Anthropology Exam 1

How are the four subfields of US anthropology unified? a)Each subfield studies human variation through time and space b)The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident c)Each subfield studies human biological variability d)Each subfield studies the human capacity for language e)Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space

a)Each subfield studies human variation through time and space

What does it mean to say that humans use culture instrumentally? a)People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction b)People use culture to develop artistic endeavors, including musical instruments and visual arts c)Culture is a human construct d)Culture is instrumental in the creation of societies e)People use culture to advance civilization

a)People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction

Émile Durkheim's focus on social facts illustrates what assumption shared by many anthropologists? a)Psychologists study individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative of something more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts b)Culture is primarily a psychological and individual phenomenon c)Culture is more of an idea in people's heads than a social reality d)Social phenomena studied by anthropologists require study methods that are different from those used by other social scientists e)Social fact, just like any other fact, can be studied objectively

a)Psychologists study individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative of something more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts

Which of the following statements about subcultures is NOT true? a)Subcultures are mutually exclusive; individuals may not participate in more than one subculture b)Subcultures exemplify "levels of culture" c)Subcultures have shared learning experiences d)Subcultures may originate in ethnicity, class, region, or religion e)Subcultures have different learning experiences

a)Subcultures are mutually exclusive; individuals may not participate in more than one subculture

Anthropology may improve psychological studies of human behavior by contributing a)a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology b)nothing, since anthropology focuses on culture and psychology concentrates on personality c)examples of primitive thinking from tribal societies d)prehistoric analysis e)a humanistic approach to psychology

a)a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology

If an anthropologist proposes an explanation for something but it has yet to be verified, he or she has made a)a hypothesis b)a law c)an association d)a generalization e)a theory

a)a hypothesis

Despite the differences among theoretical paradigms of practitioners as varied as Harris (cultural materialism), White (general evolution), Steward (cultural ecology), and Mead (configurationalism), all of them have what in common? a)a strong sense of determinism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise of individual human agency b)a strong concern for the future of anthropological education Answer: A c)a sense of moral duty to help the people they studied to accelerate their path to civilization d)an embrace of reflexive anthropology e)a well-founded suspicion of the claims of science

a)a strong sense of determinism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise of individual human agency

The anthropology of Claude Lévi-Strauss was characterized by: a)all answers are correct b)the use of theoretical models derived from linguistics c)the belief that "data" are processed in the human brain by binary oppositions d)the concern for underlying mental structures

a)all answers are correct

What does the film "The Shackles of Tradition" show us about Franz Boas's early life and early scientific career? a)all answers are correct b)he studied physics and came to anthropology by first turning to geography c)he was not interested in museum anthropology and so decided to do fieldwork instead d)he studied anthropology at the University of Berlin

a)all answers are correct

What of the following statements are true about the early US anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan? a)all answers are correct b)he defined the cultural stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization c)he argued that changes in patterns of subsistence were d)ultimately the cause of cultural evolution he was committed to progressivism

a)all answers are correct

Marvin Harris's approach to anthropology was called a)cultural materialism b)dialectical materialism c)postmodernism d)ethnoscience

a)cultural materialism

An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what s/he is experiencing? a)culture shock b)diachrony c)synchrony d)configurationalism e)agency paralysis

a)culture shock

What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? a)enculturation b)biological adaptation c)ethnology d)acculturation e)ethnography

a)enculturation

Which of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within anthropology? a)ethnography b)working with skilled respondents c)the evolutionary perspective d)the biological perspective e)its practice of cross-cultural comparison

a)ethnography

Practice theory a)focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in b)is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the "culture-individual" problem c)actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms d)was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s e)explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies

a)focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in

As we saw in the film about Franz Boas, "The Shackles of Tradition," what initially influenced Boas's idea of cultural relativism? a)his close and dependent relationship with his Inuit informants b)his distant and independent relationship with his Inuit informants c)no answers are correct d)his reading of Kwakiutl totem pole carvings

a)his close and dependent relationship with his Inuit informants

People in the United States sometimes have trouble understanding the power of culture because of the value that American culture places on the idea of the individual. Yet in American culture, a)individualism is a distinctive shared value, a feature of culture b)the cult of individualism is truly shared only by the country's atheist minority c)individualism is something people talk about but don't practice, because it is not really part of their culture d)individualism is a distinctive commercial value, a feature of capitalist culture shared only by the business elite e)individualism is a distinctive shared value, a result of genetic enculturation

