Anthropology-chapter2

According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of: a. individuals. c. populations. b. genes. d. species.

A

Adaptive radiation occurs when: a. one species gives rise to multiple closely related species. b. several species adapt to one environment. c. species adapt to environments with high radiation levels. d. an individual adapts to varying environments.

A

Darwinian evolution proposes that: a. species adapt and change over time based on the environment. b. an individual can change within its own lifetime. c. species adapt based on individual goals. d. individuals determine their own biological adaptations.

A

Linnaeus's taxonomic system is referred to as a "hierarchy" because: a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species, and are placed within additional higher level categories. b. species are placed in a ranked list called the "Great Chain of Being." c. humans are considered the most evolved species. d. naming species officially requires approval of an appointed board of high-level experts.

A

The advantageous "attributes" to which Darwin refers are now known as: a. traits. c. alleles. b. genes. d. chromosomes.

A

The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the: a. gene pool. c. phenotype. b. DNA. d. polygene.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan: a. demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes. b. studied mutations in Homo sapiens. c. thought change was gradual and occurred over long time periods. d. proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

A

Which of the following is NOT a cause of evolution in a population? a. inheritance of acquired traits c. gene flow b. mutation d. genetic drift

A

Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution? a. He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research. b. His work is not considered, as he was mistakenly credited with the theory of natural selection. c. He was a British dog breeder who worked on artificial selection experiments in the same way Mendel worked on sweet peas to determine inheritance. d. He was the most prominent scientist of the time who opposed Darwin's work on evolution.

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarc

Adaptation. (1744-1829) Inheritance of acquired characteristics. Progressive evolution 1st person to explain to evolution Inheritance of Acquaried Characteristics If trait is modified in parents lifetime, this trait is passed down to offspring

Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because it: a. coined the concept of evolution. b. synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change. c. was immediately and widely accepted by the scientific community as the mechanism for evolutionary change. d. proposed the use of the scientific method for the first time.

B

Evolutionary synthesis is: a. the concept of evolution through natural selection. b. a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection. c. a combination of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and natural selection. d. the combination of the theory of evolution and Linnaean taxonomy.

B

Fossils represent the remains of once-living: a. extant species that tell the story of human origins. b. extinct organisms that provide a record of the history of life on the planet. c. plants that provide proof of catastrophism. d. organisms that demonstrate the age of the earth through the process of uniformitarianism.

B

How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth? a. Darwin was interested in Malthus's examination of population changes in pea plants. b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability. c. Darwin liked the concept of Latin taxonomic classification as it pertained to human groups. d. Darwin was greatly influenced by research on acquired characteristics.

B

In your textbook, the lower frequency of sickle-cell anemia among present-day Americans of West African ancestry as compared to people living in West Africa blacks is attributed to: a. genetic drift. c. new mutations. b. gene flow. d. none of the above

B

The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was: a. John Ray. c. Charles Darwin. b. Gregor Mendel. d. Robert Hooke.

B

Uniformitarianism is the theory that: a. the earth is very old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers in Scotland. b. the natural processes operating today are the same as the natural processes that operated in the past. c. the uniformity of species is derived from the common ancestor of all species. d. processes such as earthquakes are evidence supporting catastrophism as proposed by Lamarck.

B

What are the classification levels of humans from order to species? a. Chordata, Mammalia, Haplorhini, Hominoidea, Homo, and sapiens b. Primates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, Hominoidea, Hominidea, Homininae, Hominine, Homo, and sapiens c. Primates, Strepsirhini, Catarrhini, Hominoidea, Hominidea, Homo, and sapiens d. Mammalia, Platyrrhini, Hominioidea, Hominidae, Homo, and sapiens

B

Darwin observed that adaptations: a. resulted from supernatural forces. b. did not vary among Galápagos finches living in different habitats. c. were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction. d. were peripheral to evolutionary change.

C

How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution? a. He discovered genetic mutation through experiments with pea plants. b. He proposed the concept of natural selection after his voyage to the Galapagos Islands and his study of finches. c. He proposed the first serious model of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring through inheritance of acquired characteristics, though that idea turned out to be incorrect. d. He proposed a concept known today as gene flow.

