anthro midterm 3
Robust australopithecines were extinct by: a. 1 mya. b. 3 mya. c. 4 mya. d. Their lineage continued.
a. 1 mya.
The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by: a. 15,000 years ago. b. the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic. c. the Lower Paleolithic. d. the beginning of the Cenozoic.
a. 15,000 years ago.
Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.5-1 mya? a. Australopithecus and Homo erectus b. Homo erectus and Homo rudolfensis c. Homo habilis and Homo erectus d. Pithecathropus and Homo rudolfensis
a. Australopithecus and Homo erectus
_______ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet. a. Heme b. Nonheme c. Flat d. Raw
a. Heme
The Levallois method of stone tool production is associated with the: a. Mousterin. b. Upper Paleolithic. c. Aurignatian d. Solutrean.
a. Mousterin.
What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record? a. Violence increased. b. Violence decreased. c. Violence stayed about the same. d. Intercultural violence increased.
a. Violence increased.
In the study of human evolution, scientists define modern in terms of: a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins. b. a designated time frame between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic. c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals. d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
The out-of-Africa model asserts: a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries. c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa. d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.
a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
A central theme of human evolution is: a. an increasing adaptive flexibility. b. a decreasing cranial capacity. c. a decreasing body size. d. a more robust jaw.
a. an increasing adaptive flexibility.
The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests: a. became patchy and food more dispersed b. became lush woodlands c. became wet and swamp-like d. did not change
a. became patchy and food more dispersed
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to: a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins. b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size. c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of a cooler climate. d. none of the above
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
Based on the archaeological record from various areas, the initial effect of agriculture on height was that height: a. decreased. b. increased. c. became more variable within the population. d. stayed the same.
a. decreased.
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by: a. dietary shift. b. tool use for obtaining and processing food. c. big-game hunting. d. use of marine resources.
a. dietary shift.
Comparing hominins to apes, speech, art, advanced cognition, and complex material culture: a. do not define our earliest hominin ancestors b. define our earliest hominin ancestors c. define a higher primate d. did not evolve through the primate lineage
a. do not define our earliest hominin ancestors
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton? a. femur (thighbone) b. skull c. foot d. pelvis
a. femur (thighbone)
Eugène Dubois was one of the first evolutionists in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with: a. fossil evidence. b. comparative anatomy. c. genetics. d. archaeological remains.
a. fossil evidence.
Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that: a. included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis. b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus. c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages. d. ended with Au. africanus.
a. included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis.
Parasitic infections are a primary cause of _______ in many regions of the globe. a. iron-deficiency anemia b. Staphylococcus aureus c. treponematoses d. endemic disease
a. iron-deficiency anemia
Ardi was adapted to life in trees and: a. on the ground. b. in the desert. c. near water. d. both b. and c.
a. on the ground.
As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources: a. organized warfare developed. b. cooperation among neighbors developed. c. agriculture increased as well. d. violence decreased.
a. organized warfare developed.
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there: a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids. b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus. c. were similar to later Homo sapiens. d. none of the above
a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids.
According to "Rethinking Neanderthals," when the glaciers moved in and edible plants became scarcer, the Neanderthals a. relied more heavily on large, hoofed animals for food. b. looked to birds to supplement their diets. c. migrated to greener pastures. d. disappeared almost immediately.
a. relied more heavily on large, hoofed animals for food.
Nonhuman primates have smaller brains; therefore the birthing process differs by being: a. shorter and less painful. b. more dramatic, but shorter. c. simpler, but dramatic. d. longer and more painful.
a. shorter and less painful.
The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as: a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids. b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan. c. longer legs than later hominids. d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is: a. shovel-shaped incisors. b. a large nose. c. thick, long bones. d. extra muscles on the scapula.
a. shovel-shaped incisors.
Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers' to later agriculturalists' to modern peoples': a. show a remarkable decline in size. b. show an increase in size. c. show variation in size to a high degree. d. demonstrate biological change over time.
a. show a remarkable decline in size.
As reported in "Meet Our New Human Family", the greatest "shock" regarding Flo (H. floresiensis) has to do with her a. small brain, given the sophistication of the associated tools. b. small overall body size c. walking upright. d. being found on such a remote island.
a. small brain, given the sophistication of the associated tools.
