anthro test 2 hw q's
the first pottery dates back 8000 years ago when it first reached
Jericho
earliest known town
Jericho in Israel
earliest city states (5500 BP)
Sumer, Elam
by 6,000 BP there were (no/a lot of) farming villages in Greece & Italy
a lot
empire
a mature, territorially larger and expansive system
african cattle complex
african practice of using cattle for their blood and milk not their meat
2 things that can be learned from studying the geographic distribution of ancient pottery
alliance spanning a large area scope of trade
armed conflict in Oaxaca around the start of the common era
began as raiding involved killing, burning, captive taking
by 10,000 BP hunting, gathering, fishing populations had spread to
british isles, sweden
states have ____, chiefdoms don't
bureaucracies
3 main things that happened during the era of increased specialization in food production (7500-5500 BP)
cattle and pigs were domesticated agriculture extended to the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers new crops were added to the diet
dependence on __ , ____ , and ____ are considered archeoligicalevidence of the presence of neolithic cultures
ceramic vessels, sedentary life, cultivation
precursors to states that had privileged and effective leaders but not the sharp class divisions of states
chiefdoms
why did states originate (2)
competition for territories and resources stimulated state formation systems of political authority were necessary for growing populations
early cultivation began as an attempt to
copy the growth of wild grains
early states
did have slaves
3 reasons states may collapse
disease warfare overfarming
only animal domesticated throughout the New World
dog
in both northern & southern china, food production supported large villages by 7500 BP despite
dramatic differences in temp and rainfall
cuneiform
early mesopotamian wedge shaped writing
by the 16th century in the Andes, the inca had conquered other states to form
empires
METALLURGY
extraction and processing of metals to make tools
food producers tend to have more/less kids than foragers
food producers have more kids
the original affluent society
foragers
egalitarian societies
have rudimentary status distinctions an adult man would have a higher rank than a child typically found among foragers distinctions aren't inherited, must be earned
__, ___, and ____ became widespread after food producing states came into existence
human sacrifice, crime, slavery
social conscription
if a society blocks a neighboring society from accessing resources
2 things aided in the spread of maize farming
improved irrigation systems increasing population
new subsistence strategies were more often adopted by Middle Easterners living...
in areas where wild foods were less abundant
the path from foraging to food production was followed
in at least 7 world areas
in chiefdoms there is always
inequality among both individuals and communities
caprine domestication
involves goats and sheep
used by archaeologists as evidence for state organization
irrigation systems written records central storehouses
domesticated plant have smaller/larger seeds than wild plants
larger seeds
food producers diets were generally
less nutritious less varied lower in proteins compared to foragers
as people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to
lose their natural seed dispersal mechanism
one factor behind the Maya decline was ___ evidence of which was found in skull remains that had spongy areas in the back
malnutrition
3 main caloric staples of Native American farmers
manoic maize white potatoes
the Iron Age began
once high temp iron smelting was mastered
what regions had vertical economies prior to development of food production
peru belize mexico middle east
environmental circumscription can be either
physical or social
most Eurasian crops spread how?
rapidly from east to west
neolithic societies of Mesoamerica and S. america were
relatively separate and independent compared to those of Eurasia
the Harappan state's writing system
remains undeciphered
social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because
resources were no longer common goods
3 downsides of Urban Revolution
rules & regulations increased taxes were implemented servitude became common
3 diseases that spread as food production spread during the neolithic
sickle cell anemia small pox malaria
as they were domesticated animals became larger/smaller
smaller
high temperature process by which pure metal is produced from an ore
smelting
key features (3) of the urban revolution according to V. gordon childe
social stratification emerged for the first time economic activity expanded greatly govt institutions emerged for the first time
state
society with central govt, administrative specialization and social classes
maize domestication took place in
southwestern Mexico
in mesopotamia around 5700 BP , societies were NOT
structured along egalitarian lines
the Oaxaca chiefdoms ..... and the Olmec didn't
the Oaxaca developed canal and well irrigation
Catalhoyuk a town in Turkey prospered from
the long distance trade of obsidian between 8000-7000 BP
1 precondition for the emergence of food production was
the movement of people, animals, and products between environmental zones
food production was an outcome not only of the spread of cereal grains outside their natural habitat but also of
the need to feed a growing human population
initial purpose for writing
to keep records, accounts
Hardpans maintained a ...
uniform system of weights
first food-producing communities along Europe's Mediterranean coast
used important species
vertical economies thrive in regions with zones that vary in
vegetation altitude rainfall
Harappa cities had ____ systems
waste water
3 things increased as maize became domesticated
# cobs per stalk # kernels per cob average cob size
findings at Tell Hamoukar that provided evidence for social ranking
1. different types of seals used to mark containers for food 2. large ovens, indicating food was being prepared on an institutional level
childe's 10 key attributes of early cities and states
1. first cities were larger, more densely populated 2. within the city were full time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials, priests 3. each primary producer (farmer) had to pay a tax to a divine king, stored in a central place 4. monumental buildings distinguished cities from villages 5. supported by the treasury, priests, civil officials, and military leaders made up a ruling class 6. writing was used to record keep 7.predictive sciences developed like arithmetic, geometry, astronomy 8. sophisticated art styles developed , expressed in scuputure, painting, architecture 9. there was long distance and foreign trade 10. society was reorganized on the basis of territorial divisions
characteristics of states but not chiefdoms
1. the states send delegates to subjugate and rule territories 2. the states collect tributes from conquered areas 3. the geographic range of a state is large and can be beyond a half day's travel from its center
the state emerged in Mesoamerica ___ years later than the Middle East
3000
in the east, southeast, & southwest of whats now US, a full neolithic economy and sedentism developed when?
3000 years after the first domestication
food production reached Western Europe when compared to M.E.
5,000 years after the Middle East
