Anthropology
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Although she isn't George McClellan, her father was also a surgeon, and she studied philosophy and English literature at Vassar before moving on to study under, among others, Alexander Goldenweiser at Columbia. She published two volumes on Zuni (ZOON-yi) mythology in 1935, while she created a "configurational" approach to entire cultures, where each culture could be characterized in terms of its own distinct ethos. FTP, name this American anthropologist, who also studied Japanese culture in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and may be best known for Patterns of Culture.
Alfred Louis Kroeber
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Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Ancient Society
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Antonio Gramsci
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Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
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Arthur Evans
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Ashley Montagu
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Australian Aborigines [or Aboriginals or "indigenous Australians" or other clear-knowledge descriptive equivalents; accept Tasmanian Aborigines or such answers on the second sentence]
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Australopithecines; accept Australopithecus
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Australopithecus [accept Australopiths or Australopithecines; prompt on 'hominids' or 'hominins' before "genus"]
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Australopithecus africanus
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Basque (or euskara before mentioned)
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Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
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Bronislaw Malinowski
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Camille Paglia
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Candlemas
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Catal Huyuk
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Cesare Beccaria (prompt on an early buzz of On Crimes and Punishments or Dei delitti e delle pene)
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Charles Wright Mills
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Claude Levi-Strauss
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Claude Lévi-Strauss
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Clifford Geertz
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Clifford James Geertz
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Coming of Age in Samoa
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Course in General Linguistics
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Daco-Romanian [also accept limba română]
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Dian Fossey
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Edward Osborne Wilson
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Edward Sapir
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Edward Tylor
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Emile Durkheim
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Erving Goffman
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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Folkways
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Franz Boas
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Frisian or Fries (accept Frysk before said)
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Georg Simmel
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George Herbert Mead
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Grimm's Law
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Heinrich Schliemann
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Homo Erectus
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Homo habilis
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Hui or huizu or "Chinese Muslims" (or any equivalent mentioning Chinese and Muslim)
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In a Different Voice
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Indus Valley Civilization (prompt on Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro)
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Ishi, the last Yahi
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Jane Goodall
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Japanese tea ceremony
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Joseph S. Nye, Jr.
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Karl Raimund Popper
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Lester Ward
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Lewis Henry Morgan
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Lewis Mumford
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Magyar or Hungarian
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Malagasy
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Maori
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Marcel Mauss
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Margaret Mead
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Mayas
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Middletown
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Mohenjo-Daro
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Noam Chomsky
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Négritude
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Peking Man or Sinanthropus pekinensis (prompt on Homo erectus before it's mentioned)
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Peking man (prompt on homo erectus)
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Pierre Bourdieu
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Prague school or Prague Linguistic Circle
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Primitive Culture
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Psychopathia Sexualis
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Robert King Merton
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Ruth Benedict
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Ruth Benedict or Ruth Fulton
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Ruth Fulton Benedict
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Ruth Fulton Benedict [accept Ruth Fulton]
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Sanskrit (or: Samskrt)
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Sexual Politics: The Classic Analysis of the Interplay Between Men, Women, and Culture
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Sir Arthur Evans
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Talcott Parsons
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Tea Ceremony or Cha-no-yu or Sado
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The Bell Beaker people/folk/culture, etc
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The Division of Labor in Society
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The Division of Labor in Society [or De La Division Du Travail Social]
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The Dukhobors or Doukhobars
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The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
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The Elementary Structures of Kinship or Les Structures élémentaires de la parenté
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The Gift or Essai sur le don
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The Gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies [accept Essai sur le don]
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The Golden Bough
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The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
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The Interpretation of Cultures
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The Lonely Crowd
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The Nuer
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The Poverty of Historicism
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The Power Elite
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The Raw and the Cooked or Le Cru et le cuit (prompt on "Mythologiques" before it is mentioned)
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The Savage Mind [or La Pensee Sauvage]
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The Savage Mind [or La Pensée sauvage]
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The Second Sex
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The Wretched of the Earth
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The Wretched of the Earth or Les Damnes de la Terre
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The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [accept The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life]
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Tula (or Tollan)
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Victor Turner
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William Graham Sumner
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Yanomamö or Yanomami or Yanomani or Ianomami
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anomie
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bystander effect
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caste system (accept varna before mentioned)
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culture
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diphthong
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division of labor
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eskimo words for snow (accept equivalents for "eskimo"; prompt on partial answer)
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ex parte
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gender [prompt on noun class or phi characteristic]
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grammar
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kulu exchange or ring
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morphemes
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phonetics
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polygamy
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potlatch
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potlatch (prompt on powwow)
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realist paradigm or realist theory or realism
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rite of passage
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savage
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semiotics
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stigmas
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the Hmong (or Mong)
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the Sapir-Whorf-Korzybski hypothesis [accept the Whorfian hypothesis; prompt on Sapir hypothesis; prompt on "principle of linguistic relativity" or equivalents]
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the anthropic principle
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thick description
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transformational-generative grammar
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violence
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A book giving some "new perspectives" on it was published in 1983 by Jerry and Edmund Leach, and a variant of this system was discussed by Reo Fortune. One author described it as a "consecutive narrative" beginning with canoe-building and continuing through the complicated rituals involving the kitoum. Because those who perform it do not use the term "gimwali" to describe it, Marcel Mauss insisted that it is not an example of commodity exchange. Occurring in several islands in the Massim archipelago of Papua New Guinea, shell necklaces and armbands are the usual mediums of exchange. Described in Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific, FTP, identify this gift exchange system or ring.
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A series of court battles followed this man's refutation of the Bedford Level Experiment, and he refuted Percival Lowell's claims about Martian canals in Is Mars Habitable? His work Tropical Nature focuses largely on warning coloration, and his eponymous effect, also called reinforcement, deals with the discouragement of hybridization leading to reproductive isolation. Weber and Lydekker have improved a construct named for him, which was influenced by sea levels over the Sunda and Sahul shelves. For 10 points, name this naturalist who divided Asiatic and Australian fauna with his line, and who devised evolution by natural selection independently of Darwin.
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An exception to it postulates an intermediate step which could produce voiced spirants, and it explains the reduction in labiovelars. Based on an earlier idea put forth by Rasmus Christian Rask, it has two parts, the latter of which only applies to High German, and the former of which shows that voiceless stops changed into voiceless fricatives, voiced stops became voiceless, and voiced aspirated stops lost their aspiration and changed into plain voiced stops. FTP, name this rule of sound shifts put forth by a man who collaborated with his brother on collecting fairy tales.
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An important influence on this group was the functional analysis propounded by Karl Bühler. One man associated with it wrote a book called Aesthetic Function, Norm, and Value published in 1979 and another wrote Theory of Literature after emigrating to the US. In addition to Jan Mukarovsky and René Wellek, this group, which introduced the idea of "foregrounding," also included Vilem Mathesius and Nikolai Trubetzkoy, as well as a man who propounded distinctive feature analysis. Aimed at furthering the development of Saussure-style structuralism, FTP, name this group which also included Roman Jakobson, a school of linguists centered in a Czechoslovakian city.
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It is practiced by adherents of native religions of the Pacific Northwest. Generally, it marks a special occasion-adoption, the attainment of chieftanship, induction into a dance society, honoring the dear, or the beginning of Tsetseka, the ceremonial season. Associated with terms such as Tiotlbax, Nucil, Walal, and Gia is su, for 10 points, what is this ceremony featuring a giveaway in which the hosts obtain power and status in proportion to how much they give away?
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According to their legends, they sprang from blood spilled when the hero Suhirina shot the monster Periboriwä. They act to keep hunting areas free of competition, prompted by protein scarcity, according to an argument advanced in Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches by Marvin Harris. Feasts involving wife-swapping villages often feature chest-pounding duels, and many men sport tonsures to display scars from a ritual in which they alternate hitting each other over the head with 8- to 10-foot-long wooden clubs. The traditional view holds that a scarcity of women prompts such aggressive behavior in, FTP, these natives of the Amazon, who are described as "the Fierce People" in a 1968 study by Napoleon Chagnon.
