Anthropology

humanities, natural sciences, social sciences

All knowledge can be divided into these categories:

Field observation

Anthropologists may actually live in the society they are studying.

Anthropology

The scientific study of humanity and culture from the beginning to present.

cultural geography

The study of cultures in a region is sometimes categorized as

population geography

The study of demographics is sometimes referred to as

human geography

The study of the activities of individuals in a geographic region or area is sometimes referred to as

Sociology

The study of the behavior of people and groups within a society.

Anthropologists

They study humans as they live in different social groups.

microeconomics

This study focuses on independent areas of an economy including businesses, households, and demographic subjects such as the buying habits of teenagers

the theory of human evolution

This theory proposed that prehistoric people evolved or changed as their environment changed.

natural sciences

include a study of the physical world including the earth, space, and living things.

Observational studies

involve the collection of data by watching the activities of the research subjects.

qualitative research

involves the use of interviews, observations, and field studies.

History

literally a record of past events in the order in which they occurred.

Social anthropology

looks at social relationships within human groups that are part of the social institutions of a society including the family, education, religion, political systems, and economics systems.

Cultural anthropologists

may study a culture's artwork, housing, tools, or other material products. Nonmaterial creations such as language, symbols, laws, and values are also studied.

Physical anthropologists

may study modern cultures or fossil remains to learn how human characteristics such as hair color, height, skin color, and brain size have developed.

Forensic anthropology

the use of modern scientific procedures to determine the identification of deceased individuals.

Archaeometry

the use of scientific methods and data such as carbon dating to determine the age of an artifact.

independent variable

the variable that is the cause in the experiment.

Human ecology

the study of how mankind relates to its environment. A human ecologist would be interested in how the environment affects population size.

Primatology

the study of how primates such as apes and monkeys are related to the development of human beings.

Religious anthropology

the study of how religious beliefs affect the development and structure of a culture.

pluralism

A person must look at more than one factor when studying a culture.

Status

A person's defined position or rank in society.

Sociolinguistics

the study of how the use of language affects any or all parts of a culture or society.

Physical (or biological) anthropology

the study of human physical characteristics.

Paleopathology

the study of human skeletons to determine the presence of disease or injuries, which also traces disease and injury in human skeletons.

Paleoanthropology

the study of humans from prehistory to the modern world.

Ethnography

the study of people's views regarding their environment and society.

Charles Darwin

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct answer. ____ a British naturalist, published The Origin of Species in 1859, bringing the issue of evolution to center stage.

Paleolithic Age

During this Age, people hunted food and moved from place to place, which was a typical hunting and gathering society.

Cross-cultural research

Identifying the similarities and differences between two or more cultures.

Linguistic anthropology

the study of the development of language and how people use language to communicate.

Frank Cushing

One of the first participant observers in anthropology was

2 million years ago

Scientists estimate that the origin of humans and their ancestors was at least

applied scientists

Scientists who study in order to solve a specific problem are called

pure scientists

Scientists who study to obtain knowledge are called

structural functionalism

Society is a system of interrelated elements that work together in an efficient and harmonious manner.

Edward Tylor

Some scholars regard ___ as the father of modern anthropology

Role

The behavior that an individual is expected to display as a member of a society.

Ethnocentrism

The concept of believing one's culture is better than another culture.

human evolution

The examination of fossil remains may shed new light on the development of humans

family, education, religion, political systems, economic systems

The main institutions in a society include the following

biology, astronomy, chemistry, zoology, and botany.

The natural sciences include

Assimilation

The process by which a social group becomes apart of another.

Socialization

The process of learning how to follow the rules of a society.

Enculturation

The process of learning the rules of a society.

Acculturation

The process of learning the traits of other cultures.

anthropology, psychology, and sociology

What are three behavioral sciences?

Physical anthropology

Which field of anthropology studies fossil remains to learn how human characteristics have developed?

