Anthropology

The Yanomamo are best described as:

Pacific Islanders

Development anthropology refers to the branch of anthropology that uses data collected in local settings to formulate theories about the development of culture through time.

False

Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.

False

The Earth's climate has always remained constant, so any changes must be human driven.

False

The focus of Peter Whiteley's article "Ties That Bind" is how the Hopi Indians decided to put aside reciprocity with outsiders when they opened their first gambling casinos.

False

There are 6 vowel phonemes in American Standard English, corresponding to the letters a e i o u and sometimes y.

False

What term refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups?

Focal vocabulary

Which of the following statements about Marx is not true?

He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.

In chapter 11 of our textbook we learn that the largest minority ethnic group in the United States (using the terms of the U.S. Census Bureau) is:

Hispanic

What is a priority issue to the Malagasy, the people of Madagascar?

Human poverty

Which of the following is false about changes arising from contact between local cultures and more powerful outsiders?

Such changes typically occur on just one side of the contact.

Which of the following statements concerning the Basseri and the Qashqai is true?

The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri.

The generalizing, comparative, and theory-building part of cultural anthropology is known as: (and this term also occasionally stands in for the entire sub-field of cultural anthropology)

a. Ethnology

In terms of energy consumption, what nation consumes the most nonrenewable resources today?

United States

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is not true?

Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups.

Which of the following statements about Black English Vernacular (BEV) is true?

Upwardly mobile BEV-speaking students typically consider Standard ENglish to be society's prestige dialect and learn it.

The key factor that distinguishes agriculturists from horticulturalists is that agriculturalists:

Use land intensively and continuously.

Anthropology, as a discipline, has traditionally had the most in common with the field of

a. Sociology

Madagascar is:

a. The place W. Griffin has conducted archaeological fieldwork

In chapter 1 of our textbook we learned that President Barack Obama's mother was

a. a cultural anthropologist who worked primarily in Indonesia.

Anthropology's focus on both culture and biology:

a. allows anthropology to address how culture influences biological traits and vice versa.

The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, means that:

a. although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.

The insistence on a comparative perspective in anthropology means that

a. anthropologists try to consider as wide a sampling of different cultures as possible in making claims about "humans."

The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is known as

a. applied anthropology

An anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka. She or he is most likely a(n)

a. cultural anthropologist

Anthropologists have noted that culture is often contested. This means that:

a. different groups in a society struggle over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail

Anthropology is a humanistic science most particularly because:

a. it discovers, describes, and attempts to explain similarities and differences among humans, with concern for the full diversity of worldviews and voices.

From Chagnon's article in the reader we learn that most Yanomamo when they first encountered this anthropologist

a. saw him as someone they might materially benefit from through trade or theft.

Ethnology is

a. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.

Some people in the world use scarification, wear bones in their noses, or fatten up young girls (as in Simmons' article) in part because

a. they (and their culture) think it looks good.

Ethnocentrism is

a. using the values of one's own culture to make judgments about the moral worth of other cultures

Four-field anthropology

a. was shaped largely by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans.

"Real" anthropology can be done when

all of these

Applied anthropologists work

all of these

Development projects often fail because:

all of these

Handsome Lake, an Iroquois Indian,

all of these

The prophets who create revitalization movements

all of these

Though this has changed in recent decades, traditionally anthropology (as compared to sociology) was:

all of these

According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is

an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.

Anthropology has generally neglected the topic of sexuality primarily because

anthropologists themselves often come from cultures which do not encourage the open discussion of such matters.

An anthropologist has been hired to research a specific group of people in the Caribbean who have a high infant mortality rate and to suggest strategies to decrease infant mortality. This anthropologist most likely is engaged in.

applied anthropology

Ethics in anthropology

applies both to working with informants and with colleagues

Which of the following statements about gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers is true?

Women's work usually contributes substantially to the diet; consequently, there is less gender stratification.

Among the Hopi, as indicated in "Ties that Bind," clan heads and chiefs of religious societies:

are typically worse off materially than the average member of the clan

"Race" is

culturally constructed.

In the country of Schizophrenia, there are two races, Yellow and Blue. The Yellows are a minority group, whose members are predominantly poorer than Blues. When a Yellow and a Blue mate and produce a child, the child is green, but everyone calls it Yellow. This is an example of:

hypodescent

Cross-cultural studies indicate that

in most societies women tend to be the primary child caregivers.

From an anthropological perspective, one might argue that there is a universal division of labor based on sex (found in hunter-gatherers through intensive agriculturalists) because

in terms of reproduction, men are arguably more expendable than women for maintaining the entire group's growth rate.