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After ending her lesbian relationship with Natalie Raymond, she took up with Ruth Valentine. Her first book was an unfinished work called Adventures in Womenhood, which was to have considered "new women in three centuries" by profiling Olive Schreiner, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Margaret Fuller. Another of her books was attacked by Congressman Andrew May, who denounced its assertion that some African-Americans were more intelligent than some whites, even if those whites were from Kentucky. That book, Races of Mankind, was a collaboration with Gene Weltfish, written three years after she analyzed stereotypes in Race: Science and Politics. In 1925 she became editor of the Journal of American Folklore, two years after publishing her The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America. She discussed Apollonian and Dionysian configurations in her 1934 masterwork. FTP, name this anthropologist who wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and Patterns of Culture.
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An appendix to one of this man's works is an essay called, "On Intellectual Craftsmanship." He suggests that the nation is in preparation for World War III, in the chapter entitled, "The Promise." The title concept of a work by this man allows possessors to understand the historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of others. He attacked the Parsonian ideology present in that 1959 book, The Sociological Imagination. He also did field work in Cuba for Listen, Yankee! and attacked the complacency of middle-class professionals who wear a certain garment. For 10 points, name this author of White Collar and The Power Elite
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At one point in this work, the author admonishes those who would wonder why a certain person would buy a transistor radio rather than a dress for his wife. A discussion of the "time lag... between the leaders of the nationalist party and the mass of the people," opens this work's chapter on "Spontaneity: Its Strengths and Weakenesses," and this work places an emphasis on the importance of oral traditions and the necessity of rural support. The first chapter of this work discusses "the replacing of a certain species of men by another species of men," and is entitled "Concerning Violence." This work's notable preface refers to the notions of violence in this work as "man recreating himself," and notes that "there is one duty to be done... thrust out colonialism by every means;" that preface was written by Jean-Paul Sartre. For ten points, identify this work which exhorts the titular people to engage in a "collective catharsis," the most well-known work of Franz Fanon.
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At one point, its author states that the youth must be socialized by rejecting sports. It also argues that culture is reciprocal and discusses the intellectual's struggle with being "out-of-date." It focuses on the distrust between those who live in towns and those who live in the country in its section on "spontaneity's" strengths and weaknesses. Its preface, which condemns "old mother countries" as exploitative and praises the author as another Engels, was written by Jean Paul Sartre. Featuring such chapters as "The Pitfalls of National Consciousness" and "The Colonial War and Mental Disorders," it was written during the Algerian struggle for independence. For 10 points, identify this work which argues that revolutionary violence is the way for the title group to prevail, a work by Frantz Fanon.
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At one time the chief geologist in the United States Geographical Survey, he wrote Glimpses of the Cosmos, a sixvolume intellectual autobiography. In his essay, "Our Better Halves," he explored "gynecocentric theory," the idea that women are the originators of social life. For ten points, name this early American sociologist and author of 1883's Dynamic Sociology, who refuted Darwinism, since human evolution had purpose unlike aimless natural evolution, in his theory of social telesis.
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Beginning with a description of the priesthood of the "king of the wood," its author argues that the institution of divine kingships derived from the belief that the well being of the natural order depends upon the vitality of the king. Published in 1890, the work traces the mechanisms of thought from the modern, scientific stage back to the religious stage, and finally the magical stage. FTP identify this no longer accepted, though nonetheless revolutionary, work of comparative religion and mythology written by James Frazer.
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By chance he met Henry Christy in Havana in 1836, who persuaded him to accompany his team on a Mexican expedition that he later recounted in his 1861 Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans. In his next work, he attempted to trace the development of man from a savage to a civilized state and defined the earliest form of religious belief as http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?idxref=81987"animism." In 1881's Anthropology he compiled all that was known of the subject at the time. Serving as the first professor of anthropology at Oxford from 1896 to 1909, FTP, identify this founder of cultural anthropology and author of Primitive Culture.
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By the late 1950s he had introduced the term "cybernetic hierarchy" to differentiate between high-energy and high-information subsystems as a part of his model of "double interchange." This was a reevaluation of an earlier study that posited the existence of pattern variables like ascription and achievement and affectivity and neutrality, as well as a "four function" schema of adaptation, goal attainment, latency, and integration. Those things comprise this thinker's AGIL Paradigm, and other than The Social System, he penned a more famous work that isolated elements, ends, means, and norms to analyze the "unit act." For ten points, name this former Harvard sociologist and author of The Structure of Social Action.
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Chapter 9 of this man's most famous book argues that honor was produced after the formation of society, so whenever we act under its influence we revert to a state of nature. Chapter 23 of that book suggests that infamy and ridicule should be employed sparingly, while the book ends with a "theorem" which states that one of the titular things should be "public, immediate, and necessary." This man developed many of his ideas in contributions to the rationalist periodical The Coffeehouse, and they became popular throughout Europe after Abbé Morellet translated his most famous work. Along with Pietro and Alessandro Verri, he formed a circle called the "Academy of Fists," and argued that deterrence is best achieved by swift, lenient, and consistent enforcement of the laws. FTP, name this man who was a pioneering opponent of the death penalty, an Italian thinker best known for his 1764 work On Crimes and Punishment.
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Chapters 57 and 58 discuss both the "Public Scapegoat" and the "Human Scapegoat in Antiquity." Shortly thereafter the death of Balder and the veneration of mistletoe form the subject of this work. The final chapter, "Farewell to Nemi," completes the metaphor of the book as a voyage into the sacred grove in a Turner painting, a metaphor which begins with the discussion of the King of the Wood in chapter 1. Subtitled "A Study in Magic and Religion," FTP, name this masterpiece of comparative folklore by Sir James George Frazer.
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Christina Hoff Summers has criticized this work for failing to make the data available. The author cites Matina Horner's work on the Thematic Aperception Test to criticize McClleland's categories of "hope success" and "fear success". Based on developmental theories in "The Reproduction of Mothering", the author borrows from Nancy Chodorow the idea that roles are imprinted early in life. The author writes that the work is grounded in listening, and the discussion of the Heinz dilemma centers around Julia's need to resolve a network of relationships rather than considering individual rights. Thus, the work criticized the three stages of development by positing an "ethics of care" that women were predisposed to. FTP, identify this work which provided a feminist counterpoint to Kohlberg's moral stages, written by Carol Gilligan.
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Derrida borrowed from this man, who said that his three "mistresses" were Marxism, psychoanalysis and geology. His The Way of the Masks analyzed American Indians, and he critiqued Elkin's findings in his Totemism Today. But it was his four volume work, influenced by Roman Jakobson, that sought to categorize folktales as a language for which he is best remembered. FTP, name this anthropologist and author of The Savage Mind, Structural Anthropology, and the aforementioned Mythologiques.
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Derrida critiques this work's depiction of the uses of tobacco as an example of cherry picking examples to prove a point. It begins by the examining the Samoan distinction between oloa and tonga and concludes by exmaining the moral implications of the title concept, arguing that even in industrial society, "things sold have a soul." Raymond Firth criticizes the book's failure to recognize the single individual level of interaction. Instead, the author focuses on what he terms the "total prestation" to explain that the title entity metonymically stands for every aspect of the society it is part of. Beginning with a section on "the obligation to reciprocate", this is, FTP ,what work examining the potlach and other economies built on voluntary exchange, written by Marcel Mauss.
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Despite opposition from Benjamin Jowett and other classicists, this man was able to effect serious change once he became curator of the Ashmolean Museum. His later researches were summarized in 1933's Jarn Mound, though at that time he had still failed to solve the puzzle that would eventually be solved by John Chadwick and Michael Ventris. He had first come across the problem after unearthing a series of 3,000 clay tablets. FTP, name this man who excavated around the ruins of Knossos, the archaeologist who discovered the Minoan civilization.
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During the 2004 Presidential election, he was seen as the most likely pick for John Kerry's National Security Advisor. One of his early works, a collaboration with Robert Keohane, championed the idea that international relations cannot be analyzed on a state to state basis, an idea called complex interdependence. In later works, he argues that the US must maintain its hegemony not by military might or economic incentives as in the neorealist view, but by diplomacy and noncoercive means, or "soft power." The author of Power and Interdependence and The Paradox of American Power¸ FTP, name this current Kennedy School of Government professor, the founder of the IR theory of neoliberalism.
