anthropology midterm
functionalism
According to Emily Cowall in the Culture Concept, an approach that focuses on the way customs or social institutions contribute to the organization of society and maintenance of social order is called:
enculturation
According to Emily Cowall in the Culture Concept, the process of learning the characteristics of a culture or a group is called
e
According to Garcia's essay, which of the groups below was not discriminated against in the US at various points in the past? Irish Italians Russian None of the Above faced discrimination All of the above faced discrimination
b (Ethiopian)
According to Justin Garcia's essay, Race and Ethnicity, which of the one below was not part of German anthropologist Johann Blumenbach's 5 racial category in 1795? American (red of American Indian) Egyptian (black or African) Caucasian (white) Malayan (brown or Pacific Islander) Mongolian (yellow or East Asian)
Double Burden
It means women are responsible for both domestic labor and paid labor, so earn outside, also work at home Result: It forces some women to decide between a career and family Western Europe: Less gender bias towards women in work space and family friendly policies Latin America: Due to globalization in the past thirty years, the power of the unskilled workers has diminished so abundant amount of workers to help out with domestic work Africa: Need to perform domestic chores such as "collecting water and wood" takes away their free time
why study
When, where & how humans appeared on earth How and why they have changed since then How and why modern human populations vary in certain physical features How and why societies, past and present, have varied their customary ideas and practices
Iroquois
Which Native American Nation did Lewis Morgan study after his college?
d
Which among these tribes is described by Morgan and is a part of the Iroquois League? Cayugas Mohawks Onondaga All of the above None of the above
c
Which of the point below was not a reason according to Hurston for going back first to Eatonville, Florida, 'her native village' to research for her book, Of Mules and Men: She would be safe from hurt, harm and danger while collecting her data Everyone there knew her as Lucy Hurston's daughter She had a college diploma so everyone would feel proud The town was full of useful research material All of the above
Biological (Physical) Anthropology
answer 2 distinct questions: 1. Questions about the emergence or humans and their evolution- Paleoanthropology 2. Questions about how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically- Human Variation
morgan
ethnological career began when he joined a young men's club, the Grand Order of the Iroquois after graduating from college. In order to pattern this club upon the famous Iroquois confederacy, Morgan undertook a study of the Iroquois, their history, and their culture, particularly of the Seneca tribe. His study was published in 1851 as The League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois, dedicated to his friend and coworker Ely S. Parker, a Seneca Indian.
bands
hunter gathers: Small groups, homogenous occupation Egalitarian society; informal laws, mediators & occasional warfare Power of the leader is based on personal skills
Tylor
"Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by [a human] as a member of society." -in first anthropology textbook
Malinowski
"In order to understand another society, the ethnographer must slip into the natives skin"
kinship
Culturally recognized ties between members of a family, the social statuses used to define family members, expected behaviour associated with those statuses
Social drama (turner)
"A sequence of social interactions of conflictive competitive or agonist type" and he delineated it's stages as breach crisis redress and reintegration or schism Ex- president term and swearing in another one
Ethnology
'Anthropologist' Lewis Henry Morgan meets the same Iroquois also in 1845: Makes friends with Ely Parker and visits the tribe with him Spends time with the various tribe members observing their rituals and practices Is accepted as a member of the tribe Provided all the information about the Iroquois regarding their kinship structure and family by the tribe members Makes lifelong friends with many Iroquois
Ethnology
(Social cultural anthropology) The study of customary patterns of human behavior
hunter gathers
(from origin till 12,000 years back) Aquatic Pedestrian, example Bushmen Equestrian, Aonikenks of S. America
Peasants
(subsistence farmers) A Neolithic i.e. New Stone Age Revolution Sedentary groups: Often next to rivers and water bodies Assured high yield can support large population in a small geographical area Private ownership of land and other means of production such as bulls (South Asia) and horses (Europe) Unequal status of people: Complex societies with patriarchy, landless laborers Complex arts and crafts as well as tools
Hunter gathers