"Serial monogamy" means that

individuals may have multiple spouses, but may only be married to 1 other individual at any given time

In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are characterized by all of the following except

inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.

When Richard Lee bought an ox to serve as a present, the Ju/'hoansi treated him like a successful hunter by:

insulting both him and the ox to prevent him from becoming too proud or bragging.

Which of the following statements about culture is not true?

it is transmitted genetically

According to the article "The Berdache Tradition" by Walter Williams, American Indians believed that when a person becomes a berdache:

it was due to a supernatural force, and hence the person deserves respect.

For the people of Kiribati, Beck and Blair suggest in their article "Inundation" that "the only option would one day be":

mass migration out of the country

In line with the culture of "Cultural Anthropology", the lectures for this class ended (as they began) with personal stories. In this case, Prof. Griffin told a joke he first heard in Lamu, Kenya, which has helped him understand that:

poor doesn't always imply miserable.

Paying taxes is an example of

redistribution.

Cultural relativism is the doctrine that:

reflects all of these

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are categories based upon

sociopolitical organization

Rules of endogamy

tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.

One of the main differences between the leaders of chiefly societies and those of tribal societies is that

the chiefs can often order people around, while the tribal leaders usually lack that power

The anthropologist Lucas Bessire describes his work in the Gran Chaco jungle, which is said to have "one of the world's highest local deforestation rates" (at least when the article was written in 2008) because of:

the clearing for extensive cattle-ranching

This course built on the concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism throughout the semester, and it was suggested in the final lecture that:

the easy demonization of others in American popular culture has caused problems.

A USAID project to supply free powdered milk to Jamaica was arguably not helpful in the long run because:

the free milk drove the local Jamaican dairy farmers out of business and it is proving very expensive to try and revive the dairy industry there

The problem with relying solely on a few main informants for ethnographic work is that

the informants themselves might not be representative of the rest of the group.

(From our lectures) If a Kpelle chief wants to solve a mystery and find the guilty party, who did he traditionally turn to?

the ordeal specialist

A development project to provide the Kamba people of central Kenya with fuel efficient stoves failed because:

the stoves were useful for cooking, but not for heating or lighting the homes in the evening.

Among the Etoro of New Guinea, virtually all of the young men and boys engage in homosexual relationships because:

they believe it is necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in healthy ways

The indigenous people studied by anthropologist Jim Igoe formed a "Committee to Stop Conservation" because:

they believed conservation projects were promoted by outsiders who thought animals were more important than people.

Bohannan at the beginning of her article "Shakespeare in the Bush," and the Tiv elders at the end, each think:

they each know the "only possible," "right" interpretation of Hamlet.

The most important function of marriage in many cultures around the world is:

to link families

An anthropologist studies a group of people that move sheep from a particular pasture in the spring to another pasture in the fall. This subsistence pattern is called

transhumance

Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, or culture.

true

The four main subdisciplines of anthropology are cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistics.

true

The word cat is a symbol

true

Pastoral people in different parts of the world

usually maintain regular trade relations with neighboring agriculturalists.

Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that

women tend to use language to build social connections with others.

Among tropical and semitropical foragers like the !Kung San:

women's work contributes substantially to the family diet, consequently there is less gender stratification

From our textbook's pop quiz: scientific measurements confirm that global warming isn't caused by increased solar radiation. Rather, the causes are mainly anthropogenic. This means that:

Humans and their activities cause global warming.

The rule or principle that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the minority group is called:

Hypodescent

Which of the following describes the concept of mana in Polynesian and Melanesian cultures?

In Melanesia, mana was similar to the notion of luck, anyone could get it; in Polynesia, mana was attached to political elites.

Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true?

It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.

Which of the following is not true of postmodernism?

It has a clear and functional design or structure.

Why have many Arembepeiros begun to resent their own local Saint Francis festival

It has become an outsider's event, drawing thousands of tourists.

Which of the following statements is true of Arembepe, Brazil?

It is an area of multiple research projects conducted by many anthropologists from different countries.

Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true?

It lacked an intervention philosophy.

All of the following are true about ethnography except:

It privileges ethnographers' observations and conclusions over the local people's views and beliefs.

Which of the following traits is unique to humans?

Kinship

What term refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce status differences and bring standouts in line with community norms?

Leveling mechanism

A lineage is distinguished from a clan by this particular characteristic:

Lineage members can name their forebears from the apical ancestor through the present.

What do Gezon and Kottak say is the greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?