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Elements of stress present in this work include the aumaga society, called "the strength of the village," and the subsequent title of matai. The female equivalent of the latter was the taupou, ceremonial virginity, which might be counterfeited with the blood of a chicken. Ridiculing this last claim, Derek Freeman, the book's chief critic, argues that its subjects were already acculturated by Christian missionaries and that presupposing a society untroubled by violence and jealousy led the author to ignore informants' evidence in favor of the cultural determinist theories of Franz Boas. FTP, name this book describing adolescence in a Pacific island society, the most famous work of Margaret Mead.
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Experiments demonstrating it involved filling out a questionnaire in a room slowly filled with smoke, the stealing of beer from a liquor store, and talking about stress problems with other students during which someone suffers a seizure, all studies by Darley and Latane from a 1969 article entitled "Apathy." Prior commitment, ambiguity of the situation, and recognized leadership are factors that determine it, though the most famous case involved a crime committed in the Kew Gardens against a bar manager. For 10 points, the murder of Kitty Genovese is an example of what effect, in which individuals in a large group are less likely to help those in distress?
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Famous ones include Ma Zhongying, who vanished to join the Soviet air force in 1934, and Zhang Chengzhi, who probably coined the phrase "red guard." One of their heroes, Du Wenxiu, led an uprising known as the Panthay Rebellion which lasted from 1855 to 1873 in Yunnan Province, and was a direct response to the oppression of this group. Many trace their origins to the forces invited to put down the An Lushan Rebellion, but the first community of them was founded by missionaries in the mid-7th century. They now enjoy self-rule from Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia. Distinguished from the Uighurs and Kyrgyz because of their native language, the most famous example of one is Zheng He, the Ming admiral, who went on a noted hajj to Mecca. FTP, identify this ethnic group in a certain communist country.
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First identified from a single tooth, parts of 14 craniums and 11 jaw bones were found, with an age estimated at between 500,000 and 300,000 years. Large numbers of stone tools were also discovered in the Lower Cave at Locality 1 of the site at Zhoukoudian at which this specimen was found. For ten points, identify this representative of Homo erectus, found in 1927 in China.
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First published in 1969, its second section has a chapter on the first phase of a revolution, including the Political, Polemic, and Literary, as well as a chapter on The Counterrevolution, from 1930 to 1960, including "The Models of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union." The final section analyzes four key figures: Jean Genet, D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, and Norman Mailer. FTP, name this "classic analysis of the interplay between men, women, and culture," a study of patriarchy by Kate Millet.
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For fifteen years, she edited the Journal of American Folklore. Her doctoral dissertation was on "The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America," and she wrote poetry under the name Anne Singleton. She used the Dobu and Kwakiutl as examples in one of her books and published the critique of scientific racism, Race: Science and Politics. After the U.S. entered World War II, this author of Zuni Mythology and Patterns of Culture was recruited by the Office of War Information as a consultant. FTP, identify this anthropologist who never went to Japan but wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.
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Gerald Vizenor called this man "a simulation" and "an absence" and said that he posed "at the borders of the camera" in an essay published several decades after this man's death. Professor Steven Shackley may have debunked this man's principal claim to fame through an analysis of arrowheads. One anthropologist used salvage ethnography to study this man's testimony, while that anthropologist's wife, Theodora, wrote a famous account of him "In Two Worlds." Since this man never disclosed his real name to Alfred Kroeber or other European-Americans, he was given a name meaning "man" in his native language. Appearing mysteriously in Oroville, California in 1911, for ten points, name this subject of several anthropological and linguistic studies, the supposed last member of the Yahi Indians.
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Grassman's law was first discovered in this language. Its verbal system is characterized by the use of systems like the desiderative and benedictive, and aspects like the aorist. Verbs are classified as athematic or thematic, in which an "a" is inserted before the ending inflection, while nouns have three numbers, ten declensions and eight cases. Johann Hanxleden wrote the first European grammar of this language, and that study, along with the earlier Astadhyayi of Panini, was used by William Jones in comparisons of it with Greek and Latin that launched Western linguistics. FTP, name this ancient language written in Devanagari script and spoken in India.
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He chronicled his experiences in the field in works like The Indian Journals and The League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee. In his best-known works, he laid the foundation for the study of kinship and developed a theory of cultural evolution positing that cultures develop through stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization. FTP, who was this pioneer of American anthropology, the author of Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family and Ancient Society?
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He did his field work among the Ndembu (pronounced dembu) in Zambia, initially focusing on their economic and demographic structure but then shifting to ritual. His dissertation Schism and Continuity in African Society was hailed as a landmark in anthropology and set the stage for his later works. A leading figure in the Manchester School of Anthropology, FTP name the man most famous for coming with the concept of liminality or an in-between phase in transition rituals.
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He discussed the Matthew Effect, in which famous people get more credit than they deserve. His acronym for what is important to science requires "communalism" and "organized skepticism." His namesake thesis argues that there is a correlation between Protestantism and experimental science, and he worked on the "middle range" theory. He discussed manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions and obliteration by incorporation in his Social Theory and Social Structure. For 10 points, name this sociologist who applied Durkheim's idea of anomie to criminology and coined the terms "role model," "unintended consequence," and "self-fulfilling prophecy."
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He edited the collection Science and Creationism, argued for "the human significance of Skin" in the volume Touching, and his namesake resolution names the World Court's effort to end genital mutilation of children. A pioneer in the study of human aggression, he argued for compassion his The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity and popularized the idea of race as a social construct in Man's Most Dangerous Myth. FTP, identify this British anthropologist perhaps best known for his assertion that there must be equality between the sexes in his The Natural Superiority of Women.
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He established the department of anthropology at Yale after his time at the Canadian National Museum in Ottawa, where his studies among Indians resulted in the suggestion that North American Indian languages could be grouped into 6 divisions. This was important because man's perception of the world was mediated through language, this was the basis for the ethno-linguistic hypothesis he later studied with his student Benjamin Whorf. FTP identify this anthropologist most famed for 1921's Language.
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He first came to America in 1883, as part of an expedition sent to study native culture on Baffin Island. Three years later, he became a professor at Clark University, from which he studied the natives of British Columbia. FTP, identify this author of Race and Democratic Society, Anthropology and Modern Life, and The Mind of Primitive Man, a longtime teacher of anthropology at Columbia University whose students included Ruth Benedict, Zora Neale Hurston, and Margaret Mead.
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He had planned a career in physics and math, but while recuperating from an illness changed plans after reading The Golden Bough. He saw cultural institutions as fulfilling three basic types of needs -- biological, instrumental, and integrative. His breakthrough work was serendipitous; the outbreak of World War I left him stranded for three years in the Trobriand Islands, from which experience he wrote Argonauts of the Western Pacific and Coral Gardens and Their Magic. FTP name this Polish-born anthopologist.
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He postulated that the human mental process of pairing opposites engenders an unconscious "metastructure" of society, an idea known as his "distinctive feature method" of analysis. First gaining fame with the work A World on the Wane, he argued that the father/son, brother/sister, husband/wife, and uncle/nephew relationships constructed the elementary unit of kinship. The author of Totemism and The Savage Mind, he is considered a leading exponent of structuralism, a system used heavily in his four-volume work Mythologiques. FTP, name this French anthropologist and author of The Raw and the Cooked.
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He prophesied the drift toward a welfare state in his publication What Social Classes Owe Each Other. This man's monumental four-volume collaboration with Albert G. Keller, Science of Society, was not published until seventeen years after his death. He railed against the placement of extensive economic burdens on the middle class, the group that he famously termed the "Forgotten Man" in an essay of that name, and he is credited with coining the concept of ethnocentrism. However, the introduction of such terms as folkways and mores [mo rays], FTP, are the best-known accomplishments of what first great American sociologist?