-Characteristics: Egalitarian society; division of labor at times Broad Spectrum diet Mobile, but could at times be sedentary! Original affluent society: all the people's material wants were easily satisfied No private property as natural environment fulfills all needs
Joint Family
-Culturally recognized ties between members of a family, the social statuses used to define family members, expected behaviour associated with those statuses -A very large extended family with multiple generations
Bronislaw Malinowski
-Did some fieldwork in the Pacific Islands and elsewhere Long-term fieldwork by a lone anthropologist who learns the local language, lives among the people he is studying and collects all kinds of data
Archaeology
-seeks to reconstruct the daily life and constructs if people in the past and to trace cultural changes -deals with prehistoric (before written records) and historical artifacts -try to connect past to present
boas
1892 to 1893: Project to bring the cultures of Native Americans to the general public as part of the Chicago World's Fair 1883-84 Inuit peoples in Baffin Island, Canada 1885-86: North Pacific Coast of North America Pioneered the concept of life group displays, commonly known as dioramas, and exhibited skulls of various peoples to demonstrate the irrelevance of brain size and argue the diminished significance of theories of racial distinction between humans
Nuclear Family
A Parent of Parents who are in a culturally recognized relationship such as marriage, along with minor or dependent children
transgender
A category for people who transition from one sex to another, either male-to-female or female-to-male
Third Gender
A gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one of more gender roles separate from male and female
domestic group
A group of people who live together even if members don't consider themselves a family
segmentation
A hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members. E.g. Nuers E.g. 2: Caste system of India: 4 varna (groups), an 'untouchable' caste of Dalits at the bottom Japan: Burakumin
matrilineal descent
A kinship group created through the maternal line (mother and their children)
patrilineal descent
A kinship group created through the paternal line (father and their children)
Heteronormativity
A term coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the often-unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation.
cisgender
A term used to describe those who identify with sex and gender they were assigned at birth
Biological determinism
A theory that biological differences between males and females leads to fundamentally different capacities, preferences, and gendered behaviors. This suggests that gender roles are rooted in biology, not culture, which is an unscientific claim.
Liminality
A transitional stage, potentially dangerous
d
According to E-P, the political system of the Nuers has these features except: Raid the Dinkas for cattle all the time Division into various segments Their society is egalitarian and deeply democratic Nuers do not fight within themselves Nuers and Dinkas are pastoralist groups
e
According to Lumen's chapter on Sex and Gender, all of the points below are true about Double Burden except: It means women are responsible for both domestic labor and paid labor It forces some women to decide between a career and family Western Europe: No gender bias towards women in work space Latin America: Due to globalization in the past thirty years, the power of the unskilled workers has diminished so abundant amount of workers to help out with domestic work Africa: Need to perform domestic chores such as "collecting water and wood" takes away their free time
Death
According to Lumen's chapter on Sex and Gender, the World Health Organization states that violence against women occurs through all of the different stages of life cycle given below except? Elderly Adulthood Adolescence Infancy Death
E (dependence on foraging went down)
According to Paul Roscoe, the effects of Western Contact on New Guinea's Hunter-gatherers include all of the below except: Pressure to increase use of domesticated reserves Administrative Pressures Pacification Increased distance between settlements and traditional foraging reserves Increased dependence on foraging
e
According to anthropologist Joel E Dimsdale in his essay, The Nacirema Revisited, all of the following traditions, cults and rituals given below characterise the North American tribe except: Occabot Srotcod Modeerf Namnug All of the above are part of the Nacirema rituals
Revitalization movement
An organized attempt to create a more satisfying culture; the new culture is often modeled after previous modes of living Eg revival of tea party movement
segmentary society
Are 'traditional' societies Comprised of clans, each clan is a group of closely-knit interrelated families A segmentary society i.e. repetitions of homogenous groupings hence 'segmental' Consanguinity i.e. blood relations is its basis, but different clans or clan members, even though unknown to each other, on meeting will consider each other as kins A clan is a fundamental political unit Clan heads are the only societal authorities Clans could fight within themselves (Nuer vs. Nuer) or unite to fight as one unit if facing an 'outsider'(Nuer vs. Dinka) Fights are over control of resources and honor: land, cattle, women So, how is US different when it periodically finds 'Dinkas' to fight periodically? (Ans. tomorrow: via Emile Durkheim)
