's harsh climate, which suffers from droughts as well as a three-month rainy season. What is true of this town?

Merchants send remittances to support their families and community

Globalization is increasing interaction across borders, changing the way religions are practiced and shaped. Which of the following is a way in which Mexican immigrants to New York City have reshaped local expressions of Catholicism?

Mexican Catholics participate in a pilgrimage in which a torch is carried from Mexico City to New York City.

Micronesia is an archipelago of islands in the South Pacific that is drastically affected by the weather patterns in the region. With regularity, storms destroy their homes and droughts threaten their crops, yet Micronesians continue to adjust to their difficult environment. Which of the following is a way in which Micronesian culture has adapted to help people survive in their fluctuating climate?

Micronesians place a high importance on reciprocity and duty

In Christopher Steiner's ethnography, who acquired locally produced art to sell in urban markets?

Muslim traders

Which of the following is a reason presented by opponents of neoliberal policies for their rejection of this philosophy?

Neoliberalism fails to avert and alleviate economic crises.

Due to their age, the abstract paintings found in the Lascaux and Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc caves in southern France are studied as

Paleolithic art

Artistic expression is used in many ways in many different cultures. However, common threads are often found between very different creative forms of expression. What is the commonality between rara bands in Haiti and the dances of young women living in homeless shelters in Detroit?

Both are marginalized groups protesting inequality through artistic expression.

How did Margaret Mead explain the origins of human violence?

It is a cultural institution

Anthropologist David Vine studies the effects of U.S. militarization on the U.S. population as well as the effectiveness of military bases abroad. Which statement describes the effectiveness of U.S. military bases?

U.S. military bases and military actions are ineffective ways of solving international problems.

The factors that enable or inhibit migration are

bridges and barriers

What is the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?

a framing process

In the view of Talal Asad, religion has been defined by Western anthropology. What does "religion" then become?

an ethnocentrism problem

The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. When French sociologist Émile Durkheim observed all of this, what did he call it?

anomie

How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness?

as a natural entity versus personal experience

What term describes a viewer's perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture?

authenticity

The study of ethnopharmacology emerged from efforts to

document the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.

Anthropologists have challenged the "culture of poverty" theory, arguing that poverty is a structural problem that results from

dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system

In many stratified societies across the world, ________ is considered the key to upward mobility.

education

The Hadza are a small hunter-gatherer group in Tanzania, who have no tribal or governing hierarchy. They are

egalitarian

The "architects of war"

engage in the battle from a distance

The perception that the state fills a particular space, encompasses all aspects of culture, and stands above all other elements of the society is the state's

fluid, contested narrative.

Which primary adaptive strategy includes hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?

foraging

When Marta was growing up, her parents, religious leaders, school lessons, favorite books, and television shows all taught her that good people who work hard get what they deserve. As an adult, she supports political parties and policies that frame the poor as lazy freeloaders. This is an example of

hegemony

Art in Western traditions is often associated with notions of what kind of culture?

high

Jaskiran Dhillon links anti-pipeline resistance like that at Standing Rock with

historical struggles for indigenous rights and environmental protections.

The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor is

horticulture.

Critical medical anthropology analyzes how systems of power affect health care. What is an example of what critical medical anthropologists study?

how health-care systems define who is sick and how they get treated

What does the size of a band depend on?

hunting and ritual cycles as well as conflict and alliances

Which is the anthropological category promoted by Donna Haraway as a framework for interpreting the environment?

kinship

Bianca is doing participant observation in order to learn more about the relationships between humans and working dogs, such as dogs that help herd, hunt, or police. Her study is an example of

multispecies ethnography

Who funds war?

multitrillion dollar international financial networks

In Panama, the water for the newly constructed water system supporting the canal was replenished by

rainforest

Neoliberalism is associated with

selling public services like water and public transportation to for-profit companies.

What do anthropologists call the assertion that human beings have an intrinsic way of perceiving art that informs what they consider to be art or not art?

the universal gaze

In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian personal status courts

with great suspicion

According to anthropologists of finance, what is the driving force behind the global expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century?

the circulation of capital

What was the main point of the protests at the Standing Rock Sioux reservation?

to protect indigenous rights, clean water supplies, and Native American burial grounds

According to the United Nations, in 2015, which country had the highest life expectancy at birth?

Hong Kong

What is a central argument that anthropologist Talal Asad presents about religion?

Universal definitions of religion can actually obscure local realities and, subsequently, local expressions of religion should be examined rather than universal ones.

We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny?

We have begun to understand human microbiomes.

What was one of the immediate results of the Zanmi Lasante water project

a noticeable decrease in infant mortality

How do anthropologists define biomedicine?

a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences

When did the subfield of political anthropology emerge?fter World War I

after World War II

Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of

agriculture

What is one result of the attention focused on Morrinho

an opportunity for the creators to install a replica of it at international arts festivals

What do anthropologists call a small, kinship-based group of foragers who move around in a particular territory?

band

The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money is

bartering

Neoliberal economic policies

challenge state sovereignty.

Which of the following locations is experiencing a significant increase in encounters between people of various religious faiths?

cities

The political-economic context in which international financial institutions pressure states to adopt neoliberal economic policies has produced a flourishing of

civil society

Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote?

communitas

In the Andes mountains, a medical specialist called a curandero rubs a sick person with a guinea pig to diagnose and remove the cause of his illness. This is an example of

ethnomedicine

What kind of anthropologist would study the trends in boy band culture and their fans from the 1990s until today?

ethnomusicologist

What is the study of music within its cultural context?

ethnomusicology

A Shipibo shaman uses Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic drink brewed from roots and leaves found in the rain forest, to treat spiritual and psychological maladies. Researchers interested in studying its effectiveness are studying

ethnopharmacology

An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals is/are

life chances

The pickpocket who stole your phone during your vacation engaged in an act of

negative reciprocity

Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and World Vision are examples of

nongovernmental organizations

What are two key strategies of flexible accumulation?

offshoring and outsourcing

People migrate for many reasons, including to take advantage of economic opportunities. What term describes this kind of reason to migrate?

pull

egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group sucess

resources

Which of the following is an individual considered exceptionally close to God, who is then exalted after death?

saint

Ethnomusicologists would most likely study

the use of playground rhymes by U.S. rap artists

Christopher Boehm argues that the most economically efficient strategy is

sharing scant resources

What is an important part of medical treatment that the biomedical model overlooks?

social experiences as a component of disease

What is the predominant U.S. redistribution hub of the African art in Paul Stoller's study?

the Warehouse in New York City

Bruno Latour recommends that we focus on which part of our environment?

the area several miles above and below Earth's surface.

Aesthetic experience is

the perception of beauty through one's senses.

Dolly, a stay-at-home mother, makes her children breakfast every morning. However, when she came down with the flu, her kids stepped in to make breakfast for her. For Dolly, staying in bed is an example of

the sick role

Hurricane Katrina had a catastrophic effect on New Orleans

despite the city's wealth, preparedness, and the effectiveness of its response.

