Anthropology Exam 1: Chapter 1

A symbol is

something that conventionally, and arbitrarily, stands for something else

Culture includes what characteristics?

symbolism, dally, experience

12) Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

3) A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community.

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who):

the people, species, or artifacts they study

a focus on _________ helps anthropologists understand that intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people

values

Theory

A collection of tested and repeatedly supported hypotheses.

Quantitative methods

A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.

Ethnographic method

A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community.

11) The comparative method

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.

Comparative method

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.

Qualitative methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.

Applied anthropology

Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.

Practicing anthropology

Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product.

The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is _________________________.

Applied Anthropolgy

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

Archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

Biological Anthropology

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was:

Charles Darwin

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _____________________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

Cultural Anthropology

The unilateral decision of one social group to take the control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called

Cultural appropriation

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

Cultural relativism

the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural are called/

Culture

The reason biocultural anthropology rejects the genetic system of inheritance as the only means of understanding human evolution is that

DST, development systems theory

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline

During the 19th century

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

Edward Burnett Tylor

Holism

Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation.

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

Ethnocentrism

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is ____________________________.

Ethnographic method

______________________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.

Evolution

1) T/F? The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.

False

4) T/F? Anthropologists never disguise their informants' identities in order to preserve the transparency of their research process.

False

T/F? Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

False

T/F? Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."

False

T/F? Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.

False

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing _______________________.

Fieldwork

9) A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

Hypothesis/Theories

1) What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

Industrial Revolution

2) What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

Industrialization

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called _________________________.

Informed consent

2) Research institutes and universities where research is conducted are required by law to have __________, which monitor all human subjects-based research.

Institutional Review Board

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

Linguistic Anthropology

Ethics

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior.

3) The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

Natural Selection

Are humans born with some culture?

No

Is culture uniquely human?

No

Is it true that all humans are both with some culture?

No

Does cultural relativism defend all the things that people in either culture do?

No, does not accept or defend all the things people do

4) Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

Proof of the primitive nature

1) Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.

Qualitative

10) Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

Quantitative Method

Evolution

The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations.

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory- based one.

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

Cultural relativism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.

Salvage paradigm

The paradigm that held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

Diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

Scientific method

The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses.

Linguistic anthropology

The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions.

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.

Biological anthropology

The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.

Cultural anthropology

The study of the social lives of living communities.

Culture

The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.

8) A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

The whole of the human experience

2) T/F? There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.

True

3) T/F? Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

True

T/F? A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

True

T/F? Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."

True

Empirical

Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory.

Can culture be transmitted virtually through the internet in addition to face-to-face interaction?

Yes

is it true that culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural?

Yes

5) Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

4) A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

The controversy between native American and national collegiate athletic association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates what?

cultural conflict or power of tradition

collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meaning through the common experience and negotiations are called?

cultural constructions

The symbolic system of inheritance works through the establishment of

cultural practices

4) A key feature of the __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

culture

The process of learning culture from a very young age is?

enculturation

1) A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study

how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

2) A linguistic anthropologist studying people's relationships to the natural world would be most interested in

how language is linked to how we see the world and how we relate to each other.

7) Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.

6) During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

live in societies for one or more years observing social life

6) The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

mask collectors, villagers, and museum

Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect in the population in sub-Saharan Africa than in North America and Europe?

maybe, bicultural practices or evolutionary pressures

3) Ethics, which are __________, are important to anthropologists.

moral priniciples

5) An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

moral treatment of human subjects

Norms are stable because?

people learn them from an early age