Meeting energy needs

In his study of New York department store employees, Labov found that

/r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks).

What is an illness?

A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual

What is an ascribed status?

A status that a person has little or no choice about occupying

What term refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact?

Acculturation

How do chiefdoms differ from states?

Chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.

What kinds of people do anthropologists consider to be "cultured"?

All people

In the one article we read by a sociolinguist, Deborah Tannens (written way back in 1997), it is observed that:

America has become an argument culture where debate and opposition are automatic in public discourse.

What kind of social unit is common among foragers?

Band

Why is it important to understand that human racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypic features and not on genotypes?

Because race is socially constructed, not biologically determined

Why does a big man accumulate wealth?

Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters

What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?

Contagious magic

What are the three positions that nations occupy in the world system?

Core, periphery, and semiperipher

In Del Guercio's reader article:

Davis argued that it was the fear of becoming a zombie, not the fear of zombies themselves, which constituted the "social control" aspect of this religion.

"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.

False

In foraging and tribal societies, what is the basis for the degree of respect or status attached to an individual

Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills, and generosity.

What is the term for our contemporary world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down?

Postmodernity

A project discussed in the chapter 1 lecture (and briefly in our textbook) that illustrates some of the weaknesses of relying solely on survey questionnaires was

Rathje's garbage project

What is salvage ethnography?

Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization

In which region of the United States do people not speak with an accent?

Regional speech variations exist throughout the United States

Which of the following statements about religions is not true?

Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions.

What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?

Reversals of ordinary behavior

Which of the following is not culturally constructed?

Sex

Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation?

Slash-and-burn techniques

_________________ studies the ways in which people actually speak within a social context.

Sociolinguistics

Which of the following statements does not characterize the modern world system?

The U.S. lags behind India and China in total energy consumption.

Among foragers:

The lack of clear domestic-public dichotomy is related to relatively weak gender stratification.

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by almost all ethnographically known hunter-gatherers?

They live in environments that are of little interest to food-producing societies

Why would a business or other complex organization hire an anthropologist?

To gain access to the unique, ethnographic perspective on organizational problems.

Which of the following points about anthropology and careers is false?

To gain employment in academic, applied, or museum anthropology, students of anthropology rarely need an advanced degree.

What term is used to refer to a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan?

Totem

Culture has been defined as "an organization of conventional understanding, manifest in act and artifact, which persisting through tradition, characterizes a human group."

True

Development projects are much more likely to succeed if they are based on traditional social organizations and respond to locally perceived needs.

True

During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.

True

Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.

True

Television has recently been used by local communities to preserve, revive, and intensify the scale of traditional ceremonies.

True

Ethnologists have been most interested in the 19th century Ghost Dance of the plains Indians because it shows:

a predictable religious response to oppressive social conditions

Halloween allows children, who are usually perceived of as innocent and powerless, to misbehave and demand candy from strangers. This is an example of:

a ritual of inversion

What is an ascribed status

a status that a person has little or no choice about occupying

Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of hegemony to describe

a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination.

As suggested in our article "Understanding Eskimo Science," the quote that Nelson believes epitomizes relationships to the natural world among many Native American people is:

a. "each animal knows way more than you do"

What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English?

a. Acculturation

The process by which children learn culture is known as

a. Enculturation

Polyandry

can allow a society such as the Paharis in Nepal to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons.

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as

colonialism.

In matrilineal societies

descent groups include only the children of the group's women.

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is

designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.

When a woman brings wealth to a new family, it is called

dowry

Which subsistence strategy has characterized most of human existence?

foraging

When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as

forced assimilation.

Nonstandard English Vernaculars are

fully efficient languages with their own grammar.

Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike

have only limited chances of succeeding.

In discussing the recently changing culture of Madagascar Prof. Griffin argued that one of the primary reasons for these changes was:

he prevalence of VCR's and access to "global" movies.

Small's article in the reader "A Women's Curse?" argues that the natural (and healthier) state for human female bodies is:

more lactation and less menstruation than commonly found in the U.S.

Native Australians relate to the movie Rambo because

native Australians see tribal ties and kin links between Rambo and the prisoners he was rescuing.

What kind of disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions?

naturalistic

The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but

not all cultures define incest the same way.

During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will

notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness.

According to the Lappe and Collins' article "Why can't people feed themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to:

ongoing historical processes

According to Marx, classes are

opposed to one another on the basis of conflicting economic interests.

In my comments on the language chapter, I illustrated the 11 vowel sounds in standard American English to help explain the concept of:

phonemes