The People's Republic of China moved to institutionalize traditional Chinese medicine through a number of different strategies, including the export of the practice to other countries. This was done to

develop ties of solidarity with other developing nations.

Jeff Juris's study of Occupy Boston found that

digital media enabled new patterns of protest

The colonial-era North American fur trade

disrupted Native American ways of life

The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support and contribute to a shift in public discourse by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent." This is an example of

framing process

Your parents have never charged you for groceries and labor for all the meals you consumed at home at their expense. This is an example of

generalized reciprocity

What term does Arjun Appadurai use to refer to the global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries?

global mediascape

A megachurch refers to a large, often evangelical or Protestant church that employs business practices, showmanship, rock music, and spectacle to attract congregations. Many megachurches televise their sermons, reaching audiences too far away to attend in person. These churches reveal how technology and marketing, as well as the larger force of ________, are changing religion today.

globalization

The European desire to participate in the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort among European nations to procure what commodity?

gold and silver

Laurent Pordié and Nomad RSI, a French nongovernmental organization (NGO), helped local amchis to

grow and distribute medicinal plants to distant villages and establish a school to train new practitioners.

People who participate in programs that offer a temporary right to work but have limited long-term rights and privileges are called

guest workers

Hayk purchases the most expensive tier membership to the Museum of Modern Art. He developed an appreciation for art when his parents took him to museums as a child. He moves with ease, confidence, and a sense of entitlement through the collections with other well-heeled art enthusiasts during the special members' viewings. How would Pierre Bourdieu describe this young man's attitudes and behaviors with respect to art?

habitus

The self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed over a lifetime that shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in it is

habitus

Entrepreneurial immigrants

have existed for thousands of years

Chinese medicine conceptualizes qi as a type of energy found in all living things, something that must be in balance to maintain good health. According to this view, what are two things mentioned in the text that must remain in balance?

heaven and earth

In addition to violence, the Nazi regime used film, newspapers, radio programs, textbooks, youth groups, and even children's comic books to influence the populace to see Nazi actions and programs as necessary and reasonable. This kind of consensus an example of

hegemony

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is called

hegemony.

Paul Farmer's work in Haiti using anthropological tools led him to recognize that these same tools could also do what?

help doctors think about health in the broadest possible sense

On what aspects of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth do today's neoliberal privatization programs build?

his theory of laissez-faire ("leave it alone") capitalism, which calls for a free market, free from government regulation, to create economic growth

"Sweat is meant to trickle up" refers to

how elites profit from the labor of poor white workers.

Linda's health insurance does not cover contraception and only covers one annual preventative gynecological visit. That same insurance covers her husband's Viagra prescription and numerous checkups. This is an example of

how health care practices reflect and reinforce patterns of inequality.

Ashley Carse's research focuses on

how the Panama Canal affects the lives of local communities.

George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe that good magic

is contagious

According to Carol Nordstrom, modern warfare

is embedded in and enabled by a global system of war making.

British biomedicine

is less concerned about high blood pressure and cholesterol than biomedicine in the United States

The Al Azhar Fatwa Council

is one of the oldest and most established centers of Islamic authority.

In the late 1400s, China led the world in the production of goods such as silk, porcelain, tea, fruit, drugs, cotton, and weapons, all of which Europeans desired. However, Europe produced few products that the Chinese wanted. Why did this encourage the European conquest and plunder of the Americas?

Due to the resulting trade deficit, European nations needed precious metals to pay for Chinese goods.

What function does reciprocity serve?

it helps build social ties and prestige

The Runa taught Eduardo Kohn to see himself through the eyes of a(n)

jaguar

What is a musical genre combining body movement and voice?

kinetic orality

You are an anthropologist studying line-dancing culture in the southern United States. You observe people who move, shout, and sing in synchronized groups according to the music. What might you label this kind of music?

kinetic orality

The expansion of sugarcane plantations in South America and the Caribbean proved unsustainable due to a local shortage of what essential commodity?

labor

A man from rural El Salvador came to the United States in search of work in the construction industry. He is an example of a

labor immigrant

The Fuzhounese who migrate to work in Chinese restaurants in the United States are

labor immigrants.

The work of anthropologists Shirley Lindenbaum, David Simmons, and Paul Farmer serve as examples of applying anthropology to successfully address health-care problems around the world. Which of the following techniques did these three anthropologists use in their work that helped them assist communities overcome debilitating health issues?

language skills

What do internal migrants do?

move within their own national borders

Ethnographic research designed to consider the interactions of all species living on the planet and see the world from a more than human perspective is called

multispecies ethnography.

Adolf Hitler blamed ethnic minorities for the country's problems and celebrated "ethnically German" people as superior. This made persecuting minorities and expanding German dominance over Europe seem reasonable. This feeling of belonging and superiority is called

nationalism

The colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities of Fourth of July celebrations in the United States reinforce feelings of

nationalism

The state reinforces its ability to create consent and agreement about what is normal and appropriate by promoting what kinds of intense feelings?

nationalism

What kind of reciprocity is closing a business deal in which both parties try to come out ahead?

negative

The policies that enabled the high-risk mortgages and financial instruments that caused the 2008 financial crisis reflect a

neoliberal policy of reduced regulation of financial markets

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring growth, with a severely restricted role for government, is known as

neoliberalism

Seven million Cote d'ivoiriens earn their living in the cocoa industry. How much of the profits reaped from this industry go to the farmer's themselves?

only a tiny fraction - most go to transnational agricultural corps

a strategy for food production relying primarily on the domestication of animals is

pastoralism

The Nuer of the southern Sudan herd cattle for a living. They are

pastoralists

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea are famous for their cultivation of yams on small plots, which not only serve as foodstuff but are important in determining social status. They are

pastoralists

Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange are the three main

patterns of exchange

After golf, the wealthy housewives gossip about their absent friend's son who had to go to his "safety school"—a state college—instead of the Ivy League universities that accepted their children. The fact that this was considered scandalous reflects how

people of the same social class share similar life chances

In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched more than 100 miles to protest the construction of coal-fired power plants. What does this demonstrate?

people taking political action to resist climate change

How do anthropologists define refugees?

people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence

Aimee Cox is a cultural anthropologist who works with young women in homeless shelters in Detroit. Through her fieldwork, she came to a greater understanding of the power of anthropology. What does she suggest is the foundation of all culture?

performance

Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand provide cheap labor for export processing facilities, which are owned by transnational corporations. They are

periphery countries

Anthropologists have observed that tribal leaders build and maintain power through

personal achievements.

Identify the first point of health-care access for most people around the world.

personal and family knowledge

The presumed neutral viewpoint of the camera that in fact projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history is the ________ gaze.

photographic

The Grateful Dead toured the country until the death of Jerry Garcia, the band's founder. They attracted a huge and devoted fan base, many of whom traveled long distances to see the band perform and partake of the hallucinogens commonly found at the concerts. What kind of religious practice might an anthropologist call such activity?

pilgrimage

Since the late 1800s, anthropologists studying politics and power focused on small-scale societies in remote locations around the world. In the twentieth century, another specialization, political anthropology, emerged in response to various events. Which is a characteristic of the beginnings of political anthropology?