a)individualism is a distinctive shared value, a feature of culture

Culture a)is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation b)is being destroyed by electronic media c)is more developed in industrial nations than among hunters and gatherers d)developed among nonhuman primates around 10,000 years ago e)is the exclusive domain of the elite

a)is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation

Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans a)is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the United States b)is unique to European anthropology c)was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach d) proved early on that culture is a function of race e)was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of US four-field anthropology

a)is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the United States

As we see in the film "The Shackles of Tradition," what could be said about Franz Boas's relationships with his informants? a)no answers are correct b)it was distant as he never learned their language c)they were compromised because he was always asking them for money d)they were compromised because they were always asking him for money

a)no answers are correct

Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm that holds that customs (social practices) function to preserve the social structure? a)structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard b)Panglossian structuralism c)synchronic functionalism d)configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead e)the Manchester school

a)structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard

What is true about applied anthropology at the University of South Florida? a)Communities are often interested in documenting their own histories and for this they welcome applied anthropologists b)All answers are correct c)USF started the first graduate program in applied anthropology anywhere in the world - in 1974 when it established the M.A. and in 1984 when it established the first Ph.D. program in applied anthropology d)Applied anthropology is the application of anthropological theories and methods to solve real-world social problems

b)All answers are correct ????

Which of the following statements about culture is NOT true? a)It encompasses rule-governed, shared, symbol-based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across the generations b)It is transmitted genetically c)It has an evolutionary basis d)It is acquired by all humans, as members of society, through enculturation e)Everyone is cultured

b)It is transmitted genetically

Which of the following is NOT an example of participant observation? a)dancing at a ceremony b)administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone c)helping out at harvest time d)engaging in informal chit-chat e)buying a shroud for a village ancestor

b)administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone

As we see in the film "Off the Verandah," Bronislaw Malinowski a)taught anthropologists from many countries in his seminar at the London School of Economics b)all answers are correct c)was an important public intellectual in Britain d)saw his kind of anthropology - social anthropology - as different from US cultural anthropology

b)all answers are correct

What could be said about culture? a)it can be reflected in symbols and even in material objects b)all answers are correct c)it entails knowledge d)shared values and norms can be reinforced through rituals

b)all answers are correct

Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in a)former colonies b)all kinds of societies c)the third world d)factories e)the tropics

b)all kinds of societies

Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? a)biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research b)cultural means of adaptation c)social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action d)a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality

b)cultural means of adaptation

During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archaeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert's role is best described as a)biological anthropology b)cultural resource management c)sociological anthropology d)sociolinguistics e)historic preservation

b)cultural resource management

Which of the following is a mechanism of cultural change? a)generational enculturation b)diffusion c)cultural relativism d)particularity e)ethnocentrism

b)diffusion

This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates a)the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments b)human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations c)how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic d)how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago e)how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture

b)human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations

What is the difference between ideal culture and culture as practiced? a)ideal culture is like when celebrities gain lots of followers on social media b)ideal culture refers to norms and expectations while culture as practiced is what actually happens c)no answers are correct d)ideal culture refers to what actually happens while culture as practiced is when you practice but don't yet perfect the culture

b)ideal culture refers to norms and expectations while culture as practiced is what actually happens

In the film "Off the Verandah," we come to understand that magic has the following role(s): a)magic is of only minor concern to the Trobriand Islanders b)it is used in matters of sex and love c)all answers are correct d)the chief forbids the use of magic and to be an example he never uses it for purposes of revenge or to gain an advantage

b)it is used in matters of sex and love

Anthropologists have shown that a)greetings can be shown to pertain to only one culture and to never change through time b)no answers are correct c)greetings are completely different across the world d)greetings are basically the same in all cultures

b)no answers are correct

Radcliffe-Brown advocated social anthropology as a synchronic rather than a diachronic science—that is, a study a)of societies as made up of individuals, not as a sum greater than its parts b)of societies as they exist today (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across time (diachronic) c)of culture in motion (synchronic) rather than as a static entity (diachronic) d)of societies across time (synchronic) rather than across space (diachronic) e)that compares cultural traits within the same society and not across societies

b)of societies as they exist today (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across time (diachronic)