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He provided the first physical evidence of the Battle of Sphacteria by discovering old Spartan fortifications on that island. Other important projects were his excavations at Onchomenos and Tyrins, where he would be supported by his assistant Wilhelm Dorpfeld. Earlier, he had disproved a popular myth that some important ruins lay under a hill at Bunarbashi by securing the support of two landowners from Hissarlik. FTP, name this German archaeologist who discovered evidence of four previous towns, which he believed to be the ruins of Trojan civilization.
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He sought a universal religion which he thought might be found in totemistic worship and, in 1915, published Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. He also started the journal L'Année Sociologique and wrote The Rules of Sociological Method. FTP, name this social scientist who found that the breakdown of societal norms, which he called anomie, led to increased suicides.
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He was a fastidious writer, and never got around to publishing his Josiah Mason lectures on primitive cosmology or his famous 1937 Chicago seminar on the natural science of society. He was often criticized for downplaying conflict and assuming that institutions work together smoothly, but he argued that he was more interested in the development of primitive social structures than class struggle. In a major work of 1931, he compiled a vast amount of information on the aborigines to describe the "social organization of Australian tribes." He derived many of his ideas from his teacher W. H. R. Rivers and from Durkheim, who led him to view society as a system of interdependent structures. FTP, name this British anthropologist best known for his study of the Andaman Islanders.
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His 1938 doctoral dissertation on Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England proved influential in its prosopographic analysis of scientific communities. He began teaching at Columbia in 1941, where he was co-director with Lazarsfeld of the Bureau of Applied Social Research, and his major work included studies of reference groups, role theory, and deviance from a functionalist perspective. FTP, identify this American sociologist, whose best known works include Sociological Ambivalence and 1951's landmark Social Theory and Social Structure.
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His father was a successful paper manufacturer who wrote two books on the coins of the ancient Britons. His greatest discovery was made with his friend Duncan Mackenzie by his side, though he debated many points about the origins of culture with Carl Blegen and Alan Wace. A former keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, he would inspire Michael Ventris to decipher a language he had always insisted was Greek. FTP, identify this archaeologist who wrote The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and restored the Palace of Minos at Knossos.
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His last major accomplishment was a filming trip with his field assistant, Julia Averkieva, when he was 70 years old. With Ella Delora he coauthored Dakota Grammar a far cry from his first publication, Growth of Children. His most famous work was done amongst the Kwakiutl Indians and during his excursions to Baffin Island. These resulted in works like The Mind of the Primitive Man and the respect of students like Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict. FTP, name this founder of American anthropology.
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His last publication was The American University with Gerald Platt and Neil Smelser. In his first major work he offered a new approach for sociological theory, arguing that its locus does not reside in the internal field of personality as postulated by Weber, whose Protestant Ethic he translated into English. This new outlook led to a school of thought, first championed by Algernon Radcliffe-Brown, that made this man famous. FTP, name this sociologist who established the structural-functional theory in such works as The Structure of Social Action.
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His most notorious publication is likely the article "Distortions at Fourth Hand," in which he apologized for the Khmer Rouge, and he also wrote the preface to a book by Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson, claiming that he was defending the principle of free speech. His assault on B.F. Skinner's theories helped to initiate the cognitive revolution in psychology, and his namesake hierarchy ranks the expressive power of formal languages, a concept important in automata theory. His "principles and parameters" approach to language acquisition posits the existence of a universal grammar, and he believes that grammar is transformational and generative. FTP, name this linguist and polemicist, author of the scientific Syntactic Structures and political Imperial Ambitions.
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His second wife Valetta Swan accompanied him on his trip to Mexico to study peasant markets and later helped to publish his notes as the volumes Foundations in Faith and Morals and Scientific Theory of Culture. During his time at the International African Institute where he met and wrote the introduction for his student Jomo Kenyatta, but he is best known for works like Sex and Repression in Savage Society, Coral Gardens and their Magic, and The Natives of Mailu. FTP identify this Polish anthropologist whose work in the Trobriand Islands resulted in his masterpiece Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
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His widow, the painter Valetta Swann, finished his posthumously published Scientific Theory of Culture. He emphasized the importance of daily interaction with his subjects over structured interviews and was the first person to document the kula exchange of Papua New Guinea, while his studies in Melanesia and the Trobriand Islands led to his founding of the functionalist school. He also wrote the introduction to his student Jomo Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. For 10 points, name this author of 1922's Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
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If this day is dry and fair, then winter weather will return; if it is wet and cold, then winter is almost over. Originally called Imbolc in British pagan traditions, this celebration of fertility was unsuccessfully adapted to a day of purification by the Catholic Church, and survives today as Groundhog Day. FTP, name this February 2nd cross-quarter day, also known as a festival of lights.
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Implements used include the chawan, the natsume, and the chashaku, and any one of several kakemono can also be used, and are usually found in the tokonoma. Taking place in the cha-shitsu, in the 16th century Sen Rikyu perfected its wabi, a set of strict rules which constrain the actions of both the host and the guest. FTP, identify this ritual, whose deep philosophical and aesthetic meaning goes much further than simply enjoying a brewed beverage.
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In 1911 Franz Boas wrote that there were 4 unrelated ones, and in a famous 1940 article, Benjamin Whorf claimed that there were 5. Due to that article, they became a famous example of how "we dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages." Reports of their number exaggerated as the story proliferated, and they have often been claimed in print to be as many as 50, or even 200 plus. FTP, identify these words that according to Cecil Adams are due to the dull environment in which inhabitants of the far north dwell.
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In 1917, this man engaged in a famous debate with Alfred Kroeber on the nature of the superorganic. While at the University of Chicago, he had a notable collaboration with Harry Stack Sullivan, during which he wrote his analysis Navajo Texts. Prior to this he was the chief ethnologist for the Geological Survey of Canada, this led to his methodological work, Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture. Other important works include the article "Sound Patterns in Language", and a more famous theoretical collaboration. FTP, identify this author of Language, best known for the linguistic theory he posited with his student Benjamin Wharf.
name this language, the closest living language to English, called Frysk by its speakers.
In 1978 a chair for the philology of this language, which can be divided into North, West and Stater dialect regions, was established at the University of Keel. It allows complex consonant clusters at the beginning of words, the largest difference from its similar neighbors German and Dutch. While it was once spoken along most of the North Sea coast, its largest dialect group, the western one, only has about 400,000 speakers, who mainly live in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. For 10 points
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In 2001, Link et al. studied the connection between this phenomenon and the self-esteem of patients with mental illnesses, while Gerhard Falk distinguished between the “existential†and “achieved†type of them. Edward E. Jones added six dimensions of these to augment the two levels created by the author of a 1963 work about them. Its author classified the subject concept into three types: bodily, moral, and tribal. He also suggests that they are a gap between virtual and actual social identity and are the mechanisms through which society rationalizes animosity based on differences such as class or race. For 10 points, name these objects of social devaluation which were studied by Erving Goffman and are attributes that cause individuals to be classified in an unacceptable stereotype.
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In African American Vernacular English, the ones indicating possession and the third singular present are both null. In suppletion, one of these is replaced with another to denote a grammatical contrast, such as "went" for the past tense of "go." The insertion of one of these into another, such as an expletive into a word such as "outstanding," is known as infixation. The brothers Von Schlegel classified languages as either analytic or synthetic based on the number of these per word. They can be either free or bound, and in isolating languages such as Vietnamese, there is a one to one correspondence between free ones and words. FTP, identify this smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
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In a chapter of this book about "Universalization and Particularization", the author sympathizes with Evans-Pritchard's wish for a "simple Melanesian society." This book defines religion as the humanization of natural law and magic as the naturalization of human action. In addition to providing a detailed system for the classification of totem spirits, another chapter of this book discusses the relation between societal position and totem affinity. Totem affinity is described as the basis of the titular concept of this book. The Engineer is presented in opposition to the title concept of this book, which is represented by members of society who work with their hands, termed "bricoleurs". For 10 points, name this work by Claude Levi-Strauss.