Early political anthropology developed after World War II.

Industrialized agriculture has dramatically increased the planet's overall food supply. Why do more than three million children still die of malnutrition each year?

Global inequality continues to be a problem.

What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?

Government must rein in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens.

Why is Karl Marx considered an important theorist in the study of class?

He focused on capitalism as it pertained to workers and inequality

Why did Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins analyze the photographic gaze of National Geographic magazines?

It allowed for an exploration of how visual images can influence cultural perspectives and reader behaviors.

During the European conquest of North America, entire populations suffered from the diseases brought to the continents by the conquering armies. In a very real sense, this early form of "globalization" was a type of medical migration. How does medical migration today compare?

It also includes the movement of treatments for disease across national borders.

According to Max Weber, what is the fundamental characteristic of the modern state?

It establishes a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory.

Since 1996, what has the trend been for the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States?

It has increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth than medical necessity.

What do scientists now think the purpose of the human microbiome might be?

It is a personal ecosystem that helps combat disease

What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art?

It is shaped by the viewer's perception as well as the artistic intent

Why is Haiti considered a significant former colony?

It was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.

A Chinese medical student plans to spend her career solving health problems among children living in slums in Medellín, Colombia. Which of the following is a piece of advice that anthropologist Paul Farmer would most likely give to this medical student?

Live in a Colombian slum, learn the language, and understand the conceptions of health used by children and families.

Which person in Cochabamba, Bolivia, works in the informal economy?

Lola sells bananas to tourists from a cart attached to her bicycle.

E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic highlighted by Evans-Pritchard's work?

Magic is rational

Which statement is part of the Gimi worldview?

People and nature interrelate and influence one another.

What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?

People can resist political violence in the ways they attend to the daily matters of their community.

What have recent studies of nonhuman primates revealed about the idea that violence is endemic to all primates?

Some primates undergo a cycle of reconciliation rather than distancing after conflict occurs.

What did Lutz and Collins conclude after their investigation of National Geographic photos?

They avoid images that might disrupt readers' views of the world

What is typically true about the Chinese immigrants who enter the United States through New York as restaurant workers?

They frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees working long hours.

How do systems of class affect an individual's life chances?

They reduce the chance for upward mobility.

After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, many institutions tried to foster intercultural understanding through art. What surprising discovery did Jessica Winegar make about such efforts?

They reinforced stereotypes and existing dichotomie

According to Marc Edelman, how successful were Costa Rican peasants' collective efforts to fight neoliberal policies?

They softened the harshest effects of the policies.

What is true about the rural peasants who produce much of the world's food supply?

They work the land themselves, relying on the labor of family or other group members.

Which of the following is a scenario that most accurately represents sociologist Émile Durkheim's explanation of how religion combats anomie?

Through worship and reading sacred texts, a congregation is reminded of their duty to help others in their community.

What has significantly changed in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas?

Urbanization has fragmented community life

The decentralized production and circulation of new media, facilitated by satellites, computers, and devices such as smartphones and tablets, has led to new opportunities for

activism

Marc Edelman's study of the response of rural peasants in Costa Rica to the economic and political upheavals caused by civil war and increased debt demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?

agency

Outraged by the number of potholes on Elm Street, your neighbor, Mr. Perkins, called his representative daily until they were fixed. His victory is an outcome of an individual exercising his

agency

The potential power of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power is

agency

An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus is

agriculture

From an anthropological perspective, who is eligible to create and experience art?

all groups skilled performers non-Western populations trained artists

Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what?

alleviating poverty and raising living standards

Some societies use different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?

alternative legal structures

Fieldwork allows the anthropologist to accurately record the lives and conditions of a people, providing significant insights and context to problems. However, Paul Farmer argues that anthropologists should do more by

applying anthropological methods and theories to solve problems

Both internally displaced people and refugees

are forced to move due to persecution, violence, or natural or human-made disasters.

Unlike the fijos, the ambulantes in Daniel Goldstein's study

are harassed by the police.

Periphery countries

are sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for industrialized countries.

The Malian migrants to Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo of Bruce Whitehouse's study

are treated like outsiders, segregated by religion and language.

Networks based on kinship, religion, and/or ethnicity

are undermined by the primary allegiance to the centralized state.

Increased migration has increased the popularity of Tibetan medicine in recent decades. How is this form of medicine viewed today by non-Tibetans?

as holistic and embracing Tibetan ecological worldviews

The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and the rituals that pilgrims to this shrine participate in to venerate this long-deceased Muslim martyr. What is one of the characteristics of this particular example that demonstrates the local adaptation and flexibility of religious practice?

pilgrims from a variety of different faiths, not just Muslim

Your office has performed the traditional "Secret Santa" exchange for many years. In this event, every office mate brings a gift worth no more than $20 to be anonymously given at the annual holiday party. This an example of

balanced reciprocity

Richard, who is an excellent graduate student but an incompetent hunter, was relieved to find that the Ju/'hoansi men share the spoils of their hunt with all who live with them, including guests. Richard is conducting participant observation with a

band

Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as

bands

Your dream is to live in Paris. Unfortunately, you do not speak French or have a work visa, so you can only stay 90 days or until you run out of money, whichever comes first. Your language and immigration status are examples of

barriers

In the community of Hatun Pacha, agriculturalists exchange their crops for sheepherders' meat and yogurt at the Sunday market. This is called

bartering

If you are sick enough to miss class, the social agreement about sickness suggests that you should

be at home resting and following a doctor's advice

Dependency theorists argued that underdeveloped countries should

become self-sufficient.

What is one of the primary motivations for labor immigrants?

better wages than they find in other countries

Groups like the Research and Conservation Foundation prioritize

biodiversity

The "culture of poverty" theory

blames the victims for something caused by large economic processes.

A factory owner and a hot dog cart owner are both members of

bourgeoisie

Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?

bourgeoisie and proletariat

Nawal studied medicine at her university in Egypt. Although she can work as a doctor in Egypt, she is enticed by the high wages and opportunities offered in other countries. What term refers to the phenomenon of many skilled professionals like Nawal leaving their country of origin?

brain drain

How do West African art traders who immigrate and sell their wares in marketplaces in New York City receive honor and prestige in their home countries?

by meeting financial obligations with remittances and start-up capital for family members

Amy spent the $20 she received for her birthday on supplies to make lemonade, which she forced her younger brother to sell in front of the house, netting a profit of $5. The original $20 is an example of

capital

According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for

capitalism to flourish.

The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region is called

carrying capacity

Drought, extreme poverty, extinction, and pollution of air and water are

caused by the spread of global capitalism and consumerism

Frans de Waal's review of studies of different primates

challenges the myth that violent impulses are deeply ingrained in primate nature.

Periphery countries serve primarily as sources of

cheap labor and raw materials.

