anthro test 2 hw q's

the first pottery dates back 8000 years ago when it first reached

Jericho

earliest known town

Jericho in Israel

earliest city states (5500 BP)

Sumer, Elam

by 6,000 BP there were (no/a lot of) farming villages in Greece & Italy

a lot

empire

a mature, territorially larger and expansive system

african cattle complex

african practice of using cattle for their blood and milk not their meat

2 things that can be learned from studying the geographic distribution of ancient pottery

alliance spanning a large area scope of trade

armed conflict in Oaxaca around the start of the common era

began as raiding involved killing, burning, captive taking

by 10,000 BP hunting, gathering, fishing populations had spread to

british isles, sweden

states have ____, chiefdoms don't

bureaucracies

3 main things that happened during the era of increased specialization in food production (7500-5500 BP)

cattle and pigs were domesticated agriculture extended to the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers new crops were added to the diet

dependence on __ , ____ , and ____ are considered archeoligicalevidence of the presence of neolithic cultures

ceramic vessels, sedentary life, cultivation

precursors to states that had privileged and effective leaders but not the sharp class divisions of states

chiefdoms

why did states originate (2)

competition for territories and resources stimulated state formation systems of political authority were necessary for growing populations

early cultivation began as an attempt to

copy the growth of wild grains

early states

did have slaves

3 reasons states may collapse

disease warfare overfarming

only animal domesticated throughout the New World

dog

in both northern & southern china, food production supported large villages by 7500 BP despite

dramatic differences in temp and rainfall

cuneiform

early mesopotamian wedge shaped writing

by the 16th century in the Andes, the inca had conquered other states to form

empires

METALLURGY

extraction and processing of metals to make tools

food producers tend to have more/less kids than foragers

food producers have more kids

the original affluent society

foragers

egalitarian societies

have rudimentary status distinctions an adult man would have a higher rank than a child typically found among foragers distinctions aren't inherited, must be earned

__, ___, and ____ became widespread after food producing states came into existence

human sacrifice, crime, slavery

social conscription

if a society blocks a neighboring society from accessing resources

2 things aided in the spread of maize farming

improved irrigation systems increasing population

new subsistence strategies were more often adopted by Middle Easterners living...

in areas where wild foods were less abundant

the path from foraging to food production was followed

in at least 7 world areas

in chiefdoms there is always

inequality among both individuals and communities

caprine domestication

involves goats and sheep

used by archaeologists as evidence for state organization

irrigation systems written records central storehouses

domesticated plant have smaller/larger seeds than wild plants

larger seeds

food producers diets were generally

less nutritious less varied lower in proteins compared to foragers

as people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to

lose their natural seed dispersal mechanism

one factor behind the Maya decline was ___ evidence of which was found in skull remains that had spongy areas in the back

malnutrition

3 main caloric staples of Native American farmers

manoic maize white potatoes

the Iron Age began

once high temp iron smelting was mastered

what regions had vertical economies prior to development of food production

peru belize mexico middle east

environmental circumscription can be either

physical or social

most Eurasian crops spread how?

rapidly from east to west

neolithic societies of Mesoamerica and S. america were

relatively separate and independent compared to those of Eurasia

the Harappan state's writing system

remains undeciphered

social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because

resources were no longer common goods

3 downsides of Urban Revolution

rules & regulations increased taxes were implemented servitude became common

3 diseases that spread as food production spread during the neolithic

sickle cell anemia small pox malaria

as they were domesticated animals became larger/smaller

smaller

high temperature process by which pure metal is produced from an ore

smelting

key features (3) of the urban revolution according to V. gordon childe

social stratification emerged for the first time economic activity expanded greatly govt institutions emerged for the first time

state

society with central govt, administrative specialization and social classes

maize domestication took place in

southwestern Mexico

in mesopotamia around 5700 BP , societies were NOT

structured along egalitarian lines

the Oaxaca chiefdoms ..... and the Olmec didn't

the Oaxaca developed canal and well irrigation

Catalhoyuk a town in Turkey prospered from

the long distance trade of obsidian between 8000-7000 BP

1 precondition for the emergence of food production was

the movement of people, animals, and products between environmental zones

food production was an outcome not only of the spread of cereal grains outside their natural habitat but also of

the need to feed a growing human population

initial purpose for writing

to keep records, accounts

Hardpans maintained a ...

uniform system of weights

first food-producing communities along Europe's Mediterranean coast

used important species

vertical economies thrive in regions with zones that vary in

vegetation altitude rainfall

Harappa cities had ____ systems

waste water

3 things increased as maize became domesticated

# cobs per stalk # kernels per cob average cob size

findings at Tell Hamoukar that provided evidence for social ranking

1. different types of seals used to mark containers for food 2. large ovens, indicating food was being prepared on an institutional level

childe's 10 key attributes of early cities and states

1. first cities were larger, more densely populated 2. within the city were full time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials, priests 3. each primary producer (farmer) had to pay a tax to a divine king, stored in a central place 4. monumental buildings distinguished cities from villages 5. supported by the treasury, priests, civil officials, and military leaders made up a ruling class 6. writing was used to record keep 7.predictive sciences developed like arithmetic, geometry, astronomy 8. sophisticated art styles developed , expressed in scuputure, painting, architecture 9. there was long distance and foreign trade 10. society was reorganized on the basis of territorial divisions

characteristics of states but not chiefdoms

1. the states send delegates to subjugate and rule territories 2. the states collect tributes from conquered areas 3. the geographic range of a state is large and can be beyond a half day's travel from its center

the state emerged in Mesoamerica ___ years later than the Middle East

3000

in the east, southeast, & southwest of whats now US, a full neolithic economy and sedentism developed when?

3000 years after the first domestication

food production reached Western Europe when compared to M.E.

5,000 years after the Middle East