Hominins have canines that are: a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema b. large and pointed, with a diastema c. projecting with a diastema d. part of a honing complex
a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema
The Neolithic site Çatalhöyük is located in: a. southwest Asia. b. southern Africa. c. central Mexico. d. India.
a. southwest Asia.
One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is: a. the shift from foraging to farming. b. having color depth perception. c. a larger brain. d. a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.
a. the shift from foraging to farming
In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating: a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials. b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs. c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades. d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
All fossils represent: a. transitions. b. dead end species. c. an inability to adapt to changing local environments over time. d. a new evolutionary lineage.
a. transitions.
As reported in "What's Cooking?" Richard Wrangham has concluded that humanity's biology, anatomy, and behavior and its cultural invention of controlling fire and cooking food are "coeval", meaning occurred at the same time. a. true b. false
a. true
Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last: a. 17,000 yBP. b. 10,000 yBP. c. 6,000 yBP. d. 3,000 yBP.
b. 10,000 yBP.
The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to: a. 12,000 yBP. b. 18,000 yBP. c. 40,000 yBP. d. 25,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
The earliest members of the genus Homo have been found dating from: a. 0.5 mya-present. b. 2.5-1.0 mya. c. 4.0-3.0 mya. d. none of the above
b. 2.5-1.0 mya.
Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately: a. 50,000 yBP. b. 200,000 yBP. c. 750,000 yBP. d. 1 million yBP.
b. 200,000 yBP.
In "First of Our Kind" Lee Berger proposes that the immediate ancestor of H. erectus is very likely a. A. afarensis. b. A. sedibus c. H. habilis d. A. africanus.
b. A. sedibus
To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in: a. India. b. Europe and western Asia. c. northern Africa d. southeast Asia.
b. Europe and western Asia.
The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _______, dating to _______. a. Kow Swamp; 13,000 yBP b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP c. Melbourne; 25,000 yBP d. Tasmania; 35,000 yBP
b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP
The Oldowan Complex is a part of the: a. Upper Paleolithic. b. Lower Paleolithic. c. Eocene. d. Solutrean.
b. Lower Paleolithic
The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils and their tools have been recovered (often referred to as the "cradle of humankind") is: a. Lake Turkana. b. Olduvai Gorge. c. Swartkrans. d. Hadar.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
The original name for Homo erectus was: a. Australopithecus. b. Pithecanthropus. c. Paranthropus. d. Homo rudolfensis.
b. Pithecanthropus.
The European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the: a. later Stone Age. b. Upper Paleolithic period. c. Neolithic period d. Eurocentric period.
b. Upper Paleolithic period.
The core of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion was the result of: a. a decreased food supply. b. an increased food supply. c. agriculture. d. a sedentary lifestyle.
b. an increased food supply.
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with: a. abundant stone tools. b. animal bones with cutmarks. c. evidence for early Homo. d. fossil footprints.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
A hominin is define as having the following two obligate behaviors: a. speech and advanced cognition b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex c. bipedal locomotion and speech d. nonhoning chewing complex and advanced cognition
b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex
Using tools and toolmaking is an adaption by hominins linked to: a. improved diet b. bipedalism c. sleeping d. becoming larger
b. bipedalism
Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations were producing: a. nuts. b. corn. c. seeds. d. animal protein.
b. corn.
Humans use their molars for: a. biting b. crushing c. shearing d. mashing
b. crushing
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like: a. long legs and opposable toes. b. double arches and adducted big toe. c. long arms. d. foramen magnum at the back of the skull.
b. double arches and adducted big toe.
As reported in "What's Cooking?" there is unequivocal archaeological evidence going back to the beginning of Homo erectus that this hominid had fire. a. true b. false
b. false
In "Go North Young Hominid" the stone tools that were found on the Happisburgh coastline were dated to 1.2mya based on the reversal of the earth's magnetic field. a. true b. false
b. false
The Herto skulls from Ethiopia: a. are distinctly modern. b. have a combination of archaic and modern features. c. are distinctly archaic. d. are considered Homo habilis.
b. have a combination of archaic and modern features.