An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief is a

chiefdom

Ancient Hawaiian society was based on a strict caste system ruled over by a political specialist to whom commoners paid tribute. They were a

chiefdom

In Elman Service's evolutionary typology, a political system that represents a stage between the simpler political structure of the tribe and the complex structure of the state is the

chiefdom

Which of the following is the force that anthropologists of finance suggest is behind the global expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century?

circulation of capital

What would a transnational immigrant do once established in their new country?

plan Skype dates with the family back home to tell them about their new friends

The origin, construction, and organization of states are frequently the focus of which branch of anthropology?

political anthropology

The legendary folk and blues singer Huddie William Ledbetter, otherwise known as Lead Belly, was discovered by folklorists John and Alan Lomax while they were recording prison songs for the Library of Congress. He would be considered a ________ artist.

popular

Creative expression and communication often associated with the general population is considered

popular art

A group of people creates an organization that is independent of the state to challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition within their state. What is this type of organization called?

civil society organizations

Local ________ may join forces with transnational movements to transform local problems into global projects.

civil society organizations

Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources?

class

While a shoeshine entrepreneur and a Silicon Valley venture capitalist are both bourgeois, their means of making a living differ in

class

of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and discuss openly

class

Rising sea levels and water temperature are caused by

climate change

What is the country of Côte d'Ivoire best known for?

cocoa exports

The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions is called

colonialism

Anthropologists define art as all the ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans use to

communicate their creativity and inspiration

German political philosopher Karl Marx called which of the following "the opium of the people"?

communitas

In contrast to the tourist fantasies, Veronica Davidov found the Kichwa people to be

competent but marginalized people who have navigated forces of global capitalism for over a century.

According to Talal Asad, how did the cross, the Torah, and the cow gained their symbolic power through

complex historical and social developments.

Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer took many steps to improve health conditions in the rural community of Cange. What was one of the most important first steps?

conducting a health census of the community

Katerina Teaiwa's deeply personal story

demonstrates a case of indigenous dispossession and cultural resilience.

What is one of the prices that guest workers usually must pay in order to find work in other countries?

denial of long-term rights and privileges

The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups is

prestige

In the early twentieth century, the Western art world became interested in objects from Oceania, Africa, and Latin America. What were these objects called at that time?

primitive

Politician and philanthropist Nelson Rockefeller was a patron of the arts. He served as trustee and president of the Museum of Modern Art and, in 1954, he founded a museum to house the indigenous arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. According to the categories of the art world of that time, his institution was a museum of ________ art

primitive

West African carvers often artificially stain, age, and dirty their creations to fit Western buyers' ideals that African art should be

primitive

Neoliberalism has emerged as a guiding economic philosophy since the 1970s and has been promoted by large, worldwide institutions since the 1980s. Which of the actions are supported by a neoliberal worldview?

privatization of public services and assets

Which of these are requirements faced by governments receiving neoliberal structural adjustment loans?

privatize state-owned enterprises

Which statement is associated with industrial agriculture and livestock production?

produces 25 percent of the global greenhouse emissions

Many ________ from India are economists, doctors, nurses, engineers, or business executives.

professional immigrants

What did Karl Marx call the group of people who lacked land and tools and sold their labor?

proletariat

One way that states reinforce hegemony is through

promoting nationalism

Legal and illegal labor migrants

provide many of the foods, goods, and services we consume daily.

The Gimi had hoped that foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) would

provide social services such as schools, health services, and transportation

You decide to move to Tokyo, Japan, because you were offered the opportunity to make a fantastic salary as an English teacher. This opportunity is an example of a

pull

Job opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to health care as well as poverty, famine, war, disease, and religious oppression are different forces that lead to a decision to migrate. What are the two terms used by anthropologists to describe these forces that lead to migration?

push; pull

After their city was bombed, the surviving family members, now homeless, fled in fear for their lives. Their motives for leaving are examples of

pushes

Forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country are

pushes and pulls

When Max Weber envisioned an evolution of rationalization in religion, what did he predict as the final stage?

rational religion based on legal codes of conduct

The European Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries relied on colonies for

raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories

the Inuit of Canada and Alaska and Australian aborigines are examples of

recent food foragers

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among those of relatively equal status is called

reciprocity

What unique evidence of artistic endeavor did archaeologists discover in South Africa's Blombos Cave?

red and yellow ochre

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern is called

redistribution

As a child, you may have received an "allowance"—a small amount of money on a regular occasion to use as you wished—from a parent who supported the family with a job. What would an anthropologist call this?

redistribution

When Robin Hood and his band of merry men steal from the rich to give to the poor, giving to the poor is an example of

redistribution

Multispecies ethnography attempts to

reimagine human beings as part of the ecosystems that we affect and that affect us.

What term is used by Victor Turner to identify the final stage of a rite of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community?

reincorporation

Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?

religion

Which of the following did Émile Durkheim believe could play a key role in addressing anomie in society, thus reducing the number of suicides?

religion and ritual

What are the economic resources that are transferred from migrants to family members or institutions in their country of origin called?

remittances

Where do most remaining foragers live?

remote areas such as rain forests, arctic tundra, and deserts

According to Max Weber, the exercise of state power through police and taxation

reproduces class stratification

underdevelopment, and that poor countries stay underdeveloped because the global economic system extracts and transfers ________ to developed nations.

resources

What has the Catholic Church in the Chiapas region of southern Mexico been accused of promoting?

revolution

What is the name anthropologists give to a ritual in which a person enters the ritual as one category of person in society and through the ritual is transformed into a new category of person?

rite of passage

An anthropologist studying football in the United States might find that taboos, sacred objects, and ________ are in almost constant use.

ritual

In Catholic religious services, the priest often intones the liturgy in Latin, which helps to preserve the continuity of both the religion and the service. In Durkheim's view, this might be considered a form of

ritual

Émile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity?

ritual

French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?

sacred and profane

Which of the following, according to Victor Turner, is the first stage of a rite of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group?

separation

The displacement and pacification of indigenous peoples and expropriation of their lands and resources is called

settler colonialism

The passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830) resulted in the Trail of Tears, the forced dispossession and relocation of approximately 60,000 Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern United States to areas west of the Mississippi River, so that white settlers could have their land. This is an example of

settler colonialism

Anne Spice notes that infrastructure such as oil pipelines has been a tool of

settler colonialism.

In her South Korean community, Seo-yun acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. Which term best describes Seo-yun?

shaman

What do anthropologists call a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?

shaman

Catherine Lutz warns that, if left unchecked, militarization can

shape other cultural institutions to its own ends.

Henry Ford is known for the Model T as well as "Fordism." A central tenet of Fordism was that workers

should earn higher wages and work shorter hours, creating a new pool of consumers with the income and leisure to purchase a car.

Geoffrey hoarsely calls his boss and describes his phlegm and high fever. He stays home and briefly considers going to the movies, but decides not to in case someone from work sees him. The role Geoffrey has taken on is an example of

sickness

Greta Thunberg inspired an international student movement by

skipping school every Friday to demonstrate

Arjun drew on connections from his alumni network from the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) to get a job that sponsored his work visa in a Silicon Valley firm. What helped him secure his

social capital

The global availability of a multitude of communication methods has enabled the use of media in new ways that can benefit indigenous communities. What is the definition of indigenous media?

the use of media by people who have experienced economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alternative strategies for communication, survival, and empowerment

Tribal members and their allies gathered at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation to protest

the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL).