A
As per Katie Nelson's Doing Fieldwork, all of the points below are important features of ethnographic research except: a)Use one's own culture as the yardstick for comparison b)Study of small scale isolate groups c)Use of mostly Qualitative research methods and at times quantitative methods too d)Participation informs an emic perspective of culture e)Study of complex, technologically advanced societies
C
As per Katie Nelson's Doing Fieldwork, all of the points below are vital components of ethnography except: a) Cultural Relativism b) Participant-Observation Method c) Ethnocentrism d) Inductive Research e) Deductive Approach
Fallow
As per the National Geographic Society entry on agriculture, the term for not cultivation of a field for a period is:
c
As per the WikiEducator article, the four types of political systems involving humans are all the ones below except? Chiefdoms Tribe Democracy Band States
Farming (production of food)
As per the Wikieducator article, the different types of food gathering i.e. foraging groups include all of the below except: Equestrian Pedestrian Farming Aquatic All of the above are foraging groups
Wage farmers (not a form of food production)
As per the Wikieducator article, the different types of food production groups include all of the below except: Pastoralists Shifting agriculturalists Wage laborers Farmers Horticulturists
egalitarian
Bands and pastoralists are
a
Based on DH Johnson's 1982 essay, which of these statements does not characterise Evans-Pritchard's attitude towards anthropology and colonialism? He supported colonialism He felt it was the primary job of anthropology to seek for laws, not help colonial administrators His theories addressed issues of colonial thinking He tried to understand both the Nuers and the administrators on their own terms as humans His approach was different from missionaries
Ethnography
Based on first hand fieldwork Data collected Analyzed synthesized in a text or film ** outsiders traveling to small communities to live there and study all aspects of local behavior, belief, tradition and other daily life Learning the language and customs beforehand Data collected: Taking notes & photos, also remembering things to write them later - participant-observation method; key informants, example Debbie Analyzed and synthesized into an essay (book chapter here)
Victor turner
British cultural anthropologist best known for his work on symbols, rituals and rites of passage SYMBOL ANTHROPOLOGY-study of cultural symbols to understand a society -did many years of fieldwork in Africa and later in Europe and the americas -he explained and applied his theories studying various tribes in Africa to explain social phenomenon in postindustrial societies
Which of these theoretical formulations was not given by victor turner Liminality Millenarian movement Cultural relativism Social drama Communitas
C (boas thought this)
boas
Careful historical reconstruction, and antipathy towards speculative, evolutionary models Rejection of the then popular evolutionary approaches to the study of culture, which saw all societies progressing through a set of hierarchic technological and cultural stages, with Western European culture at the summit Culture developed historically through the interactions of groups of people and the diffusion of ideas There was no process towards continuously "higher" cultural forms
Pastoralists
Characteristics: example, Maasai group of Kenya & north Tanzania Gender Dynamics: Women do all labor of milking and cleaning, yet can't own cowMobile groups moving around with cattle Private Property: 'money on legs', only a few own lots; respect by raising a large herd of animals, Pastures too huge so it is part of the commons Complex land-management system of rotating pastures seasonally and geographically to preserve grass and water
Margaret Mead
Coming of Age in Samoa were questioned by some anthropologists decades after its publication. This same book is the biggest anthropology bestseller till date. So why study yet another...
Tylor (theoretical contributions)
Comparative Method: History of Origins of Similar Objects Cultural Diffusionism: Culture created by universally similar human minds; governed by same laws; no graded civilization Concept of Survivals: Processes, Customs etc. carried by habit from one place to another, example 'God Bless You' when sneezes
Lewis Morgan
Criticism: was not a trained social scientist. On top of that, his writing had ethnocentric tones. Worst, he subscribed to ideas of social Darwinism and evolutionary theory of humans from simple to complex. So why...
Androgyny
Cultural definitions of gender that recognizes some gender differentiation, but also accepts 'gender bending' and role-crossing according to individual capacities and preferences.