Hunter-gatherers' skeletons tend to show: a. less osteoarthritis. b. higher levels of activity. c. lower workload/activity. d. bones with lower density.
b. higher levels of activity.
The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of: a. weight gain. b. infectious disease. c. an increase in health generally. d. both a and c.
b. infectious disease.
Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had: a. a big brain, big teeth, and a big face. b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest. c. a large body, large teeth, and a sagittal crest. d. a big face, large teeth, and a large body.
b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.
Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis proposes that: a. bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in smaller body size b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism c. bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing d. bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.
b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism
Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning: a. more people were needed to produce more food. b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land. c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication. d. fewer people were available for labor.
b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
A(n) _______ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record. a. paleontologist b. paleoethnobotanist c. ethnologist d. zooarchaeologist
b. paleoethnobotanist
Ardi's intermediate form of bipedality included the use of: a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping. b. palms and feet to move along tree branches. c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches. d. a tail.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches
Extreme anemia can lead to: a. cancer. b. porotic hyperostosis. c. heart disease. d. measles.
b. porotic hyperostosis.
Homo habilis had traits that include: a. long, modern legs. b. short legs. c. a striding gait. d. quadrupedalism.
b. short legs.
Archaic Homo sapiens: a. occurs only in Europe and Asia. b. shows a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits. c. is dated to the late Pliocene. d. is often found with Oldowan stone tools.
b. shows a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.
According to Joe Alper ("Rethinking Neanderthals"), which of the following do the Neanderthals not share with the earlier human species, Homo erectus? a. prominent brow b. smaller brain size than that of modern humans. c. sloping forehead d. weak chin.
b. smaller brain size than that of modern humans.
The multiregional continuity hypothesis supposes that: a. modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapiens populations. b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement. c. Homo erectus populations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens. d. archaic Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to replace Neandertals in Europe.
b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially: a. barley, sorghum, and wheat. b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice. c. oats, wheat, and rice. d. corn, rice, and beans.
b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
The Dmanisi B fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to: a. 1.0 mya. b. 800,000 yBP. c. 1.7 mya. d. 2.5 mya.
c. 1.7 mya.
Homo erectus fossils date to: a. 3-1 mya. b. 2.5 mya-.5 mya. c. 1.8 mya-300,000 mya. d. 1.2 mya-800,000mya.
c. 1.8 mya-300,000 mya.
The Homo erectus fossil from Sangiran, Java, dates to: a. 800,000 yBP. b. 1.2-1.0 mya. c. 1.8-1.6 mya. d. 2.2-2.0 mya.
c. 1.8-1.6 mya.
Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately: a. 50,000 yBP. b. 25,000 yBP. c. 15,000 yBP. d. 5,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about: a. 11,500 yBP. b. 8,000 yBP. c. 6,000-1,000 yBP. d. 10,500 yBP.
c. 6,000-1,000 yBP.
The discoverer of Homo erectus was: a. Louis Leakey. b. Richard Leakey. c. Eugène Dubois. d. Ernst Haeckel.
c. Eugène Dubois.
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is: a. Orrorin tugenensis. b. Ardipithecus kadabba. c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis. d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
The first recognizable apemen ancestors of the lineage leading to humans including: a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Paranthropus c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis d. Orrorin tugenensis
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis
Bone comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists, then modern peoples show: a. an increase in size. b. greater robusticity of the long arm bones only. c. a decline in size. d. a stasis in bone density.
c. a decline in size.
According to Jill Neimark in "Meet the New Human Family" anthropologists today view the human lineage as a. a simple and straight, linear evolutionary path towards us. b. a tree with just a few limbs on it, one of which was directly evolving towards us. c. a thickly branched bush comprised of many hominins each adapted to its own time and place. d. a horizontal zig-zag line with progress at some points and regression at others.
c. a thickly branched bush comprised of many hominins each adapted to its own time and place.
Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from the: a. accumulation of genetic mutations over the last 10 years. b. group's small breeding population, maintaining genetic diversity. c. accumulations of genetic mutations over time. d. introduction of genetic diversity from Europe and Asia.
c. accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as having _______ characteristics. a. modern b. australopithecine c. archaic d. apelike
c. archaic
Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _______ have been discovered. a. Homo erectus b. modern Homo sapiens c. archaic Homo sapiens d. Neandertals
c. archaic Homo sapiens
The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins? a. out-of-Africa b. multiregional continuity c. assimilation d. None of these models supports such a discovery.
c. assimilation
The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that: a. over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws. b. tooth and jaw size have decreased over time. c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles. d. tooth and jaw size increased over time.
c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
The Oldowan Complex includes tools like: a. hand axes, flakes, and cores. b. cobbles, flakes, and side scrapers. c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools. d. choppers, hand axes, and side scrapers.
c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
New World domesticated products include: a. wheat. b. rice. c. cotton. d. pigs.
c. cotton.
The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to: a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism. b. more effective medical practices. c. decreased birth spacing. d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.
c. decreased birth spacing.
The Acheulean complex: a. emerged around 2.5 mya. b. is used to describe simple pebble tools. c. emerged around 1.5 mya. d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it: a. had a bigger brain than other australopithecines. b. had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines. c. had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines. d. was bipedal.
c. had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
Thick dental enamel in _______ helps with crushing food a. apes b. australopithecines c. humans d. eosimians
c. humans
Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present: a. only in Homo erectus. b. only in Homo habilis. c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines. d. in all australopithecine and Homo species.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops was important mainly because: a. it had a small brain like an ape's. b. it was discovered in Kenya. c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya. d. it probably lived in woodlands.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that early hominins: a. lived in a lush jungle. b. lived in a savanna. c. lived in a forest. d. migrated out of the area due to drought.
c. lived in a forest.
The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it: a. was recovered from an elaborate burial. b. represents an early Eskimo population. c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls. d. is about 3,000 years old.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls.
Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins showed reduced sexual dimorphism, which is evidence for cooperation and likely for: a. monogamy. b. multifamily grouping. c. pair bonding. d. multimale grouping.
c. pair bonding.
What new outcome was the result of agriculture: a. higher-quality nutrition. b. a stable, healthy food source. c. population sedentism and crowding. d. a shift in social dynamics.
c. population sedentism and crowding.
By the close of the Pleistocene the human population numbered: a. several thousand. b. 7 billion. c. several million. d. 1 billion.
c. several million.
Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate that their average height was: a. more than 70 percent taller than Homo habilis. b. similar to that of australopithecines. c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three. d. three feet.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are: a. the suprainiac fossa and globular shape of the skull. b. thick bones and extra muscles. c. the body and the length of the arms and legs. d. the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth.
c. the body and the length of the arms and legs.
Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others: a. were small with robust bones. b. were tall with robust bones. c. were gracile. d. were small with thin bones.
c. were gracile.
The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectus in Western Europe dates from: a. 1.6 mya, from Sima de los Heusos. b. .3 mya, from France. c. 1.6 mya, from Dmanisi, Georgia. d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by: a. 6,000 yBP. b. 4,000 yBP. c. 1,500 yBP. d. 10,500 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
The transition to fully modern Homo sapiens was completed globally by about: a. 400,000 yBP. b. 1.6 mya. c. 160,000 yBP. d. 25,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
The last Neandertals date to: a. 250,000 yBP. b. 100,000 yBP. c. 75,000 yBP. d. 32,000 yBP.
d. 32,000 yBP.
As reported by Kate Wong in "First of Our Kind" which of the following is true of the A. sediba fossils? a. While the brain is small, there is an expanded frontal region. b. The adult female's upper limb pairs a long arm, holdover from a tree-dwelling ancestor, with short straight fingers adapted to making and using tools c. The foot combines a heel bone like an ancient ape's with an anklebone like Homo's. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of: a. Atapuerca, Spain. b. Mauer, Germany. c. Petralona, Greece. d. Cro-Magnon, France.
d. Cro-Magnon, France.
The last 10,000 years is called the: a. Cenozoic. b. Quaternary. c. Solutrean. d. Holocene.
d. Holocene.