If, as predicted, sea levels in the Indian Ocean rise by six feet by the year 2100,

the Maldives will disappear under water.

Surgical procedures are integral to

the biomedical model

In Steiner's research among the art traders of Abidjan, what characteristic was pivotal in determining the monetary value of art?

the buyers' perceptions of an object's authenticity

Daniel Goldstein argues that the worldwide growth in the informal economy is due to

the conditions created by the state that benefit the state

One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health-care workers. What factor was responsible for their success in identifying local health-care problems and providing basic health services?

their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values

How do simpler subsistence strategies compare to industrial agriculture?

their carrying capacities are more locally limited

Jessica Winegar's study of art exhibits displaying Middle Eastern and Islamic art after 9/11 suggests that the ability of art to serve as a "bridge builder" is severely limited by what?

the political context in which art is selected and funded

What financed Europe's Industrial Revolution?

the profits from triangle trade

Computer programmers and coal miners are both members of

the proletariat.

White-collar office workers and blue-collar laborers are both members of

the proletariat.

The title of Stefan Helmreich's book Alien Ocean refers to

the scientists who explore the ocean's microbial ecology

What is meant by the "health transition?"

the significant, but uneven, improvements in human health made over the course of the twentieth century

Julie Cruikshank studies indigenous knowledge and oral histories in order to

understand indigenous perspectives on the interrelatedness of humans and glaciers.

Although they are unsure of what the pigments were used for, archaeologists found enough evidence to conclude that the inhabitants of the Blombos Cave

understood chemical reactions and had a complex social organization

An intrinsic way of perceiving art—thought by many in the Western art world to be found across cultures—that informs what people consider to be art or not art is the ________ gaze.

universal

Professional immigrants are

university-trained professionals who seek better professional opportunities abroad.

Market exchange is characterized by the

use of an exchange medium such as the US dollar

What is indigenous media?

use of the media by those who have experienced significant disruption at a local level

Bonobos

use sex to resolve conflict

In his work with the Azande people, E. E. Evans-Pritchard found that which of the following individuals are formally taught the knowledge of rituals and medicines and use that knowledge to thwart the work of witches?

witch doctors

Ashley Carse stresses that the rain forest enables the ________ to exist.

canal

Approximately when did the Anthropocene begin?

100 years ago

The Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area (CMWMA) is in

Papua New Guinea.

The most susceptible to environmental vulnerability are

the people who have benefited the least from globalization.

Authenticity is an important component in the international art trade, and to how art is viewed in general. What does the author mean by authenticity

the perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture

What is meant by the term photographic gaze?

the personal perspective of the photographer

According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?

100,000 years

In which century did the modern Western state emerge?

16th

By ________, most of Spain's colonies had achieved independence.

1825

Each day, ________ traders gather in the Tsukiji fish market to auction fish from around the world.

60,000

Overall human life expectancy increased from 31 years in 1900 to ________ in 2017.

70.5 years

Why does the author say that the image of the state as fixed, cohesive, and coherent is an illusion?

Because states are constantly reshaped by new leaders and legislation and through their interactions

In her ethnography The Games Black Girls Play (2006), ethnomusicologist Kyra Gaunt analyzes the schoolyard songs and games created and performed by young black girls. Which of the following is a conclusion she reached?

Black girls' games are an important part of enculturation and identity formation for young black girls.

What effect did the U.S. Food for Peace program have in Costa Rica?

Cheaper food from subsidized U.S. farmers drove local farmers out of business.

Which of the following statements about child soldiers in Sierra Leone is a belief of Sierra Leoneans?

Children may be fostered by other families, for the sake of gaining valuable knowledge and skills.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese medicine?

Chinese medical practices vary widely within China, from patient to patient and also over time.

Why did national independence succeed after World War II?

European nations devastated by the war could not finance or fight organized resistance in overseas colonies.

The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government, is referred to as

Fordism

Why did scholars begin to doubt the development model?

Former colonies experienced economic stagnation and became heavily indebted.

in 1840 the ____ established a colony in Cote d'Ivoire to enter the ivory trade and build coffee and cocoa plantations

French

Which of the following is a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years?

Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent

What is one important reason why medical anthropology has grown significantly since the 1980s

Intensive fieldwork has proved effective in solving public health problems

Anthropologist Paul Farmer urges us to look beyond superficial and inadequate explanations for public health crises. Which cause is relatively complex?

International financial institutions pressure localities to adopt policies that undercut human service provision.

In the view of "technocratic birth," which of the following is true?

Mothers can receive epidural injections to manage their pain

According to the text, what is one consequence of the health transition?

Overall human life expectancy has risen significantly in the past century.

Early political anthropologists created typologies to organize political systems. Although they are infrequently used today, these typologies shaped a generation of anthropological thinking about political systems. Which of the following is a reason why political typologies are problematic?

Political typologies are not reliable representations of past political structures

Anthropologists typically conduct fieldwork as participant oberservers, living and coexisting with the people they study. Why is it that anthropologists believe religion can also be successfully studied in this manner

Religion is lived out in a community of people

What does Reverend Dr. K Karpens proclamations regarding immigration policy reflect about the role of religion in human culture?

Religion is often heavily intertwined with a cultures social and political discussions.

Why might Pierre Bourdieu have decided to examine his theory of social mobility—the interrelationships between culture, class, and power—in the French school system as opposed to, say, the workplace of adults?

Schools offered the chance to look across multiple generations

In her article, "Warfare Is Only an Invention—Not a Biological Necessity," how did Margaret Mead support her argument that war is a cultural invention?

She presented ethnographic examples of groups who do not go to war to settle disputes.

Anthropologist David Simmons has studied and worked with traditional healers in the Dominican Republic and Zimbabwe who use natural remedies and often incorporate religious beliefs into their treatments. Which approach does he advocate when creating health-care programs in countries where people have mostly relied on traditional healers?

Simmons advocates for incorporating local holistic practices and beliefs into health-care programs and workshops

Pierre Bourdieu investigated the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead?

Social relations were reproduced across generations.

What are illness narratives

the personal stories that people tell to explain their illness

Which of these usually results from the unequal distribution of a society's resources within a class system?

Surpluses move steadily upward into the hands of the elite

Anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom studied Mozambique during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during and directly after the Mozambican Civil War. She noted the widespread use of "terror warfare" used by both guerilla and governmental soldiers. Which of the following is the correct definition of terror warfare?

Terror warfare is the destruction and disruption of all aspects of civilian life.

Why is the case of Lia Lee significant for medical anthropologists?

The clash between the family's beliefs and that of the physicians was a clear instance of medical pluralism.

Why are indigenous villages and ecotourism sites often close to oil extraction sites?

The oil industry cuts roads through dense forest, making ecotourism possible.

According to Karl Marx, why were the proletariat unable to develop a political awareness of their class position while the bourgeoisie were able to do so?

The proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet, while the bourgeoisie developed ways to keep the proletariat divided.

What did Ariana find when she returned to the rain forest to visit her Kichwa friends?

The village was abandoned.

What is one of the primary reasons why the study of religion in anthropology is difficult?

There is a wide range of local religious expression

The core values of good health in the United States—personal responsibility, hard work, and clean living—shape the ways in which Americans approach the concept of functional health. Where do these values fit in respect to the World Health Organization's definition of health?

They are not part of the definition

In 1871, hundreds of small monarchies were united to form the nation-state of Germany. After World War I, it became the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. After World War II, Germany was divided into East and West, then reunited at the end of the Cold War. What characteristic of the state do these changes demonstrate?

They are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock reported a case of a woman under tremendous personal stress. How did the medical students respond to the story?

They asked what the real causes of her pain were.

Where is the art known as "wood" and "mud" primarily produced?

West Africa

In Christopher Steiner's ethnography of art in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, who are the primary consumers of locally produced art?

Western tourists

Which of the following is true of the maternity care system in the United States?

While global rates for Cesarean section births have increased, U.S. rates have remained steady at 32 percent.

Which of the following is a question as one that would most likely be asked by a medical anthropologist?

Why would the NFL obscure scientific data related to players' health?

What major event set the stage for the success of national independence movements outside of Latin America?

World War 2

What does Kyra Gaunt's research into kinetic orality in U.S. playgrounds demonstrate?

Young black girls learn to perform rhythmic patterns of clapping and stomping through socialization.

Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you are hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all of the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?

Your friend enjoys high prestige due primarily to the affiliation with a high-prestige university.

A local nongovernmental organization (NGO) that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities is known as what?

a civil society organization

The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as

a complex microbiome

What is the best definition of economy?

a cultural adaptation that enables a group of humans to use land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs

Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principal barriers that migrants must overcome?

a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders

Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, studied the Hmong immigrant population in the United States. What does her work suggest is one of the biggest challenges faced by this population?

a lack of English language knowledg

In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned twenty years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterward. Coming of Age Day is an example of

a rite of passage.

What recent trend resulted from wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?

a shift in industrialized production to Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia

The civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, boycotts, and marches, eventually resulting in the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This is an example of

a social movement

When farmers in Costa Rica marched, blocked streets, and held demonstrations to protest inequality and injustice, what were they participating in?

a social movement

In order to examine the role of religion in community life in Niger, West Africa, anthropologist Paul Stoller apprenticed with which of the following religious specialists?

a sorcerer

Anthropologists view poverty as a result of

a structural economic problem.

Imagine that you are a West African trader trying to sell a piece of African art to a Western art collector who is visiting Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Which item would you likely be able to sell at the highest price?

a wooden carved figure that, though dirty and imperfect, seems authentic to Western buyers

A mufti is

an Islamic legal scholar and interpreter of Islamic law

A fraternity brother stole a valuable piece of jewelry during a sorority rush party. The other members of the fraternity do not want to get in trouble, so they do not turn him over to the police or university. However, they cannot permit such a violation of their values and norms. Their solution is to submit the offender to their own tribunal and devise a fitting punishment that reassures the community. This is an example of

an alternative legal structure

The Fatwa Council in Egypt is an example of

an alternative legal structure

What do anthropologists call a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables groups to use available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive?

an economy

What diagnosis did the biomedical physicians first give Lia Lee of Merced, California, when her parents brought her to the hospital?

an infection

The author describes his own work in Chinatown and the appearance of a temple used by the Chinese religious communities there. People were observed praying at the altar and conducting themselves in a manner consistent with a religious site. What other function does the temple serve that is not religious?

an information exchange

When studying the health care provided at Alpha Hospital in New York City, anthropologist Khiara Bridges documented health-care professionals referring to black women as "primitive" and stating that they were better able to withstand pain than white women. Where did these attitudes originate?

an oral tradition within the medical profession featuring stories and folklore about black women's bodies

The global circulation of local art provides economic opportunity as well as a venue to

assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change

The art traders of Côte d'Ivoire actively engage in the construction of

authenticity

Last week, your roommate washed your dirty mug along with his dishes. Yesterday, he left you exactly one dirty glass of his to wash along with a passive-aggressive note explaining why this was fair. This is an example of

balanced reciprocity

Laura Ogden collected the oral histories of gladesmen in South Florida to

construct an ecological history of the Everglades

What is driving the expansion of the human ecological footprint?

consumerism

The phenomenal sales of epic works of fiction such as Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien center on magic as a real force in society. In Tolkien's work, the object of interest is a ring that gives the wearer great power. What kind of magic is Tolkien using in his fiction in regard to this particular object?

contagious

Kurt Cobain, the deceased front man of the famed 1990s grunge band Nirvana, famously wore a green cardigan at a 1993 performance. Since that concert, the cardigan has never been washed and still has its original stains. It just sold at auction for $334,000. The cardigan was not originally expensive. The value that this object now has is an example of what sort of magic?

contagious magic

Most of us routinely trim our fingernails. The cuttings are tossed into the wastebasket and we don't usually give it much thought. However, believers of ________ would take special precautions with their fingernail clippings, which could be used to cast a spell on them.

contagious magic

From the late 1800s until the 1960s, anthropological studies of politics and power focused on

contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, pastoralists, and horticulturalists.

archaeological evidence suggests that human evolutionary success relied on

cooperation and sharing

Wallerstein's world systems theory divides the nations of the world into

core, periphery, and semiperiphery

In Costa Rica, structural adjustment programs

created a strong economy and food self-sufficiency.

During a recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, news stories tended to provide simplistic explanations about local corruption, strange cultural practices, and risky individual behavior for why the outbreak occurred. Anthropologist Adia Benton and political scientist Kim Yi Dionne dug deeper, exploring how various systems of inequality played a role in destabilizing all aspects of West African health care. This sort of analysis is an example of what perspective?

critical medical anthropology

Which analytical perspective would a medical anthropologist use to explore how economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care?

critical medical anthropology

Carmen's parents enroll her in AP Honors French, where the content of the class is more academically demanding than the general French class. They also spend their summer vacation in France and hire a tutor to help Carmen study for the AP Honors French test. Carmen receives high marks and praise from her teachers. What aspect of Pierre Bourdieu's work is exemplified here?

cultural capital

The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society are part of

cultural capital

Spanish conquistadors and missionaries were struck by the Aztecs' use of human sacrifice and cannibalism in some of their religious ceremonies. One anthropologist argued that these rituals developed because there were not enough protein sources in the Valley of Mexico and therefore protein from humans filled the void. This explanation is an example of what theory of religion?

cultural materialism

Which of the following theories contends that religious practices have likely developed in response to very practical problems as people sought to adapt to the natural environment?

cultural materialism

From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient's experience of sickness is considered to be

culturally defined

what does recent archaeological evidence suggest about hierarchy, violence and aggression

each emerged relatively recently in human history

Tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts are

ecotourism

Veronica Davidov found that ecotourists assume

ecotourism helps to save the planet

Many international travelers visit Costa Rica for its volcanos, beaches, and biodiversity reserves, some of which are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as its environmentally sustainable practices. These tourists are

ecotourists

which society is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success and has relatively low hierarchy and violence

egalitarian

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

In the United States, the Roman Catholic Church is experiencing rejuvenation and exercising its power by supporting various causes. Which of the following are causes that the U.S. Catholic Church supports?

eliminating opportunities for low-wage worker exploitation

Power, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence, is

embedded in all human relationships.