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In an 1899 paper, the author of this work defined the work's subject as "an obligatory set of beliefs" and "definite practices relating to the objects of those beliefs". The author of this work describes anxiety about the rational-irrational dichotomy relating to some views about animals described in this book. This work uses the long-dry, and short-wet, seasons of central Australia to define "positive" and "negative" cults and explain Lucien Levy-Bruhl's recent observations on the spiritualization of inanimate objects. It posits that the soul represents for totemic myths the interiorization of society, while the titular concept divinizes daily life. For 10 points, name this work of Emile Durkheim which describes primitive beliefs about the world.
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In an essay from Why America's Top Pundits are Wrong, Keith Brown asserted that Samuel Huntington's use of kinship resembles the practices of this culture. Boys in this culture are initiated into adulthood by having six sharp lines carved into their foreheads, a ceremony called receiving gaar. Sharon Hutchinson discussed how this group incorporated money using cattle as the dominant metaphor of value in a book titled for the "dilemmas" of this culture. This culture is divided into separate communities called cieng. The first anthropologist to study this culture described their system of segmented lineage in three books, including Kinship and Marriage Among this culture. For 10 points, name this African culture studied by Evans-Pritchard, an ethnic group based in Southern Sudan.
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In his dissertation, he sought to explain certain irregularities in Indo-European vowel gradation by postulating additional 'laryngeal' consonants, whose existence was only confirmed thirty years later with the discovery of Hittite. Despite achieving such success in historical linguistics, by opposing what he termed langue, or the state of speech at a given time, with parole, individual speech, he advocated the study of languages as static structures, emphasizing what he called "synchronic" over "diachronic" linguistics. FTP, name this Swiss linguist who is most famous for lectures he gave which were later published by his students as Course in General Linguistics.
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In one of his works, he called Margherita Sarfatti a "bashful virgin." Typically divided into three volumes, that book by this man includes Problems of History and Culture and The Philosophy of Praxis, and he discusses class stratification in a section entitled "Americanism and Fordism." In a section entitled "The Modern Prince," he compares himself to Marx. This author's concepts of organic intellectuals is developed despite Mussolini's attempts to keep his brain from functioning in that book, written during his incarceration. For 10 points, name this author of the Prison Notebooks who developed the concept of cultural hegemony.
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In this work's second section, the mayu ni and dama ni systems among the clans of the Kachin are compared to the concepts of the bone and flesh in Tibetan society and the role of gift giving among peoples like the Lolo and Tungus. That section examines Morgan's three stage model of social evolution along a Burma-Siberia axis. Later, this evolution is extended to the Miwok structure of oblique marriage and the Murngin practice of sister exchange, though for more complex societies positive rules for the title concept break down, and only taboos remain. FTP, name this work that proposes reciprocity in marital exchange with universal prohibition of incest as the means to forming the title hierarchies, the thesis that launched structural anthropology by Claude Levi-Strauss.
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Indian Notebooks records his efforts at helping the Seneca fight off the encroaching Ogden Land Company earning this social scientist the nickname "one bridging the gap." By comparing the organizational structures of Native American to those of the Greeks and Romans he helped to connect cultures in an evolutionary schema. This process was explained in his 1877 work subtitled Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization, he also stressed the importance of terms ile "consanguinity" and "kinship." FTP identify this early ethnologist best known for Ancient Society.
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Initial clues to the allochthony of this language include its absence of tones prevalent in surrounding tongues, as well as its use of the Null Subject and the addition of the prefix "a" added to verbs to form the passive voice. Renward Brandstetter first noted its similarity to Manyaan and Maori, but assimilation of some Sakalavan words confused linguists trying to establish its family until the work of Otto Dahl, who established loan word tables which refute claims of a Bantu origin. FTP, name this Austronesian language with chief dialects Tsimeheti and Antankarana, spoken in Madagascar.
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It begins with a discussion of sensory, secretory, and motor faculties, and subdivides them into further categories like paradoxia and anaesthesia, which are used as case headings in the second part of this work. Many are described without what the author calls "noticeable tain." Number 99 concerns a person who loves only men with mustaches, while number 118 concerns a boy who masturbates only with furs. Consisting of two parts, "General Pathology" and 237 "Case Histories" it often described homosexuality as a deviation. FTP, identify this 1886 work detailing sexual deviants, written by Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
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It includes the remains of a palace, two ball courts, and three temples shaped like truncated pyramids. Located in Hidalgo State, its ruins date from the tenth to the thirteenth century. The largest temple on the site is surmounted by 15-foot columns in the form of stylized human figures, and was probably dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. FTP, what archaeological site was once the capital city of the Toltecs?
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It introduced the term "false personalization" and analyzed Mr. Belevedere films in its chapter on "the problem of competence." In a subsequent edition, its author acknowledged the critiques made in "Work and Its Discontents," by William Bell, who noted that too much of it concerned leisure. Such a focus is exemplified by this work's discussion of society's interest in food from "the Wheat Bowl" to the "Salad Bowl," as well as a section on how the "the night shift" and the entry of women into the office impacted the consumption of popular culture. Its composition arose out of an interdisciplinary course on "Culture and Personality" developed at the University of Chicago. That research culminated in this collaboration with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer. For 10 points, identify this work that posited a distinction between inner and outer directed types and was subtitled "A Study of the American Character," by David Riesman.
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It is a leading exemplar of a mould theory, as opposed to a cloak theory. Its original formulation involved the direction that a canoe on a beach is pointing, which led to this idea being lambasted as derived from a "limited, badly analyzed sample" and the product of "long-time leanings toward mysticism" in a critique by Steven Pinker. Loglan was created as an attempt to avoid the consequences of this idea, which was originally conceived to demonstrate that the Hopi do not experience time in the same way as English speakers. FTP, identify this principle, named for the two linguists who developed it, which states in general form that one's language determines one's perception.
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It is believed that between 60,000 and 90,000 people in the U.S. live under this system. It is opposed by Rowena Erickson's Tapestry group, composed of women who once participated in it, and supported by the ACLU and the Women's Religious Liberties Union. FTP, identify this practice that has been called "Utah's dirty little secret," a tenet banned in the 19th century by the Mormon church.
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It was "revisited" in a 1990 study by Dwight Hoover, while in a book about "the other side" of it, Luke Eric Lassiter and others have protested the omission of African Americans from it. The sequel to it, subtitled "A Study in Cultural Conflicts," appeared in 1937, and depicted the titular entity "in transition." In the original study, life in it was divided into six categories, such as "Engaging in Community Activities" and "Making a Home," and the impact of the Industrial Revolution was gauged by comparing life in 1890 to life in 1924, the year of the study. FTP, identify this 1929 "study in contemporary American culture," a book by Robert and Helen Lynd which examined life in Muncie, Indiana.
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Its final chapter, which cites to Burckhardt's Renaissance to make a point about the definition of "success," begins by comparing Native American and Samoan approaches to deceit during warfare and is entitled "Life Policy." Another section describes the history of the mimus and the marionette theater to argue that "amusements" "lack all progress" and need the constant control of educated judgment and will. This work asserts that slavery originated with "ill feelings towards a member of an out group" but that it paradoxically taught members of society the value of work. Chapter two defines certain entities and notes that they arose from recurrent needs that were unforeseen and went unnoticed for a long time. First published in 1906, it advocated a study of society its author termed "ethology" and focused on the relationship between the titular non-coercive customs and their more binding analogues: Mores. For 10 points, identify this work by William Graham Sumner.
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Its first chapter, "Thick Descriptions," adopts Gilbert Ryle's example of winking as a distinction between observation and interpretation of actions. Borrowing Weber's notion that "man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun," the author defines the title concept as the sum of those webs, and seeks a thick description of it. Chapter 13, "The Cerebral Savage," is an essay on Claude Levi-Strauss, while the 15th and final chapter, "Deep Play," contains the author's notes on the Balinese cockfight. FTP, what is this 1973 anthropology work by Clifford Geertz?
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Its name means "mound of the dead" and it is approximately 5 miles in circumference. Evidence shows that it was subjected to several large floods, and its notable features include the Great Bath, the fortified citadel, and the regularity of its city blocks, Excavated by R.D. Banarjee beginning in 1922, with work continued by M.S. Vats and K.N. Dikshit, it located in Larkana District of Sindh, Pakistan. For ten points, name this largest city of the Indus valley civilization.
