Anthropology Exam 2
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
(all of the above) we understand the material world through the language we speak, language is a guide to "social reality", the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up from the language habits of a particular social group
The use of MtDNA sequencing and the establishment of haplogroups allowed researchers working on the Hoyo Negro project to establish
A high degree of overlap with current indigenous peoples
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish
A more specific age for a fossil or piece of organic material, based either on analyzing a piece of the fossil, or of the rocks surrounding the fossil or artifact? (couldn't find quizlet answer)
Which project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist?
A study of landscape change
The Canadian government helps preserve the use of French by requiring all official documents to be written in both English and French. The provincial government of the Canadian province of Quebec has implemented further regulations that require that signs have French letters larger than English letters. Why is the size of letters important?
All of the above
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
All of the above
Which locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
All of the above
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
All of the above
People participate in globalization by
All of the above (consuming coca cola, watching tv, migrating to distant cities for work)
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American sign language
Although all primates use some form of call system, some, such as __________ and _____________, are known to be capable of more complex communication than a simple call system.
Chimps; gorillas
When archaeologists recover and analyze ancient non-fossilized remains, such as the teeth found in Hoyo Negro, they are most likely to use
DNA analysis
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
Elaborating symbols
___________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
Exiles
T/F: Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.
False
T/F: Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own.
False
T/F: Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States.
False
T/F: Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak
False
T/F: Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation
False
T/F: Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before
False
T/F: In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.
False
T/F: Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries
False
T/F: Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.
False
T/F: People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
False
T/F: The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more
False
T/F: The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils
False
T/F: When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same
False
T/F: Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False (qualitative)
Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?
Fieldwork
_________________ happens under special environmental conditions and can turn hard tissues into stone.
Fossilization
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
Genealogical method
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
Genealogical method
According to anthropologists, ____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross- cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
Globalization
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
Globalization, migration, colonialism, and commerce (all answers are correct)
______________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.
Headnotes
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
History
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols
Key scenarios, summarizing symbols, and elaborating symbols
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
Language
The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?
Language ideology
Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language: ___________ and the ways people speak it: ____________
Langue; parole
____________ ___________ is the idea that people speaking different languages perceive the world differently.
Linguistic relativity
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
Migrants
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
Morphology
________________ questions encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful.
Open-ended
The study of ancient plants as a means of reconstructing prehistoric environments is known as ________________
Paleoethnobotany
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
Parole
Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?
Participant observation
__________________________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."
Participant observation
The approach that compares ancient texts and documents to analyze long-term linguistic change is called ______________
Philology
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
_________ are words or objects that stand for something else
Signs
_______________ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.
Sociolinguistics
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
Survey interview
In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?
Test pits
T/F: A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it
True
T/F: A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
T/F: According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.
True
T/F: Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious
True
T/F: America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices
True
T/F: Archaeologists are making a mistake when they clean samples of potsherds for analysis.
True
T/F: Elaborating symbols and summarizing symbols work in opposite ways
True
T/F: Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.
True
T/F: If the exact location of a fossil or archaeological artifact is not known it is usually impossible to determine an accurate date for it.
True
T/F: Localization is the flip side of globalization
True
T/F: Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake.
True
T/F: Studying pottery is an important part of understanding ancient cultures because potsherds break but never completely decompose under normal environmental conditions.
True
T/F: The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies
True
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
Understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
a metaphor
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in
a study of a low income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
Remote sensing techniques are
a way to correlate magnetic and locational data
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action research
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):
all of the above
Which of the following is a feature of language?
all of the above; communication, systematic, consists of sounds organized into words
If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze:
an event before 15,000 years old
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
World systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world, better explain uneven development through time and space, and better understand local social relations (all of the above)
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a _______ ______________
call system
The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is
called the clash of civilizations theory
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a ___________ _______
commodity chain
. Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Early anthropologists used the ____________ method to establish models of social evolution.
comparative
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
creole
Franz Boas and his students were _____________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
Cultural _________ often exists not in spite of but because of global interconnections.
diversity
Bronislaw Malinowski developed the ______________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."
ethnographic
The method linguistic anthropologists use for recording oral poetry, stories, and ritual language is
ethnopoetics
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
explains complex relationships in a single symbol
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in several dialects
Cultural _____________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
imperialism
The major goal of "development" is
improving health, expanding capitalist markets, and alleviating poverty (all of the above)
Anthropologists often disguise the identity of their ______________
informants
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
it developed over time, it is flexible, and it is dynamic (all of the above)
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world.
The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a
jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves
learning the local language, becoming involved in people's lives, spending a significant amount of time in the field (all answers are correct)
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
Words that differ by only one single sound contrast, like in the case of "ban," "man," and "pan," are called _____________ pairs.
minimal
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Anthropologists use __________________________ to juxtapose phenomena that were once thought worlds apart.
multi-sited ethnography
People around the world often think of development as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is ________________
on their own terms
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in
paleoanthropology
As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of
participant observation
Animal call systems are
patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiences
Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants
reasons for doing the research
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle aged, and senior citizens pronounces ordinary american words
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ____
red
One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of
regional surveys, GIS systems, surface surveys, and aerial surveys (all answers are correct)
The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through
seriation
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
On the island of Java in Indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's __________ _________ between speaker and listener.
social position
Environmental changes make it essential that an archaeologist understand the proximal relationship of ___________ and habitation sites.
streambeds
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism, friction, and creolization (all of the above)
If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?
the density of the population in the several communities
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within
Cultural differences are often caused by
the isolation of communities
A commodity chain analysis applied to motor cars would be interested in all of the following except
the layout of the factory in which they are built
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
When anthropologists go into the field
they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered (all of the above)
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The ability to discover ancient remains and draw inferences about our earliest human ancestors is sometimes helped by
trace fossils
Often, anthropologists use the term ______________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transnational
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using a larynx
Many arguments over global integration are about _________ ______ ________, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.
winners and losers