Anthropology chapter 9
15. Of the following factors, which is historically correlated with the shrinking of the female factory workforce in the United States? A. European immigration around 1900 B. World War II C. voting rights for women D. inflation E. the women's rights movement
A. European immigration around 1900
17. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. The feminization of poverty is unique to the United States. B. Households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men. C. Married couples are much more secure economically than single mothers. D. Among developed nations, the U.S. has the largest percentage of single-parent households. E. The feminization of poverty has serious consequences with regard to living standards.
A. The feminization of poverty is unique to the United States.
26. Transgender is a social category that A. includes people whose gender identity has no apparent biological roots. B. always contrasts biologically with "ordinary" males and females. C. consists of only intersex people. D. is entirely biologically constructed. E. has no validity within the social sciences.
A. includes people whose gender identity has no apparent biological roots.
1. With the term sex, anthropologists are referring to biological differences. In contrast, they define gender as A. the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. B. a political system ruled by men that defines the identity of women. C. the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex. D. the marked differences in male and female biology, which vary across cultures. E. one's biological identity.
A. the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else
10. Which of the following is NOT among the four sexual orientations found throughout the world? A. transsexuality B. homosexuality C. bisexuality D. heterosexuality E. asexuality
A. transsexuality
13. Among societies exhibiting the patrilineal-patrilocal complex in highland Papua New Guinea, A. women remain the primary producers of subsistence crops. B. women govern the extra-domestic distribution of prestige items. C. women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men. D. household productivity is decreased by polygyny, because a man must provide for more than one wife. E. the population pressure on strategic resources is relaxed.
A. women remain the primary producers of subsistence crops.
12. Which of the following statements about groups with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex is NOT true? A. They are sometimes characterized by a view that females are dangerous and polluting. B. Their land and prestige are passed through the females. C. They have strongly developed private-public dichotomies. D. They have their prestige goods under male control. E. They often practice polygyny and have patterns of intervillage raiding
B. Their land and prestige are passed through the females.
24. What is meant by the term feminization of poverty? A. the view that conditions of poverty are emasculating B. the increasing number of women among the poorest people C. the popularity of feminist ideals among poor people D. the recent campaign by feminists to work with the poor E. the view that only women care about issues of poverty
B. the increasing number of women among the poorest people
21. Regarding sexual orientation, all of the following are true EXCEPT that A. different types of sexual desires and experiences hold different meanings for individuals and groups. B. there is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined. C. within a society, individuals will differ in the nature, range, and intensity of sexual interests and urges. D. culture always plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm, and these norms vary from culture to culture. E. flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage, since both masturbation and same-sex sexual activity exist among chimpanzees and other primates.
B. there is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined.
14. Why should the numbers from Kinsey's research be considered merely illustrative, rather than statistically accurate? A. sample sizes that were too small B. flaws in the statistical models used C. a reliance on nonrandom samples D. failure to account for variance in the target population E. incorrect assignment of causation
C. a reliance on nonrandom samples
5. This chapter's discussion on recurrent gender patterns stresses that A. it is the role of industrialized nations to correct patterns that are immoral. B. the United Nations should become more involved in reversing these patterns. C. exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals. D. these patterns are universals rather than generalities. E. these generalities are based on bad data, because the studies did not use randomized sampling.
C. exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals.
9. Among horticulturalists with matrilineal descent and matrilocality, A. women tend to have high status, but only within the domestic sphere. B. gender and sex become indistinguishable. C. female status tends to be high. D. women rarely inherit any property and are therefore at a disadvantage in comparison to their brothers. E. women leaders are only symbolic, because men tend to have the true decision-making power.
C. female status tends to be high
23. Based on research in the 1960s, which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse is NOT true? A. It was thought to sap a man's vitality. B. Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches. C. Such sex was permitted only a hundred days a year. D. It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence. E. It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death.
D. It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence.
25. This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" section discusses the strides different countries have made to close the gender gap. Which region has done the least to reduce gender stratification? A. North America B. Africa C. Latin America D. Middle East/North Africa E. Nordic countries
D. Middle East/North Africa
19. According to studies in the 1960s, why did young Etoro men and boys engage in homosexual relationships? A. They did not understand biological reproduction, which is why they no longer exist. B. The status of Etoro women was the highest in the world, in a status above and beyond males. C. Genetic drift created a population dominated by a homosexual gene. D. They believed it necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way. E. A warrior cult of older adult men vigorously enforced a monopoly on access to women.
D. They believed it necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way.
22. Which of the following statements about the label "transgender" is accurate? A. Transgender and intersex are both biologically based. B. Transgender only includes those whose gender identity has biological roots. C. Just like the labels "masculine" and "feminine," "transgender" is an absolute and binary category. D. Transgender individuals may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females. E. Feeling their previous gender assignment was incorrect, transgender individuals become female.