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Its present dominant form is the Urasenke branch and it partially originated with a betting game known as "To-cha". Oribe was considered its greatest craftsman and it is based on the ideal of "Wabi-Cha". Hundreds of poems concerning it were written by Master Sen Rikyu, who also created the first house dedicated to it. Formalized by Murata Shoku, it adapted to Christianity although it was initially affiliated with Zen Buddhism. FTP, with the use of bowls and green leaves still being standard, name this Japanese ritual.
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Its seventh chapter includes a discussion of quinary, decimal, and vigesimal notations of the world, while another section of that chapter argues that "hand-numerals" show that verbal reckoning derived from "gesture-counting." It discusses the relation of "sound-words" and "sense-words" toward the end of a chapter on "emotional and intuitive language," while earlier chapters consider the "prejudice against saving a drowning man" and spirit-rapping as instances of what the author calls "survivals." The second volume of this work features a lengthy discussion of animism, and considers "religion in" the title concept. For 10 points, name this lengthy tome published in 1871, a work consisting of "researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art, and custom" by the English anthropologist Edward Tylor.
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Its structural form was first discussed by Johan Galtung, and James Gilligan discusses this in the context of helping the subaltern. In a study of its origins and "body pleasure," James Prescott argues that sexually open societies have less of it. In 1986 UNESCO released the Seville statement on it to refute the notion that it was biologically determined. Franz De Waal took issue with that report and argued that it was ingrained in primate social relations. In another study of it, the author discusses prejudices against it held by Jaures and the Blanquists, and argues that class struggle makes it necessary. FTP, give this term for aggression against others which was reflected upon by Georges Sorel.
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Julie Kristeva appropriated the name of this field for irrational effluxes of the infantile self. Lev Vygotsky emphasized the pragmatic-instrumental character of the elements of communication central to it. Its name was first coined in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Charles Morris is credited with first applying it, though it was Umberto Eco who popularized it. Charles Sanders Peirce categorized the field's subject into three types: index, icon, and symbol. Contrasted in its early context with semantics, FTP, identify this interdisciplinary field concerned with the use of signs.
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Karl Marx distinguished between its appearance in society as a whole among autonomous parties, and its appearance under the authority of a dominant party. Emile Durkheim asserted that it was a prerequisite for the growth of organic solidarity in a modern culture, and wrote about it "in society" in one of his works. Perhaps the best-known example of it is the set of 18 separate operations in a pin factory cited in a 1776 work. FTP, name this sociological concept, the separation of tasks for maximum efficiency.
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Leslie White suggested that the product of technical factor efficiency and per capita energy consumption is an appropriate quantitative measure of the "evolution" of this concept, which, according to another scientist, is best explained in terms of "webs of significance." Those "webs" are best "interpreted" through "thick description" of "deep play" such as the Balinese cock fight according to Cliffy Geertz. A 1944 essay by Bronislaw Malinowski offered a "scientific theory" of it, while a 1934 book about it considers such groups as the Kwakiutl and Zuni. FTP, name this concept whose "patterns" were discussed by Ruth Benedict.
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Like the Polynesians, these people created a cloth out of tree bark called tapa, which was used with sistal to make clothing. All of the known kings of this people have full bodied depictions on "Altar Q." Some sources discuss the blood sacrifice of their kings, which was accomplished with a sting ray spine. These people controlled the cities of Calakmul and Dos Pilas in their early years, while in later times, the cities of Uxmal was a more important center. The first of the sixteen kings of these people was named Yax Kuk Mo and began the Copan Dynasty, which worshipped the god Chac. For 10 points, identify these people who prophesized the end of the world in 2012, and had a capital at Chichen Itza.
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Linguists famed for their work with this language include Martin Haase, who wrote on its unique tense and aspect, and the recently deceased Larry Trask, who wrote a history of it and was widely regarded as its foremost expert. An ergative-absolutive language, it encompasses six main dialects and its verb agreement system is uniquely polypersonal. It has been connected to the theoretical Dene-Caucasian family as well as the Vasconic languages, but these links are only tentative. Also known as euskara, FTP, name this language classified in an isolated family of its own and spoken by people of the namesake autonomous community in the Pyrenees and northern Spain.
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Many excerpts from this man's diaries were published as A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term in 1967. He claimed that societal institutions fulfill basic human needs in A Scientific Theory of Culture. Two of his works deal with Sex and Repression and Crime and Custom in "savage society." He wrote the foreward to his London School of Economics pupil Jomo Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. Several of his works, such as Magic, Science, and Religion and Coral Gardens and Their Magic, stem from fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands. FTP, name this author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific, a Polish anthropologist.
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Members of this culture practice a traditional textile art called paj ntaub (pa DOW"), which makes use of geometric and organic designs. This ethnic group practices the hu plig (hew plee), or soul-calling ceremony three days after a child is born. At birth the child's placenta is buried; when a person dies, the soul is thought to travel back to this burial place and wear the placenta as a jacket for protection against evil spirits called dabs. Many members of this group fled to Thailand and then took political asylum in Western countries after being targeted for their involvement in the Secret War in Laos. These people believe a child will become a tvix neeb (tsi neng), or shaman, if he or she is afflicted with epilepsy, leading Anne Fadiman to write about the conflicts between California doctors and the Lee family from, for 10 points, which southeast Asian ethnic group featured in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down?
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Members of this group formed a namesake Twenty-Eighth Battalion during World War II. James Carroll was among the leaders of this people, and governor George Grey gave a seminal account of their language and culture. Toi, one semi-mythical leader of the people, is estimated to have lived around 1150 A.D. A subset of them founded a new culture on the Chatham Islands, and Frederick Maning wrote of his time spent with this ethnic group. Prior to their unification during the King Movement, this people was plagued by infighting among groups led by Pomare, Titore, and Te Wera, a series of conflicts known as the Musket Wars. William Hobson negotiated the most important agreement involving this people, among the conditions of which were the exclusive right of the British crown to purchase their land. That agreement was the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name these native people of New Zealand.
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Northern Sami has a notable one of these which emphasizes three qualities of these instead of the more usual two, while another variant of this with three components is found in some forms of British RP. Czech avoids creating these in its loanwords, while in some languages, a reversal of the process that leads to these objects may occur, which notably happens in both Received Pronunciation and Australian English. Its components are commonly called the 'glide', or 'off-glide', and the 'nucleus', the latter of which is often raised in the Tidewater region of Virginia. Standard Hungarian notably doesn't have any of these, and in the Great Vowel Shift, the vowel [u] shifted to one of these, while its components have occasionally merged in some Southern dialects. For 10 points, identify this linguistic feature, a combination of two vowel sounds into a single phonetic unit.
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One chapter of this book notes that while George Washington relaxed by reading Voltaire and Locke, Eisenhower relaxed with "cowboy tales and detective stories." Inspired by Franz Neumann's analysis of the National Socialism, Behemoth, this book argues that American society is being transformed from a public to a mass manipulated into perceiving a "pseudo-world." It asserts that the title group's thirst for wealth has created a "higher immortality," and begins by contrasting them with "ordinary men" unable to make pivotal decisions. For 10 points, name this book which argues that the United States is controlled by interlocking "higher circles" of politics, business, and the military, by C. Wright Mills.
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One critic has argued that the essay "Embarrassment and Social Organization" places this student of W. Lloyd Warner in the Durkheimian school of ritualistic sociology. In one of his works he concluded that marketing reflects society's paternalistic subordination of women to men. In another he elucidated a tripartite classification of social devaluation: bodily, moral, and tribal. In a more noted series of works, he developed the theory of impression management and established the metaphor of sociology as theater, for which he tends to be pigeonholed as a symbolic interactionist. FTP, name this author of Gender Advertisements and Stigma, a sociologist best known for his The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
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One dispute regarding this work was over the nature of chastity, particularly in the tradition of the taupou, a representative of the bridegroom who checked the bride's virginity. The author admitted that its accounts of the moetotolo are biased because only girls who lived with the pastor were spoken to. The strongest criticism came from anthropologist Derek Freeman. His claims may be biased, as many of the women studied converted to Christianity, suggesting a repudiation of their earlier sexually promiscuous ways. The work essentially argued that the happiness of the title island's people was due to their loose attitude towards sex. FTP, name this work about adolescents growing up, written by Margaret Mead.