Franz Boas is the undisputed father of four-field US anthropology. One of his most important and enduring contributions to anthropology was a)expanding the local ethnographic focus to include a regional perspective b)showing that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not determine culture c)providing evidence that both biology and culture are susceptible to evolutionary forces, thus providing a framework for the comparative method d)the field's earliest example of multitimed and multisited ethnography e)stressing the relevance of independent invention in human cultural history

b)showing that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not determine culture

The central concern of the anthropology of Mary Douglas was a)discourse b)symbolic classifications and their social contexts c)practices d)all answers are correct

b)symbolic classifications and their social contexts ???

The functionalism of Bronislaw Malinowski was based on the following main idea a)culture exists to fulfill basic human needs b)the idea that structure is associated with function - the approach that came to be called structural-functionalism c)historical particularism - that is, that cultures should be studied historically or not at all as Franz Boas said d)culturalism - the idea that culture forces people to act as they do

b)the idea that structure is associated with function - the approach that came to be called structural-functionalism

As investigators who illustrated the functionalist approach in anthropology, both Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown performed ethnographic research focused on a)myth and ritual and the ways these aspects of culture created social cohesion b)the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution c)the evolutionary history of present-day cultural patterns d)the symbolic value that cultural traits and practices held with members of contemporary society e)the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary society

b)the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution

Which of the following best describes biological anthropology? a)the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem b)the study of human biological diversity c)the study of public health d)the study of language and linguistic diversity e)the study of biology through material remains

b)the study of human biological diversity

For Émile Durkheim, what kind of moral consensus was associated with so-called "primitive" societies? a)organic laws b)organic solidarity c)mechanical solidarity d)no answers are correct

???

Which of the following was not a main argument of the culture and personality school? a)it is possible to describe the personalities of whole cultures b)each culture has its own personality c)"deviance" is culture-bound no d)culture and personality result from real social relationships of power and class conflict

????

Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however, a)the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community b)there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis c)all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices d)there has been a shift within the discipline toward recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information e)this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works

b)there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis

Which of the following is NOT an area of specialization of the faculty in the Department of Anthropology at the University of South Florida? a)Community heritage b)Medical anthropology and community wellness c)Extra-terrestrial anthropology - that is, the anthropology of extra-terrestrial beings d)All answers are correct

c)Extra-terrestrial anthropology - that is, the anthropology of extra-terrestrial beings

The work of which of the following anthropologists illustrated a renewed interest in cultural change and even evolution (although of a very different sort than Tylor and Morgan had in mind)? a)Margaret Mead b)Victor Turner c)Julian Steward d)Max Gluckman e)Ruth Benedict

c)Julian Steward

In the Department of Anthropology at the University of South Florida a)Research is never done in the local (Tampa) community - anthropologists always go abroad for their research b)The anthropologists do not engage in certain kinds of research because it's best done by other disciplines - climate change is a prime example that is best researched by the faculty in Environmental Science c)No answers are correct d)Students must first obtain their M.A. or Ph.D. degree before they are allowed to do research

c)No answers are correct

Which of the following statements about theories is the most accurate? a)Theories are untested explanations for something b)Theories refer to a covariation of variables c)Theories provide explanations for associations d)Theories are generalizations that are universally valid e)Theories state a uniform association between two variables

c)Theories provide explanations for associations

Interpretive anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz approach the study of culture as a)distinct from human psychology b)underlying sets of rules that must be deciphered through the analysis of cultural patterns c)a system of meaning d) diachronic phenomenon e)functional puzzles

c)a system of meaning

The actions individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities are referred to as a)free will b)psychological individualism c)agency d)dynamic structuralism e)volition

c)agency

Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how a)Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major b)archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people c)archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples d)archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people e)training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained f)archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory

c)archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples

Why do anthropologists now study the relationship between culture and power? a)all answers are correct b)because they want to understand how change happens c)because power means the ability to direct change - including cultural change d)because they realize that culture is defined by those with more power over others

c)because power means the ability to direct change - including cultural change ??