The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture shows up in: a. Homo erectus. b. Homo sapiens. c. Homo neanderthalensis d. Homo habilis.
d. Homo habilis.
Allen's and Bergmann's rules are perfect examples of natural selection's effects on anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include the limb and trunk proportions of: a. Neandertals. b. modern human populations. c. most mammals. d. Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.
d. Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.
In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called: a. Orrorin. b. Sahelanthropus. c. Gigantopithecus. d. Paranthropus.
d. Paranthropus.
The frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world was accompanied by two phenomena: a. an increase in population size and food shortages. b. a change in climate and consequent change in environment. c. the distribution of land wealth and trade of produce. d. a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
d. a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
Neandertals' cold-adapted traits include: a. a narrow nasal aperture. b. long limbs. c. a wide torso. d. a projecting midface.
d. a projecting midface.
The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in: a. a decrease in birthrate. b. earlier weaning. c. a slow increase in the world's population. d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.
d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.
According to "Rethinking Neanderthals" which of the following is true? a. Neanderthals were imaginative enough to carve artful objects and invent a language. b. About 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals began making more refined tools of bone, ivory and animal teeth similar to those of the Cro-Magnons. c. Neanderthal groups were composed of about 10-15 individuals who ranged over an extensive area. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
According to Joe Alper ("Rethinking Neanderthals"), Neanderthals should be considered successful in the sense that a. they lasted longer than more modern Homo sapiens in Europe. b. they lasted so long and were able to survive in hostile, changing evironments c. their genes are just as well represented in today's humans as those of Cro-Magnons d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Evidence of culture as selective for specific genes given in the article "Human Culture as an Evolutionary Force" include: a. lactase persistance, extra copies of the amylase gene, genes for taste, smell, and bone growth, the EDAR gene, and possibly some immunity and brain function genes. b. the results of genome scans showing 2000 versions of genes that are more common because their carriers have more surviving offspring. c. very recent genetic changes probably from between 10kya and 20kya. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
In "Go North Young Hominid" Chris Stringer is quoted as saying that the toolmakers of Happisburgh a. may have been related to Homo antecessor of Atapuerca, Spain. b. may have hung on after a larger population who came in an earlier, warmer period had left and gone south. c. could not have been Homo erectus or Homo floresiensis. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Intermediate forms in the fossil record include: a. Sahelanthropus tchandensis. b. Australopithecus anamensis. c. Ardipithecus ramidus. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having a: a. rounded heel. b. nondivergent big toe. c. double arch. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
According to Catherine Brahic in "Our True Dawn" the reason for an older date for the hominin line's split from the Pan genus of chimps and bonobos is a. fossil hominins have been found with dates between 6 and 7 mya. b. because the number of mutations in humans is only 36 on average per person, less than was previously thought, this means the molecular clock ticks more slowly and we must push the split further back in time. c. that the molecular clock must be adjusted for the longer generation time of great apes which affects the calculation of the mutation rate between generations. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Reported by Ann Gibbons, according to the 11 papers published by the researchers on "Ardi", the mix of traits of Ardipithecus ramidus make it a. ape-like because it had climbing adaptations in its grasping great toe and long curved fingers, as well as its ape-sized brain. b. more like us because it didn't have a stiff wrist for knuckle-walking, its foot was rigid like a bipeds', and its canines, muzzle, base of its skull, palms, and the blades of its pelvis were all shorter than an apes'. c. a good match for the common ancestor of both knuckle-walkers and bipeds although it lived 4.4 mya which is much later in time than the divergence dated between 6-7 mya. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Robin McKie reports in "How Prehistoric Farmers Saved us from a New Ice Age" that a. burning grasslands, felling trees, and farming produces methane and Co2 that warm the atmosphere. b. scientists' analysis of Antarctic ice cores show the earth becoming warmer than it would otherwise have been. c. scientists' computer modeling shows the earth should be cooler today than it is. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include: a. an increased ability to see greater distances b. running faster in in short bursts of speed c. ease of transporting food d. both a and c
d. both a and c
All fossils of archaic Homo sapiens and earlier Homo erectus show: a. continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size. b. expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity. c. a large cranial capacity. d. both a. and b.
d. both a. and b.
Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large _______ adapted for grinding food. a. premolars and molars b. temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest c. front teeth and small back teeth d. both a. and b.
d. both a. and b.
Homo erectus's high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its: a. increased reliance on material culture. b. increased intelligence. c. reliance on changing environments. d. both a. and b.
d. both a. and b.
Compared to modern Homo sapiens, archaic Homo sapiens has: a. a long and low skull, a smaller brain size, and a large masticatory complex. b. a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin. c. a longer and lower skull, a larger browridge, and a bigger and more projecting face. d. both b. and c.
d. both b. and c.
Modern humans have: a. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex. b. a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges. c. a small face, small teeth, and a projecting chin. d. both b. and c.
d. both b. and c.
Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals: a. traded with modern humans. b. used body ornaments. c. used symbolism d. both b. and c.
d. both b. and c.
During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets; you diagnose the condition as: a. porotic hyperostosis, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia. b. periosteal reaction, resulting from changes in diet. c. ameloblasts, resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection. d. cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.
d. cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.
Cavities in the teeth are also called: a. hypoplasias. b. enamel defects. c. dentin foramina. d. dental caries.
d. dental caries.
The diversity of the hominins included increasingly specialized: a. locomotion. b. social patterns. c. body sizes. d. diets.
d. diets.
Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensis lived in a: a. dry savanna. b. woodland environment. c. jungle environment. d. forest environment.
d. forest environment.
According to Jill Neimark, which of the following represents a consensus regarding Flo (Homo floresiensis)? She was a. a direct descendant of Homo erectus. b. a diseased individual suffering from microcephaly which causes the brain and head to be pathologically small. c. a direct descendant of an australopithecine. d. most likely a normal, non-diseased human, albeit one with a very unusual form.
d. most likely a normal, non-diseased human, albeit one with a very unusual form.
Which of the following is a derived hominin trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis a. big toe opposability b. larger body size c. length of the calcaneus d. nonhoning chewing complex
d. nonhoning chewing complex
Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa: a. one was a quadruped and the other a leaper. b. one was a clinger and the other a climber. c. one was a knuckle walker and the other a quadruped. d. one was a climber and the other a biped.
d. one was a climber and the other a biped.
Homo erectus's cranial capacity: a. is always less than 1,000 cc. b. is always more than 800 cc. c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc. d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools: a. had a narrower range of functions. b. used fewer raw materials. c. were characterized by fewer tool types. d. required more learning and skill to produce.
d. required more learning and skill to produce.
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel? a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae b. the mandible c. the ribs d. the hyoid
d. the hyoid
In "What's Cooking?" it is reported that Homo erectus a. had a brain size that would have required cooked food to support the high calories needed to power it. b. had a narrow pelvis and rib cage and therefore a small gut that would not have been large enough to digest a raw diet. c. hunted and cooked meat for more calories than a plant based diet could provide. d. was the first human at 1.8mya because of fire and cooking e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In the article by Nicolas Wade, "Human Culture as an Evolutionary Force," culture is viewed as a. shielding us from the full force of natural selection pressures. b. a powerful selective force of natural selection if sustained. c. interacting with genetics more quickly than other selective forces. d. both b. and c. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Richard Wrangham's evolutionary hypothesis reported in "What's Cooking?" includes facts and a compelling chain of logic about our diet today such as a. cooked food is absorbed 50-95% better than the same calories of raw food. b. digestive bacteria in the large intestine survive on food that is not absorbed in the stomach and small intestines which makes it appear that cooked food is digested the same as raw food. c. the body spends significant energy on digestion which is made easier when food is soft. d. softer processed foods are especially pleasing and lead to obesity in animals and in people today. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Bruce Bower reports that Happisburgh, England in the time period that Parfitt's team has studied was characterized by all the following EXCEPT a. similar in summer temperature and colder in winter than it is in that area today. b. inhabited by cold weather fauna like woolly rhinos, mammoths and horses. c. stocky skeletal remains showing they were precursors of Neanderthal. d. campsites showing controlled use of fire to keep warm. e. c. and d.
e. c. and d.