D. Transgender individuals may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females.
27. Intersex, a group of conditions involving discrepancy between external genitals and internal genitals, can have a variety of chromosomal causes that create a sex-gender difference. Which of the following chromosomal anomalies identifies a person with the chromosomes of a woman and female internal anatomy, but with male external genitals? A. XY intersex person B. true gonadal intersex person C. Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY configuration) D. XX intersex person E. Turner syndrome
D. XX intersex person
2. The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex are known as A. gender stereotypes. B. the prestige coefficient. C. sexual ascribed status. D. gender roles. E. sex roles.
D. gender roles.
16. More than half the poor children living in the United States live in families that are A. patrifocal. B. blended. C. headed by men. D. headed by women. E. dichotomized.
D. headed by women.
6. The domestic-public dichotomy refers to the separation of A. spheres of exchange. B. secular and sacred domains. C. the elite and commoners. D. home and the outside world. E. cooking and sleeping spaces in residential units.
D. home and the outside world
7. Among the Agta of the Philippines, women not only gather, they also A. fish, while carrying their babies with them. B. are the primary warrior class, except when pregnant or breastfeeding. C. cultivate small food plots inside village defenses. D. hunt small animals and do some fishing. E. are the tribal leaders.
D. hunt small animals and do some fishing.
18. In which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest? A. pastoralists B. agriculturalists C. societies where there is a great deal of population pressure D. hunters and gatherers E. industrial states with high unemployment
D. hunters and gatherers
4. Ethnographic evidence has revealed that traditionally, Pawnee women worked wood, and among the Hidatsa, women made boats. Cases such as these suggest that A. the division of labor by gender is a natural characteristic of human societies. B. biology has nothing to do with gender roles. C. anthropologists are overly optimistic about finding a society with perfect gender equality. D. patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general—not universal. E. exceptions to cross-cultural generalization are actually the rule.
D. patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general—not universal.
8. When compared to other kinds of societies, all the following are true about foragers EXCEPT that A. the public and private spheres are least separate. B. hierarchy is least marked. C. when gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal. D. sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished. E. the rights, activities, and spheres of influence of men and women overlap the most.
D. sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished
11. If a patriarchy is a political system ruled by men, what would a matriarchy be—a political system ruled by women? Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday, who investigated these questions among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, found that A. true matriarchies do not exist. B. women in matriarchies see their male counterparts as being inferior. C. women of newer generations are experimenting with new ideas of gender roles. D. the Minangkabau matriarchy is not the equivalent of female rule because of their belief that decision making should be by consensus. E. although Minangkabau women play a central role in their culture's social, economic, and ceremonial life, they are still regarded as having lower status than men.
D. the Minangkabau matriarchy is not the equivalent of female rule because of their belief that decision making should be by consensus.
3. According to anthropologist Ann Stoler, the economic determinants of gender status include A. the level of interest rates and the price of oil. B. controlling one's own and others' tendency toward overconsumption. C. free will and overcoming ideas that associate sin with the desires of the flesh. D. free will and overcoming ideas that split the mind and body. E. freedom or autonomy and social power.
E. freedom or autonomy and social power.
20. Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that A. the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities—relative strength, endurance, intelligence, and so on. B. women are subservient in nearly all societies, because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men. C. foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes toward sex but different attitudes toward gender. D. changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy. E. the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.
E. the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.
True or False 29. Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex.
False
True or False 32. Adding together men's and women's subsistence activities and their domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do.
False
True or False 33. The relative gender equality found in horticultural societies most likely characterizes the most natural state of gender differentiation.
False
True or False 36. Across differing societies, women generally dominate the practice of subsistence labor.
False
True or False 40. The reason there are more modern-day "Rosie the Riveters" is that modern industry is even more physically demanding than it was during World War II.
False
True or False 43. "Transgender" and "XX intersex" are interchangeable terms referring to individuals with external genitals that are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or female.
False
When it asks which anthropologist studied ritualized homosexuality
Gilbert Herdt
True or False 39. In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs.
True
True or False 28. The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.
True
True or False 30. Cross-culturally, women's roles tend to be focused on activities associated with the home, while men are more active in the public domain.
True
True or False 31. Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal.
True
True or False 34. Women in matrilineal societies tend to occupy elevated status positions.
True
True or False 35. Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal societies.
True
True or False 37. In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed much more to the diet than women did.
True
True or False 38. Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal systems in which women are cut off from their supportive kin ties.
True
True or False 41. In the United States today, more than 40 percent of mothers are the primary or sole source of income in their homes.
True
True or False 42. The feminization of poverty refers to the increasing representation of women (and their children) among America's poorest people.
True
True or False 44. Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage.
True