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One episode in this work recounts the rescue of a princess from the cannibal Soulless, and it applies the same rationale for secluding menstruating women to secluding oracles. It describes the "making the curse to fly away" ceremony of the Batta people in "Transference of Ills," and the French tradition of lighting bonfires for Lent is linked to the Norse legend of Baldur in another section. The magical stage precedes the religious and scientific stages according to this work, which caused a scandal with a pagan reading of the Lamb of God and which is subtitled "A Study in Magic and Religion." For 10 points, name this anthropological study whose title refers to an object Aeneas used to enter the underworld, written by James Frazer.
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One essay explains this concept in terms of “what is ‘Le Penseur' doing?â€Â An essay titled for this concept borrows Paul Ricoeur's idea of “inscription of action†and contains a version of the “turtles all the way down†story. That essay explains this concept in terms of a Jewish merchant participating in a sham sheep raid in Morocco, and cites “The Thinking of Thoughts†by Gilbert Ryle, which explains this concept in the difference between various forms of winking. This concept is used to explore the Weberian “webs of significance†that make up its popularizer's semiotic theory of culture, which is used in works likes “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.â€Â For 10 points, name this concept which titles the first essay in Clifford Geertz's Interpretation of Cultures, and which involves including context in ethnographic explanations.
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One of his works begins with the section "An Untimely Pregnancy" that uses metaphor of a chessboard and describes the conflict between Coyote and the title character. Besides Story of Lynx discussing the Nez Pierce, another of his works compares the Kwakiutl and Salish perspectives on the titular objects, The Way of the Masks. One of his best-known works describes "alliance theory" and introduces structuralism against Radcliffe-Brown's functionalism, while another contains the volumes From Honey to Ashes, The Origin of Table Manners, and The Raw and the Cooked. For ten points, anthropologist, who wrote aElementary Structure of Kinship and Mythologiques.
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One of this man's students was Jomo Kenyatta, and he wrote the introduction to Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. Author of 1948's "Magic, Science, and Religion", he attacked Sigmund Freud's concept of the Oedipus complex using evidence collected on the Trobriand Islands. The founder of "functionalism", FTP, who was this Polish-born social anthropologist, the author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific?
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One of this man's theories was supported by the discovery that Hittite contained forms in which distinct reflexes of the laryngeals are recorded, and he explained how the vowel alternations of a came about in his first work, Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo-European Languages. He is noted for his terms langue, or regularities and patterns in speech, and parole, or actual acts of speech. The work he is most famous for is often considered the foundation for structural linguistics, though Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye actually published it. FTP name this Swiss linguist whose lecture notes and other materials were posthumously turned into the seminal Course in General Linguistics.
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One of this man's works describes how labor leaders all eventually abandon their oppositional outlook against management, and adapt to work within the confines of the capitalist structure. In one of his works, he described sociology as the natural extension of human history and biography, and criticizes Talcott Parsons' grand theory for divorcing sociology from individuals. In his best-known work, this author describes how the title class of people reproduces itself by admitting new members based on how well they clone themselves after existing members. Those people include the military-industrial complex. For 10 points, name this sociologist who wrote The New Men of Power, The Sociological Imagination, and The Power-Elite.
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One of this philosopher's late works employs Tarski's correspondence theory of truth to develop the idea of "verisimilitude". That work also contains the argument that unconditional prophecies are formed from a combination of existential statements and conditional predictions, and is entitled Conjectures and Refutations. Another work by this thinker discusses the reduction of theories to basic statements and contains such chapters as "The Problem of the Empirical Basis", and "Degrees of Testability". In a work of political philosophy, this thinker criticized holistic theories and argued that totalitarian regimes operated under "The Spell of Plato". The formulator of falsifiability, for 10 points, identify this philosopher whose major works include The Poverty of Historicism, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, and The Open Society and Its Enemies.
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One section of this work is entitled "Education for Choice" and some of its case studies are Fala, Siva, and Mala. This work explains how the taupou system can be skirted using chicken blood, and implies that the moetotolo practice is widespread. The theory that Tau islanders were playing a practical joke on its author has notably been advanced by the author who described its "Anthropological Myth," Derek Freeman. This work contentiously claimed that adolescents were less stressed while transitioning to adulthood in cultures where teens experienced less sexual inhibition. FTP, name this anthropological work centering on Polynesian culture by Margaret Mead.
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One use of it has been to suggest that a large axion decay constant, naively ruled out due to its prediction of an overabundance of dark matter, is allowed due to a highly tuned initial angle. Hoyle's argument for the existence of a particular resonance of carbon-12 is often considered a use of this principle. In cosmology, it is the subject of a book by Barrow and Tipler. Its name was coined by Brandon Carter, and one prominent use is Stephen Weinberg's 1987 prediction of a small cosmological constant on the basis of galaxy formation. Its weak form is a tautological statement that the universe must be compatible with our knowledge that carbon-based life exists. For 10 points, what is this controversial principle which in one strong form relies on an ensemble of universes in which we live in a rare habitable region?
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One work by this man attempted to disprove the universality of the Oedipus complex, and another work focused on Race relations in Africa and included a discussion of native diets and land issues. In addition to The Dynamics of Culture Change and The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, his theorized that cultures were ruled by institutions in his A Scientific Theory of Culture. The sequel to one work studied the agricultural methods of the same tribe; that work includes accounts of an overseas expedition and the exchange of goods via the Kula ring. FTP, name this anthropologist, the author of Coral Gardens and their Magic and Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
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One work by this writer introduces the idea of “postfigurative, cofigurative and prefigurative†societies. This writer's autobiography takes its name from a regional expression for a late cold spell that ruins a certain crop. The most vocal critic of this writer's work has attacked a commitment to write “for the Bishop Museum†and this writer's relationship with Dr. Charles Lane. Those attacks have come in books that describe “the Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth†and this writer being subject to “a Fateful Hoaxing.†Those attacks, launched by Derek Freeman, have claimed that this anthropologist misunderstood or was lied to by the teenage girls like Lola and Mala on the island of Ta'u. For 10 points, identify this author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
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Opposing the ideas of Vladimir Propp, this work replaces the "syntagmatic sequence" with the "paradigmatic sequence" in its analysis of the Kayapo. Part four of this work, "Well Tempered Astronomy," discusses the Pleiades and the Rainbow. This work is set up according to a musical progression, beginning with the "Overture," and contains such chapters as "The 'Good Manners' Sonata' and "Chromatic Piece." The starting point for inquiry is the identification of a "key myth," which in this case is that of the Bororo people. Using poison as an example of what the author calls "the point of isomorphic coincidence between nature and culture," this work proposes a thematic link between the title entities as encompassing the opposition of natural and social forces. FTP, identify this 1964 work of structuralist anthropology, the first volume of the four volume Mythologiques, which was written by Claude Lévi-Strauss and whose title refers to two ways in which food might be consumed.
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Plurals in this language are made by adding a terminal "k," and the words "his," "hers," "its," and "yours" are all expressed by the same suffix. Though it has many borrowings from Turkish and Slavic tongues, its closest European relatives include Lappish and Finnish. Its speakers came west from Bashkorostan and settled in the Great Alföld and Danube Valley in the late 9th century. FTP, identify this language spoken in Budapest.
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Raphael Patai wrote about it ...in Judaism. Henrika Kuklick's this ...Within describes the early history of British anthropology, including their division of human progress to include civilization, barbarism, and a stage comprised of these. Lewis Henry Morgan characterized that stage in terms of sexual promiscuity, a theme also taken up in a work about The Sexual Life of... them, and Sex and Repression in... their kind of society in books by Malinowski. More broadly, Levi-Strauss described the nature of human society in his book about this kind of mind. For 10 points, name this anthropological label for primitive, violent man, whose idealized version is known as the "noble" kind.