Communitas (Victor Turner)
Defined as a "society as an unstructured or rudimentary structured and relatively undifferentiated cumitatus, community or even communion of equal individuals who submit together to the general authority of the ritual elders -individuals lack social identities and therefore confront each other as concrete unique and equal individuals -____ is fragile not Intended to last forever -people stand tg outside society and society is strengthened by this ex-residential college
unilateral
Descent is recognized only through one side of the family
e
During his fieldwork, Malinowski did all of this except: a)Walked around the village in the mornings b)Took part in all local festivals c)Gave donations of tobacco to the natives d)Was very polite and careful to not disturb the locals e)Took personal interest in the gossip
tylor
Founder of Cultural Anthropology Wrote the first textbook of Anthropology First professor of Anthropology He was the keeper of the Oxford University Museum Wrote several books on Anthropology that helped in starting a new discipline -quaker wasn't excepted to Oxford or Cambridge -Critical of the Catholic Church and Poverty Returns to England & writes Anahuac, a travelogue
standard interview method
Francis Parkman, the foremost US historian of the Nineteenth Century meets the Iroquois in 1845 for his book: "I got the Inds. [at Onondaga] into excellent humor by presents of cigars and pipes. They are to hold a general council of the Six Nations at Tonawanda in the Fall. They were the worst people in the world to extract information from: the external grunted "yas" of acquiescence follows every question you may ask, without distinction."
malinowski
Functionalism:Rejected Evolutionary Paradigm, instead Theory of functionalism: Culture functioned to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole. He reasoned that when the needs of individuals, who comprise society, are met, then the needs of society are met
Anthropology from traditional to modern
Hunter gatherers Pastoralists Peasants Modern industrialized societies
Bilateral Descent
One's ancestry is recognized through both the father and mother's side of the family
b
In Carol Silverman's essay, 'Who's the Gypsy Here?', what did the ethnographer do after the funeral ceremony ended: Went to see a movie Wrote down her fieldwork notes from memory Went back to her apartment to take rest Went to see the shooting of The King of Gypsies None of these
North Africa (Sudan)
In which region of the world did Evans-Pritchard conduct his fieldwork?
Participant Observation Method
Informal interviews, direct observation by living with the group for 1-2 years, absorbing local language and culture, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, results from activities undertaken off or online, and life-histories
Boas
Introduced the idea of cultural relativism: cultures cannot be objectively ranked as higher or lower, or better or more correct, but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture -The object of anthropology was to understand the way in which culture conditioned people to understand and interact with the world in different ways Commitment to empiricism and his methodological cultural relativism Anthropologists continue to honor his critique of racial ideologies
bilateral
One's ancestry is recognized through both the father and mother's side of the family
Tribes chiefdoms kingdoms
Law: Codified, based on religion Warfare: Raids and Feuds Integration: Kin-based clans; marriages as maintaining relations and making new alliances i.e. giving and taking of women across families, kin groups and tribes since they are all patriarchal societies
state level (modern)
Law: Codified, based on secular or a mix with religion Warfare: Direct or indirect, diplomacy and sanctions Integration: Formal contract system & division of labor Stratification: Classes - lower, middle and upper
ep
Major theoretical contributions to study of religion and kinship Brought in the aspect of history while studying a group Analyzed the political systems of various African tribes in details that in turn revolutionized the study of governments
biological sex
Male or female identity based on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes. While male and female are the most common biological sexes, a percentage of humans is intersex with ambiguous or mixed biological sex characteristics
Functionalism
Malinowski Social Theory :All cultural "traits" are functionally interrelated and form an integrated social whole.
Trobriand Islands
Malinowski conducted his fieldwork during World War I (1914-18) in:
Which of these is not a European language
Mandarin
Polygyny
Marriage where there is one husband and multiple wife, religious texts allowed it, or silent on it; Muslims in India- upto 4
Polyandry
Marriage with one wife and multiple husbands, examples Maasai of Tanzania, Nairs of Kerala till the 19 century
Serial Monogamy
Married to a succession of spouses one after another
Serial Monogamy
Married to a succession of spouses one after another, USA (though mistresses & multiple partners are common)
pastoralists
Mobile groups moving around with cattle: cows, goats, sheeps; camels, also dogs In temperate climate: yaks, sheep.