Earth-changing transformation and information infrastructure projects such as canals, ports, railroads, satellites, and undersea telephone cables

enable the processes of globalization to occur

Cross-cultural research leads anthropologists to argue that across different cultures, the appreciation of art is acquired through what social vector?

enculturation

Alysse observes how orangutans and humans affect one another through their impacts on forest ecology. She is a(n)

environmental anthropologist.

The study of the relations between humans and the environment is called

environmental anthropology.

Vanessa Agard-Jones's research in Martinique examines the relationship between

environmental estrogens and intersex births

Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. In addition to examining meaning and power, what else does this approach include?

epidemiology

What is one reason that refugees are forced to leave their communities

ethnic conflict

A tribe is sometimes referred to as a(n)

ethnic group

The forest-dwelling Ogiek, who live outside the direct control of the government of Kenya, formed a nongovernmental organization (NGO) to seek aid in protecting their rights to their land and way of life. They might be known as what kind of group?

ethnic group

The lucrative coffee and chocolate industry in Cote d'Ivoire fueled

ethnic violence and civil war

From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of

ethnomedicine

An amchi and a cardiovascular surgeon (are both examples of ethno-healers).

exemplify the difference between ethnomedical and biomedical approaches. AND are antithetical approaches because amchis draw on Buddhist moral value and Tibetan ecological worldviews.

In 1989, millions of Chinese citizens stood up to their government in Tiananmen Square, which resulted in martial law and numerous deaths. What would an anthropologist suggest the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing?

exercising their agency

Gobind does not like his job in New Delhi, so he applies to a master's program in the United States. After graduating, he is hired by a company in New York City. These educational and employment opportunities can be characterized as

factors that pulled Gobind to the United States

According to the author, what form of media connects Chinese immigrants to the ritual life of their home village?

festival videos

Transnational West African art traders often rely on a network of

fictive kin who may offer advice and a place to stay

Creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites is considered

fine art

Even middle-tier tickets for Wagner's Ring Cycle cost more than $1,000 for each of the four cycles. Additionally, the opening night is a black-tie affair, so men must shell out additional money for tuxedos and women for gowns. Whatever your personal opinion of the opera, it is categorized as ________ due it its association with elites

fine art

The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies, are called

flexible accumulation.

What are the three adaptive strategies for food production in nonindustrial societies identified by Yehudi Cohen?

foraging, pastoralism, and horticulture

Damming the Chagres river basin to create the Panama Canal watershed

forced residents of the submerged towns to move.

Environmental anthropologists challenge Western philosophy's binary way of looking at the distinction between

human beings and nature

In Japan, births are seen as a normal, natural, and physiological process that should involve little to no intervention. Compared to Brazil and the United States, this view fits more with the ________ model of childbirth.

humanistic

Eduardo Kohn's research in the Ecuadoran rain forest looks at ecological relationships between

humans, spirits, animals, and plants

Itzel explains to the school nurse that her son, Tlahco, who has been listless and withdrawn in class, has also been restless at night because he is suffering from susto, a sudden fright that he got from a traumatic experience that caused his soul to depart. What best describes Itzel's explanation?

illness narrative

Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that reproduce the desired result?

imitative magic

What is the primary difference between balanced and generalized reciprocity?

in generalized reciprocity the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated

Where do the remaining food foragers often live today?

in places where there are no other sustainable ways of earning money or producing food

Anthropologist Arthur Kleinman's work involves collecting cross-cultural illness narratives. Where can such narratives be vital in the treatment of illness and promotion of good health?

in providing health care across cultural divides

Which of the following consists of wages earned from work, plus dividends and interest on investments along with rents and royalties?

income

Which of these factors is helping to rejuvenate Catholicism in the United States?

increased immigration from Catholic countries bringing new membership, worship styles, and social needs

redistribution

increases or decreases the inequality of wealth and resources within a group.

The use of media by people who have experienced massive economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alternative strategies for communication, survival, and empowerment is referred to as

indigenous media

After observing missionaries, loggers, miners, and ranchers encroaching upon the Kayapo way of life in the Amazon basin of Brazil, Terence Turner founded the Kayapo Video Project to provide the community with film equipment and production training. Kayapo-produced film and video are now powerful tools in their activism in the global movement to protect the Amazon rain forest. Their films are examples of

indigenous media.

Carrying capacity refers to the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region. Which of the following adaptive strategies has a high carrying capacity?

industrialized agriculture

While conventional American wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked?

inequality

Whether studying a small temple in a remote village or the most famous Catholic cathedral in Rome, anthropologists try to convey each religion's sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and

interactions with other systems of meaning and power

Disability

interacts with other stratified systems of power to create additional vulnerabilities.

After her husband's murder, fearing her young son would be recruited into the conflict between the military and insurgents, Juana moved with her children to the capital, where violence against civilians was less likely. This family's situation is an example of

internal migration

What term describes people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?

internally displaced persons

Based on Eduardo Kohn's ethnography, How Forests Think (2013), which is a reasonable statement for multispecies ethnography?

investigate the ecological relationships between people and plants

In many cultures, a woman's first menstruation is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called?

liminality

Huiyan works in the nonprofit sector, where she does not make much but loves her job. When her grandfather died, she inherited his real estate empire. She is

low income but wealthy

Some followers of the Voodoo religion in Louisiana use figurines. They pin a person's picture or name to the figure, which represents that person's spirit, in order to bless or curse them. How would an anthropologist most likely categorize this practice?

magic

What did anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard, who worked among the Azande people, consider to be an integral part of their religious system?

magic

The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people traveling to the shrine are

making a pilgrimage

Jessica Winegar studied post-9/11 attempts by institutions to bridge cultural differences with art. What category did she find was rarely featured at the exhibits designed to improve relations?

male artists

Anthropologist Marvin Harris suggested that human culture is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence, arguing that society is shaped by

material conditions

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned what part of society?

means of production

An apartment building that can be rented for profit is an example of the

means of production

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things is/are

means of production

Cooking and building, fashion and oratory, decorating and dressing, and sewing and play all represent ________ through which artists and audiences communicate.

media

________ is the term for an ethnographic and theoretical approach to media studies that focuses on the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide in the context of contemporary globalization.

media worlds

Traveling to Tijuana to buy blood pressure medicine, making a pilgrimage to visit a saint's shrine for healing, and going to the rain forest to participate in a ritual guided by a shaman are all examples of

medical migration

In Chinatown in New York City, Kaitlyn can treat her headache at a tuinafacility, a Chinese herbalist, a university hospital-affiliated medical clinic, or a botánica that sells religious icons and herbs from a variety of Latin American and Caribbean traditions. These options are examples of

medical pluralism

The Lees are a Hmong refugee family that resettled in Merced, California. When their infant, Lia Lee, began having seizures, they took her to a nearby hospital. Doctors administered medication and prescribed treatments that the Lees did not understand, both because they could not speak English and because they had already diagnosed their daughter's illness and understood the treatment that their culture specified she needed. What is this situation is an example of?

medical pluralism

The complete collection of microorganisms in the body's ecosystem is referred to as the

microbiome

Which population made up the majority of the 40 million readers of National Geographic at its peak?

middle-class white people

Emily spent her summer vacation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she got plastic surgery for a fraction of what it would cost in the United States. This is an example of medical

migration

Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. This an example of

militarization

What is it called when a civil society prepares for war by producing weapons and glorifying war?

militarization

During World War II, Walt Disney Productions distributed pro-American propaganda cartoons featuring Donald Duck for the U.S. government to increase support for the war. This is an example of

militarization.