Linguistic anthropology

Which field of anthropology studies how people in a society communicate with each other?

archaeology

Which field of anthropology studies the ancient lifestyles of the Hopi Indians?

Archaeology

Which field of anthropology studies the artifacts of broken dishes and iron pots that were created by an earlier civilization?

primatology

Which field of anthropology studies the relationship of apes and monkeys compared to the development of human beings?

Social anthropology

Which field of anthropology studies the relationship of racial groups in a society?

Cultural anthropology

Which field of anthropology studies the symbols, laws, and values of a society?

cultural

___ anthropologist focuses on human cultures from their beginning to the present day

social

___ anthropologist studies how individuals interact in group settings

knowledge

___ can be defined as the amount of information a person understands. It can also be described as what has been revealed to the people of the world.

Cultural diffusion

___ occurs when characteristics of one culture spread to another culture.

The Enlightenment

___ was based on the concept that people could use reason to find happiness and knowledge

Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

____ a British anthropologist and structural functionalist, focused his research on how the institutions in society functioned to keep everything working in an efficient manner.

Sir James Frazer

____ and others wrote about customs, religions, and cultures of people from around the world.

Bronislaw Malinowski

____ believed that the only way to study parts of a culture was to determine what function they performed.

Chevalier de Lamarck

____ developed one of the first theories of evolution in 1809. He was a French naturalist who believed that the process of evolution was guided by natural laws.

Emile Durkheim

____ developed the functionalist theory of sociology. He viewed society as a group of people working cooperatively for the common good.

Karl Marx

____ saw history not as a meaningless succession of events, but as a social change resulting from the struggle of classes. He believed that all wealth was produced by the labor of workers.

Franz Boas

____ was the first person to introduce anthropology into an academic setting.

Visual anthropology

a branch of ethnography that uses photography, videotape, and film.

ethnography

a field study of how an individual views his or her environment and society

Quantitative measurement

a measure of how much. There are two methods of ___

qualitative analysis

a narrative description and interpretation of what was observed or gathered as a result of the research project.

census

a type of survey that produces information that is a valuable resource.

Ethnography

a written scientific record of the observations of a participant in a culture.

Paleontology

the study of the development of life on earth including plants and animals.

the seven social sciences

anthropology, psychology, sociology, economics, political science, history, and geography are

Ethnolinguistics

the study of the language of a specific ethnic group within a culture.

Political science

can be divided into three major areas of study: political theory, daily operation of governments, and political behavior

culture

defined as the customs, beliefs, social forms and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.

Archaeologists

examine and recover material evidence, such as the ruins of buildings, tools, pottery, and other objects remaining from past human cultures in order to determine the chronology, history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations.

human

generally used in the scientific field to indicate members of the Homo genus including any extinct or existing species in the Hominidae family

History

not always categorized as a social science and is sometimes included with humanities

Prehistory

the time period before the invention of writing, which occurred about 5,500 years ago.

humanities

subjects that focus on the study of the accomplishments of individuals in areas such as music, art, religion, and literature.

Ethnology

the comparison and analysis of different cultural groups in modern societies.

ethnocentrism

the idea that one's culture is superior to all other cultures

acculturation

the process of learning the traits of other cultures such as religious worship

enculturation

the process of teaching a child how to act in school

dependent variable

the result to be explained (the effect). A dependent variable is measured and observed.

Osteology

the scientific study of the human skeleton.

experimental study

the social scientist manipulates and controls the aspects of the study.

Political anthropology

the study of how cultures and societies create a political framework that includes a process for decision-making and a justice system.

Economic anthropology

the study of how goods and services are produced and distributed in a culture.

Economics

the study of how goods and services are produced, and how they are distributed among us.

evolutionism

used to classify cultures and societies as passing through defined stages

Anthropometry

used to measure living human beings for the purpose of classification and comparison of human races.

quantitative research

uses data in a numerical form such as surveys or polls that measure the opinions of individuals.

Applied anthropology

using the information from research to solve a problem that humans face every day.

ethnography

written record of the participant observation.