Mead
One of the founders of Modern Anthropology Did many years of fieldwork among other cultures & also studied the US society Pioneered the application of anthropological techniques to the study of contemporary cultures Argued that culture plays just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior Helped popularize Anthropology among the general public
benedict
One of the founders of Modern Anthropology One of the first women recognized as a prominent leader of a learned profession Did many years of fieldwork among other cultures & studying folklore Argued that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine factors Helped popularize Anthropology among the general public
Tribes, Chiefdoms & States
Peasants and Pastoralists Larger groups, varied occupation Non-egalitarian society; informal and laws, mediators & occasional warfare Power of the leader is based on personal skills as well as ascribed and achieved status
Hurston
Pioneer anthropologist who studied African-American folklore. The first Black woman to write several novels drawing heavily on her knowledge of human development and the African American experience in the US. Conducted many years of fieldwork all over southern USA, the Caribbean and Haiti collecting folklore, cultural practices and songs of African-Americans/Black
the culture concept
Place: Europe vs. USA Founders: Edward Tylor, Bronislaw Malinowski etc. vs. Franz Boas & his students Theoretical Approach: Functionalism vs. Cultural Relativism, enculturation 'West's' attempt at understanding its 'Other'
C
Quiz 2: Which of these countries did Edward Tylor travel in his youth that inspired him to write his first book? Russia India Mexico China Australia
descent groups
Relationship that provide members with a sense of identity and social support based on ties of shared ancestry
anthropology
Relatively new discipline Study began only in late 1800's Incorporates other disciplines: Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Economics, History, Human Biology, Philosophy and Literature.
peasants
Reliance on a few staple crops Mono-cropping: Reliance on a single plant species, or, can lead to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet Risk risks of crop failure
Benedict
Skilled fieldworker and ethnographer Conducted over eleven years of fieldwork among various Native American tribes focussing on their religion and folklore Following in the footsteps of Franz Boas, helped refute racist beliefs or superiority of Western culture Was a popular teacher and several of her students went on to become famous anthropologists Wrote a pamphlet, 'The Races of Mankind' for US troops in simple language with cartoon illustrations for making a scientific case against racist beliefs During 1943-45 was a special adviser to the US Office of War Information on dealing with the peoples of occupied territories and enemy lands Played a crucial role in the then US President Franklin D Roosevelt permitting continuation of the Japanese emperor's reign after Japan's surrender in World War II Popularized the field of anthropology among general public
Franz Boas
Skilled fieldworker and ethnographer Created the four field approach to Anthropology composed of the four subfields of Archaeology, Linguistics, Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology Many of his students went on to establish anthropology programs at other major universities Boas encouraged his students, by example, to criticize themselves as much as others
ep
Skilled fieldworker and ethnographer Work exemplified Cultural translation Relate moral philosophy and religion systematically with social behavior Claimed Anthropology not a Science but part of humanities His approach to anthropology was a decisive move away from armchair anthropologists
Mead
Skilled fieldworker and ethnographer Wrote over 30 books, edited 10 others, many articles Conducted over 14 field trips among various South Pacific islands* focussing on their social structure, adolescents, gender and kinship aspects Research focussed on problems of child rearing, personality, and culture Was a great mentor to many young anthropologists and sociologists nfluenced ideas of child rearing, education and adult culture Proponent of broadening sexual conventions in Western societies. Her reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures influenced the 1960s sexual liberation Was a key participant at the first United Nations (UN) forum Habit I in 1976 to recognize the magnitude and consequences of rapid urbanization on human settlements Popularized the field of anthropology among general public
Hurston
Skilled fieldworker and ethnographer Conducted many years of fieldwork among various Black communities of the South and the Caribbeans to document their local cultural practices and beliefs Pioneer African-American/Black woman writer of fiction and nonfiction A key figure of the Harlem Renaissance that helped shape a new Black identity; she also recorded it through her writings A key figure in several disciplines including Women's Studies, African-American Studies and Anthropology Documented both hopes and frustrations of being a Black and woman in the early twentieth century Among her many posthumous honors include a Google Doodle on her 123rd Birthday in 2014.
why do we study anthropology
Solving practical problems To alleviate misunderstandings between different cultural groups To understand physical differences How and why modern human populations vary in certain physical features How and why societies, past and present, have varied their customary ideas and practices
industrial Revolution
Steam Engine (1774)* and Industrial Revolution Revolution in communication, transportation & production Connected world and movement of people (slaves; later indentured laborers) and goods Movement of minerals, seeds and goods Rise and expansion of globally-linked plantation economy New Disciplines such as Anthropology; also Sociology to an extent: their study populations
Sociocultural anthropology
Study of cultural variation among humans
Millenarian Movement
The belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. Ex-nazi Germany
sororate marriage
The practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife, many agricultural communities
E
The shrines room of each of the North American tribe Nacirema's household described by anthropologist Horace Minor in the Body Rituals Among the Nacirema could possibly mean: Temple Fireplace Church Holy Tower None of these
family
The smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to each other
aim of sociocultural anthropology
To highlight the unity and diversity of humankind in a systematic manner using case studies and social theory instead of Unity in uniformity: religion, race, language, politics etc.
