Anthropology- Structures of Power (Gender) Chapter 8

Identify the true statements about domestic violence in the United States.

-ages: 20-24 are greatest risk -men who witnessed violence as a child are more likely to become abusers -women of all backgrounds are at risk -1/3 of women will be abused by a partner in her lifetime

Sustainable Development Goals

-end all forms of discrimination, violence, forced marriage and genital mutilation for women -recognized unpaid labor -equal oppurtunities for leadership -equal access to sexual health and economic resources -technology for women

In her ethnography Dude, You're a Fag (2007), C. J. Pascoe explores the construction of masculinity in a racially diverse high school in California. Identify what she found out about gender construction in this school.

-heterosexual men were also called fag -white males used fag more -lesbians were allowed to participate in masculine gender performance -masculinity can be associated with women

misrepresentation of the Kinsey study

-people focus on the extremes (homo and hero) -reinforced the binary -heterosexuality is the norm

Place the events that led to the development and evolution of the CO-MADRES organization and movement in El Salvador in order from the first event to the most recent.

-the Salvadorian civil war began- violence against dissentants -CO-MADRES formed to demand info about victims -CO-MADRES protested to bring to light atrocities committed -evolved to demand women's rights, gender violence justice, inclusion for women in government

The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story influences contemporary U.S. gender ideologies. Identify which of the following statements are components of the story.

-the behavior of early humans effects us today -The behavior of early humans was cemented into our DNA and continues to influence human behavior today. -A more sedentary lifestyle, cooperativeness, and nurturance are natural expectations of female humans. -Inventiveness, mobility, and time away from home are natural expectations of human males.

gender performance

the way gender identity is expressed through action

Gender performance refers to the way in which gender is expressed through action. Identify what is true or untrue about gender performance. TRUE

Both men and women can display stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics. Anthropologists are increasingly focused on gender as an identity that is expressed through action.

Early anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski completed extensive research in the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific in the early twentieth century. Fifty years later, anthropologist Annette Weiner returned to the same site and undertook her own research, with very different findings. Identify the findings about the Trobriand economic system as that either of Malinowski or Weiner.

Bronislaw Malinowski's Findings: -Men participated in the Kula Ring, an elaborate exchange of ornamental items between islands. -Women did not have an active participatory role in economic exchange. Annette Weiner's Findings: -Women created and exchanged bundles of banana leaves and skirts. -Women and men participated in the exchange of yams.

Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador.

CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality.

Historically, biological science has tended to create distinct mental maps of reality for male and female anatomy. Human males and females are said to demonstrate sexual dimorphism, which refers to phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. Identify whether the following characteristics generally apply to men or women.

Female: longer life span and longer endurance Male: bigger bodies and deeper voice

While the "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story still influences contemporary gender ideology, scientific evidence on early human society and behavior does not support the narrative. Identify the examples of current scientific evidence.

Foraging societies had (and have) a flexible division of labor. Hunting may not have been as integral to human survival as was previously thought.

Identify the effects of these unnecessarily gendered products, such as the pink and green razors shown in the image.

Gendered products suggest that men and women are biologically and fundamentally different. Gendered products reinforce stereotypes about men and women. Gendered products make gender inequality seem rational and reasonable.

An anthropological study closely observed how gender is taught in children's co-ed T-ball games. Identify the anthropologists' findings on gender enculturation in children's T-ball.

Girls' mistakes were not corrected, while boys' were. T-ball coaches favored boys over girls. Stronger boys played more Parents favored boys

Identify the experiences of hijras in Southeast Asia.

Hijras are revered as powerful religious figures. Hijras face discrimination in access to housing, health care, and education. Hijras support themselves through begging, performances, and sex work. Not protected by the law, are harmed.

gender stratification example

Hijras in India face unequal access to housing, education, and health care.

gender stereotype example

Men in Mexico are uninvolved and uninterested in domestic life.

Identify what anthropologist Matthew Gutmann learned about machismo among the working-class Mexican men of a small community in Mexico City

Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women.

How has globalization affected traditional gender roles for women who immigrate and work in urban centers and other countries?

New patterns of family and kinship are created as mothers immigrate for better work. Women gain economic power by providing for their families.