C

James Hutton is associated primarily with: a. adaptation. c. uniformitarianism. b. catastrophism. d. principles of heredity.

C

The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking on population adaptation was: a. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. c. Thomas Malthus. b. Georges Cuvier. d. Charles Lyell.

C

The English scientist who independently co-discovered the theory of natural selection was: a. Charles Lyell. c. Alfred Russell Wallace. b. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. d. Carolus Linnaeus.

C

The forces of evolution include: a. gene flow, mutations, chromosomes, and genes. b. mutations, genes, and genetic drift. c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations. d. natural selection, genes, alleles, and chromosomes.

C

The geneticist who studied the workings of fruit flies' chromosomes was: a. Charles Darwin. c. Thomas Hunt Morgan. b. Gregor Mendel. d. Thomas Huxley.

C

The relevance of the theory of uniformitarianism is that it: a. supports the theory of catastrophism. b. proves that changes to the earth were caused by cataclysmic events like earthquakes and floods. c. allowed the understanding of evidence of change in the geological past by understanding what we see in the present day. d. demonstrates that the earth is 4.4 billion years old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers.

C

The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was:

C

Thomas Malthus's contribution to natural selection is the: a. binomial taxonomic system of naming species. b. theory that the earth's old age is based on geologic evidence resulting from cataclysmic events. c. observation that an abundance of food would allow a population to increase geometrically and indefinitely, but there simply is not enough food, so populations are limited by food supply. d. theory that environmental resources increase to population pressures.

C

What were the three key observations made by Darwin that allowed him to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution? a. Species change and adapt based on environmental pressure, individuals change within their lifetime, and offspring inherit the changes. b. Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations provide the change necessary in populations that affect future generations. c. Organisms produce more offspring than survive, variation exists among members of populations, and advantageous variations increase in relative frequency over time. d. The number of adults tends to remain the same over time, individuals vary very little over time, and natural selection works on only the best of those adults in each generation.

C

Why are Darwin's finches considered good examples of natural selection? a. They are found on every continent. b. They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence. c. They embody the idea of descent with modification. d. They did not differ between populations.

C

James Ussher

Calculated age of earth using biblical da

James Hutton

Catastrophism-Organism go exting due to catadismic events new creation events replace them

Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution; however, their ideas all lacked: a. the longevity necessary for evolution to take place. b. a basic understanding of inheritance. c. an understanding of variation. d. a mechanism for evolutionary change.

D

Darwin drew on information from the following five scientific disciplines: a. geology, physical anthropology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and evolutionary biology. b. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, geography, and evolutionary biology. c. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and biology. d. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and evolutionary biology.

D

Gene flow differs from genetic drift because it is the: a. random change in the frequency of alleles. b. random change in a gene or chromosome. c. guiding force of evolution. d. spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.

D

James Hutton: a. extensively studied fossils. b. revealed that fossils would provide the history of past life. c. created the first scientific classification of plants and animals. d. provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating the time span of evolution.

D

Mendel's plant experiments demonstrated that: a. traits inherited from each parent blended together in the offspring. b. DNA was the molecule carrying the genetic code. c. peas were a poor choice for understanding basic hereditary principles. d. traits are passed on from parent to offspring as discrete units.

D

Without the work of x-ray crystallographer _______, DNA might not have been discovered for some time longer than it was. a. James Watson c. Thomas Malthus b. Francis Crick d. Rosalind Franklin

D

Carolus Linnaeus

Develop taxonomic system(Biological classification)

Thomas Malthus

Economist-Populations compete for finite resources

George Cuvier

Fixing of species(evolution desnt occur)

Alfred Russel Wallac

Natural selectio

Charles Darwin

Nature Selection Select most adavantages traits

Erasmus Darwin

Progressive evolution Descent from common ancestor Resource competitionLonger timeframe

Comte de Buffon

Recognizes microevolution tied to region Microevolution: Variation within species

Gregor Mendel

The laws of inheritance

Charles Lyell

Uniformitarianism-the physical laws that exist today, must have always existed -Earth must be millions of years old