Primatology is a specialty within a) cultural anthropology b)linguistic anthropology c)biological anthropology d)applied anthropology e)anthropological archaeology

c)biological anthropology

The Kottak book mentions the work of Wolf and Mintz, both students of Julian Steward, as illustrations of approaches that a)are just as deterministic as the old evolutionary models, but for different reasons b)ignore the role of history in shaping culture as we know it c)consider the relevance of world-system theory and political economy to anthropology d)focus on the study of cultures as closed systems, untouched by regional and even global dynamics e)put human agency at the center of cultural analysis

c)consider the relevance of world-system theory and political economy to anthropology

Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive. It is maladaptive when a)it exhibits cultural traits that are not shared with the majority of the group b)it threatens the core values of a culture that guarantee its integration c)cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence d)cultural traits diminish the survival of particular individuals but not others e)cultural traits, patterns, and inventions disrupt the world economy, causing international discontent

c)cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence

For Franz Boas, as shown in "The Shackles of Tradition," what was the relationship between culture and environment? a)we don't' know - he never offered an opinion on the subject b)culture was determined directly by environment c)culture was not completely determined by environment d)it depended on if the culture in question was the Inuit or the Kwakiutl or the New Yorkers

c)culture was not completely determined by environment

The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back perhaps 3 million years. This date corresponds to a)the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa b)the advent of anatomically modern primates c)early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record d)a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity e)evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats

c)early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record

An important discovery made by cultural anthropologists is that a)this is a trick question - cultural anthropologists leave questions of language to linguistic anthropologists b)language and culture are two different things and must be studied independently c)language is of critical importance to learning and passing on culture d)it all depends on the language - some languages are beautiful and strong while others are destined to disappear

c)language is of critical importance to learning and passing on culture

Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying both a)personal and impersonal research approaches b)reflexive and salvage approaches c)local- and scientist-oriented research approaches d)local and bifocal research approaches e)genealogical and survey methods

c)local- and scientist-oriented research approaches

What historical method was NOT used in the research project on wine tourism? a)research in local newspapers b)oral history research c)sampling the DNA of the grapes to trace their origins d)archival research

c)sampling the DNA of the grapes to trace their origins

Why was it claimed that American author and poet Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) was important for research methods in anthropology? a)she wondered about the meaning of life and anthropologists interpret this as a charge to investigate other cultures to find out b)no answers are correct c)she reminds us that all methods (and theory for that matter) is in answer to questions d)she majored in anthropology at Radcliffe College, then the women's college of all-male Harvard University

c)she reminds us that all methods (and theory for that matter) is in answer to questions

The Kottak book's survey of the major theoretical perspectives that have characterized anthropology highlights all of the following EXCEPT a)a continuous concern with scientific fundamentals and whether or not anthropology's research subject is best studied scientifically b)attention to whether or not anthropological data ought to be comparative across time and space c)the theoretical and methodological shift from complexity to models that simplify human diversity d)the discipline's profound commitment to understanding human diversity e)a continuous concern with how to define and study culture

c)the theoretical and methodological shift from complexity to models that simplify human diversity

Which of the following was NOT an aim of the nineteenth-century evolutionists? a)to establish social science on par with natural science b)to understand the nature of human societies through history c)to show that human cultures never change no d)to search for reasons for cultural change

c)to show that human cultures never change no

In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position but a methodological one. It states that a)to bring about desired cultural change, anthropologists should act as emissaries of the most evolved cultural values b)because cultural values vary between cultures, they cannot be analyzed and compared c)to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things d)to understand another culture, we must use tactics to try to jar people so that their true views are revealed e)some cultures are relatively better than others

c)to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things

What are cultural particularities? a)cultural traits of individuals rather than of groups b)traits isolated from other traits in the same culture c)traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others d)the most general aspect of culture patterns e)different levels of culture

c)traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others

How did the assumptions of humankind's cultural past held by Karl Marx differ from those of theorists such as Herbert Spencer, E.B. Tylor, and Lewis Henry Morgan? a)Marx was a progressivist of a kind while the others were degenerationists b)Marx was not a progressivist in the way that Spencer, Tylor, and Morgan were but, instead, he argued that humans evolved in societies characterized by primitive communism c)Marx adhered to Durkheim's theory of organic and mechanical solidarity while the others did not d) there are no significant differences in the thought of all of these theorists — that's why they were discussed in the lecture together

d) there are no significant differences in the thought of all of these theorists — that's why they were discussed in the lecture together ???