La manif pour tous

PROTEST: -stop teaching gender studies -stop the same sex marriage laws -anti abortion

Western Attitudes about Gender

People who do not fit into cultural gender norms are ignored or medically "corrected." People who do not fit into cultural gender norms do not exist.

Native American attitudes about Gender

People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have special privileges. People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have supernatural powers.

Gender performance refers to the way in which gender is expressed through action. Identify what is true or untrue about gender performance. FALSE

People's choices about how they will express their gender identity is always conscious. Gender can be expressed through either masculine or feminine actions.

Identify whether the statements about the roles of the egg and sperm during fertilization are stereotypical descriptions or actual scientific findings. SCIENTIFIC

Sperm and the egg work together toward successful fertilization. Sperm have weak tails and only move their heads to avoid getting stuck on unwanted surfaces.

Identify whether the statements about the roles of the egg and sperm during fertilization are stereotypical descriptions or actual scientific findings. STEREOTYPICAL

Sperm have strong tails and are fast and aggressive. Sperm penetrate the waiting, passive egg.

gender ideology example

The tale of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" is used in U.S. culture to explain differences in gender roles.

Identify the significance of the "fairy tale of the egg and the sperm," and "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" narratives in U.S. contemporary culture.

They are modern-day cultural myths that reinforce gender ideologies -Both of these narratives seek to reinforce gender ideologies by suggesting that gender differences and roles are "natural" and rooted in biology and history.

transgender

a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related ton one's assigned sex at birth

gender ideology

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that promotes and justifies gender stratification

gender stratification

an unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges

Identify how the expansion of Taiwan's economy has affected Indonesian and Fillipano women

becoming primary breadwinners unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives

Textile workers in Barbados: information and garment/textile workers

constantly watched by supervisors low wages

In September 2015, the United Nations established various goals toward sustainable development including Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls. Identify objectives included within this goal.

ensure the elimination of gender-based violence ensure equal opportunities for women to rise to leadership positions ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care

Biopolitic v biopower

every way the government control the body biopolitic= very broad biopower= life and death

gender violence

forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved

What was the controversy surrounding South African runner Caster Semenya after winning the gold at the world track and field championship at age eighteen?

gender testing after rivals claimed she was a male

structural gender violence

gendered socital patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular

determine biological sex

genitalia chromosomes gonads

Who does sociologist Pei-chia Lan call "global Cinderellas" and why?

immigrant domestic workers because they dream of escaping poverty but are oppressed in others' homes

What does anthropologist Barbara Ehrenreich suggest is the primary resource extracted from the world's poorest nations today?

love -global care chain

Textile workers in Barbados: Information Workers

married women with children "Pink collar" workers

What does the recent prevalence of advertisements for sexual performance-enhancing drugs, such as Viagra, suggest?

masculinity is tied to sexual performance

What does global care chain refer to?

poor immigrants caring for the world's wealthy families

Gender studies

research into masculinity and feminity as felixaeble, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories.

________ refers to the observable physical differences between male and female, while ______ refers to the cultural expectations of behavior based on these differences.

sex gender

cultural construction of gender

the ways humans learn to behave as a man or a woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context.

gender

the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

The Kinsey Study

the invention of heterosexuality -people engage in a variety of sexual exploits that they normally wouldn't talk about -Continuum between heterosexuality and homosexuality -homosexuality is as natural as heterosexuality

sex

the observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction

sexual dimorphism

the phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

French social scientist Michel Foucault coined the term biopower when referring to actions surrounding intersex individuals. Identify the meaning of this term.

the power of the state to regulate the body

intersex

the state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

Judith Butler definition of gender identity

there is no gender indentity behind the expression of gender, that indentity is per formatively constinted by the very expressions said to be the results

Identify what commercials teach children about gender.

they teach and encourage traditional gender roles

Hijras

transgender individuals and followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted as transgender.

Identify how the expansion of Taiwan's economy has affected Taiwanese women

unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives movement into male workforce

Identify how Barbados factory workers are stratified, from highest social status to lowest.

white collar front office/supervisors pink collar informatics workers blue collar factory workers

gender stereotypes

widely held preconceived notions about the proper roles for men and women in a culture

Textile workers in Barbados: Garment and Textile Workers

young, single women "blue" collar workers