Post-World War II economic theories that predicted less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries are considered

modernization theories

Research revealed that residents of neighborhood X, a low-income area with few commercial businesses apart from convenience stores, had higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than residents of the affluent neighborhood Y, which had a wide selection of grocery stores, farmers markets, drugstore chains, exercise facilities, and private gyms. What non-biological factor is likely to be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in these communities?

social inequality

New forms of communication founded on computer- and Internet-based technologies that facilitate social engagement, work, and pleasure are considered

social media

What is the movement, both upward and downward, of one's class position in a society?

social mobility

Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies are referred to as

social movements

The DREAMers, the Tea Party, and the Animal Liberation Movement have very different goals, but they are all

social movements

Intensive industrialized agriculture is characterized by

social stratification

The World Health Organization calls for a definition of health that includes the absence of infirmity and complete physical and mental health. What else is considered in their definition?

social well-being

Paul Farmer found that poor rural Haitian residents were experiencing very high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam that had flooded their valley. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of

socioeconomic inequality

An autonomous regional political structure with a central government that is authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain order and defend its territory is referred to as a

state

Which political structure has a central government that exercises political, military, and economic control of its territory?

state

The right of the state to maintain self-determination within its borders is known as

state sovereignty

Paige West's research in Papua New Guinea

studies attempts at community-based conservation

What is one of the crucial aspects of the anthropological approach to understanding art?

studying how art connects to social norms and values as well as to economic and political systems and events

Émile Durkheim understood religion as a social process that helped to create social solidarity, cohesion, and stability. He feared that the absence of religion, a powerful tool of creating social solidarity, would lead people to feel a greater degree of alienation. He believed that this helped explain the rise of which of the following in late nineteenth-century France?

suicides

Migrants often send economic resources back to their countries of origin. What role do these resources play?

supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local (origin) communities

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas surrounded by powerful

symbols

Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individuals and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because

systems of power, including the state, are never absolute

Brazil has one of the highest rates of cesarean sections in the world. Which model of childbirth do they practice?

technocratic

Faye Ginsberg's phrase "media worlds" is useful because it highlights

tensions that result from the collision of visual worlds

The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways is called

the Anthropocene

The sleepy Russian town of Belushya Guba declared a state of emergency when it was overrun by polar bears. This species had never ventured into the town until climate change melted the sea ice, which comprised much of the bears' primary hunting and migration routes. The plight of the bears and the town exemplifies the changes characteristic of

the Anthropocene.

In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky(2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls "sweat that trickles up" where the surplus value of these workers' labor benefits the elite. Which of following is a social factor that shapes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky?

the construction of race through slavery, sharecropping, and Jim Crow legislation

The post-World War II strategy of encouraging wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in the national economies of former colonies is called

the development model

Anthropologists are primarily interested in which aspect of religion?

the everyday religious practices of people in their local communities

The term ________ refers to global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago

the global mediascape

Judith Goode and Jeff Maskovsky trace the roots of contemporary poverty to

the impact of global economic processes on the nation's economy.

Medical anthropologists use an interpretivist approach to study medical ecology. Which of the following is the definition of medical ecology?

the interaction of diseases with the natural environment and human culture

What form of technology emerged in the late twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?

the internet

In his examination of the Occupy movement, what did Jeffrey Juris discover to be key to the movement's success?

the interplay between the virtual and the physical

What approach would a medical anthropologist take to understand why some middle-class American parents with health insurance do not vaccinate their children for measles, mumps, and rubella?

the interpretivist approach

Which analytical perspective would a medical anthropologist use to study how humans make sense of health and illness?

the interpretivist approach

Pem Davidson Buck's research in Kentucky analyzes

the intersection of class, race, and gender.

What is medical pluralism?

the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing

Both horticulture and agriculture use plants as a source of food. What is the key difference between them?

the level of intensity of the process

Anthropologists Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson describe one dynamic of the state as "vertical encompassment." What do they mean by using this term to describe the state?

the overarching awareness of the state's perpetual presence

On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?

their religious beliefs

How is Wallerstein's world systems theory complicated by globalization?

there is not always geographical isolation between core and peripheral areas

what is true about systems of class and inequality

they create an unequal distribution of a society's resources

Critics of neoliberal policies find them ineffective because

they keep wealthy countries wealthy and poor countries poor

Khiara Bridges suggests that the statistical data for racial disparities in health, which indicate that black babies die at twice the rate of white babies, are due to more than just poverty and may be a result of the failure

to challenge and educate doctors on their unexamined racism.

The chapter starts with a discussion about the relationship between football and brain injuries. Why does the chapter start with this story?

to highlight the relationship between health and culture

President Mohamed Nasheed has taken a leading role in environmental efforts. What pledge did he make regarding the Maldives?

to make the Maldives the first carbon-neutral country

Why did students at Swarthmore College occupy a university administration building during spring 2016?

to push for divestment from fossil fuels of the school's endowment funds

European colonial forces created states and territories

to suit their own economic and political objectives

What are migrants who actively maintain social, economic, political, and religious ties with people in different countries?

transnational

An indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders that lives, to some extent, outside the control of a centralized authoritative state is a

tribe

The Bhils are an egalitarian Indian Adivasi ethnic group whose leadership is based on kinship and personality. They are a

tribe

The idea that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system is

underdevelopment

What does the anthropological approach to world art attempt to do?

understand art's significance to its makers and consumers

Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins's study of National Geographicphotographs is an example of what kind of anthropology?

visual anthropology

Push and pull factors shape migration patterns around the world as migrants are forced to leave their home countries and choose to settle in certain countries. Which of the following examples is a push factor?

war

Clearing the rain forest for poor, landless farmers to use

was unacceptable to the Canal Administration, so the government switched from development to conservation.

What is the total value of what someone owns, including stocks, bonds, and real estate, minus any debt?

wealth

What is reflected in decisions about what to display as fine art?

wealth and power stratification

The residents of the South Pacific island called Ocean Island

were forcibly relocated.

Earlier anthropological analysis focused on isolated, small-scale human groups. Anthropologists now understand that all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function

within the influence of the state.