How are cultural rights different from human rights? a)The term cultural rights is a politically-correct synonym for human rights b)The United Nations protects human rights but not cultural rights c)Human rights are real, whereas cultural rights are just perceived d)Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals e)Cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights

d)Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals

As we saw in the film "Off the Verandah," the kula is an important cultural institution in the life of the Trobriand Islanders. What is the kula? a)a ceremony where blankets and other items are given away, buried, or tossed into the sea b)"Off the Verandah" was not about the Trobriand Islanders c)the trade in magical charms with trading partners in other islands - they are used to protect people against the magic used by the chief d)the trade in arms shells and necklaces with trading partners in other islands

d)the trade in arms shells and necklaces with trading partners in other islands

What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared? a)Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions b)Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person c)Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual d)Culture is an attribute of particular individuals e)Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups

e)Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups

Which of the following is NOT true about culture? a)Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it b)Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior c)Culture is passed on from generation to generation Answer: B d)Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success e)Culture is passed on genetically to future generations

e)Culture is passed on genetically to future generations

The American Anthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service role by recognizing that anthropology has which two dimensions? a)cultural resource management and medical anthropology b)private anthropology and public anthropology c)ethnology and public ethnography d)applied anthropology and practicing anthropology e)academic anthropology and applied anthropology

e)academic anthropology and applied anthropology

In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship, based on personal contact, a)as well as on payment, based on local standards, for people's time spent with the researcher b)that is necessary in conducting any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology c)that if done properly ensures the ethnographer's ability to conduct detached, unbiased research d)and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture e)achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation

e)achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation

Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity's beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued a)that language must have originated among the Neandertals b)that biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity c)that even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare d)that general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology e)against treating cultures as isolated phenomena

e)against treating cultures as isolated phenomena

Which of the following is an example of independent invention, the process by which people in different societies have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways? a)language b)globalization c)acculturation d)culture e)agriculture

e)agriculture

What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? a)genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics b)medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology c)primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology d)archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology e)biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology

e)biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology

What process is most responsible for the existence of international culture? a)gene flow b)cultural relativism c)ethnocentrism d)dendritic acculturation e)cultural diffusion

e)cultural diffusion

People have to eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example of how a)biology dominates culture b)we are all just uncultured animals c)individuals are powerless to alter the strong relationship between nature and culture d)"human nature" is a cultural construction, an idea we have in our minds that has nothing to do with true nature e)culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways

e)culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways

Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the following EXCEPT a)depth and color vision b)grasping ability c)substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring d)learning ability based on a large brain e)echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields

e)echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields

Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains a)gathering large quantities of data on a limited budget b)defining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the particular culture so unlike any other c)collaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local culture d)providing detailed descriptions of "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior e)entering the community and getting to know its people

e)entering the community and getting to know its people

The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called a)patriotism b)cultural relativism c)illiteracy d)moral relativism e)ethnocentrism

e)ethnocentrism

The view that each element of culture, such as the culture trait or trait complex, has its own distinctive history, and that social forms (such as totemism in different societies) that might look similar are not comparable because of their different histories, is known as a)the Boasian approach b)cultural generalism c)comparative functionalism d)structural functionalism e)historical particularism

e)historical particularism

As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products a) have made some human groups more cultured than others b)are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants c)prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature d)rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible e)rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon

e)rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon

There are two meanings of globalization: globalization as fact and process, and globalization as ideology and contested policy. What is the primary and neutral meaning of globalization as it is applicable to anthropology? a)opposition to global free trade b)the impact of the world on the rest of the universe c)the efforts by international financial powers to create a global free market for goods and services d)promotion of the interests of multinational corporations at the expense of farmers and workers e)the spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies across the world

e)the spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies across the world

Lewis Henry Morgan is well known for his work League of the Iroquois, considered anthropology's earliest ethnography. This and others of his works illustrate his view of unilinear evolutionism, which is that a)cultural diversity was actually a sign of the slowing down of cultural evolution b)only the better and more civilized societies could survive c)natural selection acts simultaneously on the biological and cultural aspects of human life d)all societies are on some path toward civilization, but the exact paths vary e)there is one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this path involves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage of civilization

e)there is one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this path involves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage of civilization