stratified
Tribes, Peasant and Modern Societies are
stratification
Two or more mutually exclusive population; differential access to resources
Edward Burnett Tylor
Was a believer in social evolutionism:* simple to complex *Inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution of life on earth from simple to complex. Argued for the progressive development of culture Powerful advocate of the physical & psychological unity of all mankind Identified the earliest form of religious belief as 'animism'
Biological, Archaeology, Linguistics, and Cultural
What are the four main subfields of anthropology?
culture
What is the term for local behavior, belief, traditions, economic institutions, and other elements of daily life ?
d
Which of the points below has not been made by Boas about race in The Mind of Primitive Man? a-The term race, as applied to human types, is vague. b-It has biological significance only when a race represents a uniform, closely inbred group as in pure breeds of domesticated animals. c-Many different constitutional types composing a race cannot be considered as absolutely permanent. d-There is uniform behavior of all the individuals and genetic lines composing the race. e-The diversity of local types found in Europe is due to the intermingling of the various earlier types that lived on the continent.
b
Which of these research techniques was not used by Ruth Benedict while researching for her book, Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Seeing Japanese movies Ethnographic fieldwork in Japan Face-to-face interviews Literature on the Japanese by 'Occidental' observers Writings by the Japanese people themselves
A
Which of these statements is not true about adolescent girls (p. 29-30) in Mead's chapter, The Education of the Samoan Child: Girls cannot go on fishing expeditions Theoretically, the bulk of the cooking is done by the boys Learn to recognize trees and plants Learn how to weave fish basket Use Pua trees to sew beautiful necklaces
Harlem Renaissance
With which cultural movement in the US was Zora Neale Hurston closely associated?
implicit
bias that are attitudes and beliefs
explicit
bias that are conscious
tylor
criticism: was an armchair intellectual who barely travelled, and his contribution is not regarded as one of much importance by his succeeding British Social Anthropologists.
Zora Hurston
criticized her use of dialect as a caricature of African-American culture rooted in a racist tradition. Example of her style: 'Oh lawd, Ah wants to preach.' She was working as a maidservant her last few years of life, died poor and alone, and was buried in an unmarked grave. So...
horticulturalist
garden supply Example: Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea Periodically move to use new locations, sometimes known as shifting cultivation Once abandoned, farm fields immediately begin to return to a forested state Limited mechanical technologies Relying on physical labor of people and animals, e.g. oxen Plants as basis for social relationships Every man maintains a yam garden, but he is not permitted to keep his entire crop; must share what they grow with daughters, sisters, and even with wives' family members Women "own" the yams Yams must be given to the chief or saved to exchange on special occasions such as weddings, funerals, or festivals
of mules and men
is the first great collection of black America's folk world. In the 1930's, Zora Neale Hurston returned to her "native village" of Eatonville, Florida to record the oral histories, sermons and songs, dating back to the time of slavery, which she remembered hearing as a child. In her quest, she found herself and her history throughout these highly metaphorical folk-tales. With this collection, Zora Neale Hurston has come to reveal and preserve a beautiful and important part of American culture.
anthropology
is the study of mankind humankind everywhere, throughout time.
ruth benedict
personal life drew more attention both during her lifetime and afterwards than her work as an anthropologist. This was the case despite the fact that she wrote one of the biggest bestsellers and influential books on anthropology. So who is this person and..
Morgan
studied law: Education: Union college, 1838-40 Law: Read it with a firm, joined another firm, admitted to Bar in 1842 Secret Society with friends: Grand Order of **** Initiation rite: Inindianation (Spiritual transformation into Native Americans, 'Indians') to resurrect the spirit of the Indians; tried to learn the languages, assumed *** names
Linguistic Anthropology
studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time, meaning and language in context How languages change over time and how they are related