The research project on wine tourism given as an example was set a)in Napa Valley, northern California b)in Alicante Province, Spain c)no answers are correct d)in the Rioja region of Spain

not a

Which of the following is a cultural generality? a)the use of symbols b)the use of fire c)exogamy d)the nuclear family e)the incest taboo

d)the nuclear family

The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of the following is NOT a reason anthropologists and the AAA Executive Board object to the use of anthropologists in the military? a)Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel b)Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as anthropologists, distinct from military personnel c)Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to the local people they study d)It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without feeling coerced, thereby compromising "voluntary informed consent" in the AAA Code of Ethics e)The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of anthropologists to disclose who they are

a)Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel

What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior"? a)Features of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become clear b)Everyday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural "noise," and it is the anthropologist's job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that distinguish one culture from another c)Everyday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking key informants to explain them d)Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of e)Everyday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic study

d)Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of

As we see in the film "The Shackles of Tradition," what role did turn of twentieth-century New York played in the development of Boas's thought? a)he sought to combat anti-immigrant nativism with his research b)he became a public intellectual speaking out against racism c)he himself was part of the immigrant experience d)all answers are correct

d)all answers are correct

Which of the following was true of evolutionism in nineteenth-century anthropology? a)evolutionist anthropologists argued that "civilization's" past could be seen as reflected in contemporary groups or societies who were "primitive" b)many evolutionist anthropologists uncritically applied Darwin's ideas c)evolutionist anthropologists argued that all of humankind started out in "primitive" societies and cultures and some were advancing d)all answers are correct

d)all answers are correct

Why did the wine tourism project use a mixed research methods approach? a)wine capitalism is a complex phenomenon encompassing business, agriculture, environment, and government b)one single research method would not reveal a true and complete picture of the situation c)it was a team project and each team member specialized in a particular research method d)all answers are correct

d)all answers are correct

"What right do ethnographers have to represent a people or culture to which they don't belong?" This question illustrates a)the threat that the World Wide Web poses to anthropologists who are less and less needed to write about and publish accounts of cultural diversity b)the problem inherent in anthropology's overspecialization c)the fact that anthropologists are, after all, colonial agents of the industrialized West d)anthropology's crisis in representation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature of ethnographic authority e)a lack of leadership in the American Anthropological Association

d)anthropology's crisis in representation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature of ethnographic authority

In survey research, a sample should a)include the entire population in question b)include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer c)target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior d)be constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population e)be invariant

d)be constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population

As we see in the film "Off the Verandah," Bronislaw Malinowski a)no answers are correct b)never really was able to learn the language of the people he studied, the Trobriand Islanders, as attested by some of his field informants c)was almost killed by the chief's magic because he tried to keep some of the arm shells and the necklaces d)came to anthropology from another discipline - he already had a doctorate in philosophy with an emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences when he started to study anthropology

d)came to anthropology from another discipline - he already had a doctorate in philosophy with an emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences when he started to study anthropology

Applied anthropology a)focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills b)is a European phenomenon originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field c)approach became established among early twentieth-century U.S. academics d)encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems e)has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association

d)encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems

An agreement to take part in research after having the nature, procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as a)implied consent b)a research protocol briefing c)the do no harm directive d)informed consent e)etic and emic protocols

d)informed consent

More recent approaches in historical anthropology, while sharing an interest in power with world-system theorists, have focused more on a)the role of colonial bureaucracies in shaping international culture b)how anthropological theory can aid NGOs in writing an alternate history of oppressed peoples c)the structural causes of colonialism d)local agency, the transformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized societies e)the state's role in denying some of its citizens a place in history

d)local agency, the transformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized societies

Human rights are seen as inalienable. This means that a)they are universally accepted by all individuals b)they are vested in groups and not individuals c)no one can abuse them d)nations cannot abridge or terminate them e)anthropologists have no moral grounds to question them

d)nations cannot abridge or terminate them

The relatively recent creation of virtual worlds has attracted contemporary ethnographers to venture into online communities. Of the various techniques used to study these virtual worlds, which has been most important? a)genealogical method b)interviews c)key consultants d)participant observation e)life histories

d)participant observation

In survey research, what is sampling? a)the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants b)a form of participant observation c)the collection of life histories of every member in a community d)the collection of a study group from a larger population e)a collection reflecting the emic perspective

d)the collection of a study group from a larger population