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Recent evidence collected here has suggested that the lime-rich marl clay prompted residents to locate this site in the middle of an immense marshland. More recent work by Martin and Russell has overturned the earlier claim by Perkins that it was the earliest center of cattle domestication, and Halbaek has cited the discovery of hackberries at all levels here as evidence of alcohol production. Its commercial importance was related to Hasan Dag, a nearby volcano and the source of obsidian. Plastered auroch skulls and other objects decorated by horns are taken as evidence of an important bull cult here, though since the discovery of an obese female statue with two leopards by Melaart, this site has been associated with goddess worship. With a name meaning "fork mound" in Turkish, for 10 points, name this Neolithic archaeological site in the Konya Plain in Asia Minor.
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Robert Kapsis argued that it was low in certain communities in his article on Black Ghetto Diversity and it. In an article by Gary Lee entitled Marriage and this, Lee references a version of this concept which attempts to explain the criminal tendency to act upon any opportunity for income, even when illegal. That version was developed by Robert Merton, who wrote Social Structure and this. It was identified as a result of religion's decreasing importance in society and of the modern division of labor. For 10 points, name this breakdown of social norms resulting in a feeling of lack of purpose, one of the four major causes of suicide identified by Emile Durkheim.
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Sections of this work discuss early Roman law and the Germanic wadium, while it begins with a quote from the Havamal, a portion of the Edda. This work extends the author's first work, a collaboration in which he analyzed analogous ideas in Hinduism and Judaism. Marilyn Strathern critiqued this book from a gender perspective, while Sahlins' article on the "The Spirit of [It]", claimed that its author may have misunderstood an idea called the hau, in which the souls of the people involved in the title ritual become intermingled. The author views the title concept as multivalent-that is, a situation where a single action stands for all of society, called a total prestation. Drawing from Malinowski's study of the kula ring and the institution of the potlatch, for 10 points, identify this sociological work about the titular exchange by Marcel Mauss.
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She continues her theory about "the mother ship of culture" first laid out in her speech "The Magic of Images"in a book whose subtitle claims that she "reads forty-three of the world's best poems." Claiming to be on a mission to "save culture from theory," she asserted that all of western culture is a fear-induced phallic symbol in her major work, which equates women with the uncontrollable part of nature. She also attacked campus speech codes in Vamps & Tramps. For 10 points, name this pro-capitalism feminist, the author of Sexual Personae.
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Sites that show this species' later development include Torralba in Spain and Terra Amata in France. The "baton method" was part of the Acheulean tool tradition which they developed. And sites such as Swartkans in South Africa suggested their development of the use of fire and cooking made them the first hominid species to do so. They disappeared sometime around 250,000 years ago and early finds of this species included Java Man and Peking Man. FTP, name this hominid whose named is Latin for "upright man."
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Starting with an article in The New Republic,"Call to Arms", this thinker advocated for America's entry into World War II, an argument he expanded in the books Men Must Act and Faith for Living. His forays into criticisms were inspired in part by his friendship with Van Wyk Brooks; he also authored a biography of Herman Melville and argued for the merits of aesthetic experience in Values for Survival. In The Human Prospect he traced the development of the clock to time keeping in monasteries, while in a better known work he used the metaphors of containers and magnets to explain the the development of "megamachine" in Technics and Civilization. Cofounder of the Regional Planning Association of America, his main work sought to examine the development of urban culture. FTP, identify this social scientist, best known for The City in History and The Culture of Cities.
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The "Amesbury Archer" is a possible king of these people, and the bronze swords found in the bogs near this group's population centers may be a basis for Arthurian myth. This group was the first in Britain to abandon communal burial mounds in favor of individual graves, and they also brought barley and other cereals to the island. Their namesake objects were often decorated with horizontal rows of fine-toothed stamps, and this group had extensive context with the Battle-Axe culture. For 10 points, name this neolithic group though to have had a hand in adding to a site started by the preceding megalith-builders, Stonehenge.
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The characteristic communitas, which was influenced by Robert Merton's definition of society as "patterned," was attributed to Ndembu practitioners of this anthropological phenomenon in works such as The Drums of Affliction and The Forest of Symbols. The term for it was first used by Arnold van Gennep, whose work in rural France formed the basis of a model with three-phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. In the previously named works, Victor Turner elucidated theories to explain the process of first humiliating, secluding, or testing before allowing a new societal role to be taken. Exemplified by the Norwegian russefeiring, Lakota vision quest, and Jewish Bar Mitzvah, this is, FTP, what phrase used to refer to any ritual symbolizing a change in status?
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The anterior pillars located on either side of this species' nose seem to relate it to species discovered by Gert Terblanche. An earlier fraud initially led the scientific community to ignore the first of four examples, which was found in a lime quarry near Kimberley. The original specimen was a child with a cranial capacity of four hundred five cubic centimeters, but it wasn't until Robert Broom's discovery of a four hundred eighty-five-cubic-centimeter adult skull that the existence of this species was widely accepted. Phylogenic models suggest that it may be the ancestor of P. Robustus, though the OH62 artifact may indicate it to be the direct ancestor of the Homo genus, rather than the afarensis species of its own genus. FTP, name this hominid species named by Raymond Dart with a name meaning "southern ape of Africa."
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The author of this text received criticism for his erroneous description of pottery in advanced civilizations. Annotated and used as a source by Marx, this work's chapters are named after its central classification scheme's parts, which are outlined in the first chapter, "Ethnical Periods." This work centers on elements of social structure such as "Arts of Subsistence" and "Systems of Consanguinity". This work divides communities into savagery, barbarism, and civilization, all based on its author's studies of the tribes of the Iroquois League. FTP, identify this anthropological work by Lewis Henry Morgan.
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The chapter entitled "From Genes to Culture" in his latest book, Consilience, reflects his interest in the evolutionary origins of social behavior. His original attraction to the topic came through entomology, for which he earned a 1990 Pulitzer for The Ants. For ten points, name this naturalist, who also wrote On Human Nature and Sociobiology.
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The discussion of trees in this work includes sections on the death of Kostrubonko and the Whitsuntide Mummers. A song about a bastard son of Midas named Lityerses who would kill strangers after forcing them to help him gather the harvest is discussed in the section on the Corn-Spirit. The soul is considered as a "shadow and a reflection" and as a "mannikin" in a chapter on the "perils of the soul," while another chapter considers sharp weapons, blood, spittle, and hair as "tabooed things." The book begins by asking "Who does not know Turner's picture" of the titular object, and then describes the grove of Aricia where a certain ceremony once took place. The author initially wanted only to understand the rule which regulated the succession of the priesthood of Diana, but ended up writing twelve volumes. FTP, name this work whose title refers to a branch removed from a sacred tree by Aeneas, which was written by Sir James Frazer.
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The earliest member of this taxonomic group, found in 1994, is distinguished from earlier groups in part by a thickening of the tooth enamel. A lower jaw discovered at Koro Toro in northern Chad turned out to be from a new variety, and the first source of the most recent variety was a child's skull found at Taung. Footprints discovered in Laetoli showed that the most famous variety developed a forward-pointing big toe and arched feet, though Hadar was the source for the best example of this genus: Lucy. Coined by Raymond Dart to mean "southern ape," FTP name this genus of hominins that lived from about 5.3 to 1.8 million years ago, and includes such species as africanus and afarensis.
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The final chapter of this book discusses an "abnormal form" of the title concept in which poor regulation prompts a decrease in "functional activity." Its seventh chapter largely refutes Spencer's theory of contracts, stating that positive control is on the rise due to the fundamentally restitutive nature of modern laws. This work contrasts such restitutive systems with the typically repressive systems of primitive peoples, where common experiences prompt a mechanical solidarity that is fundamentally different from the organic solidarity of modern society. Organic solidarity is then said to derive from the title concept, which increases productivity yet leads to the alienation of the individual as well as anomie. For 10 points, name this 1893 magnum opus of French sociologist Émile Durkheim.
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The most important class of them requires that non-terminals be rewritten without regard to the surrounding symbols -- which makes parsing feasible. An unrestricted one can be constructed for any recursively-enumerable language, but the result may not be useful in practice. An ambiguous one would allow multiple parse-trees for some string, and regular ones describe the same set of languages as regular expressions. FTP, name this method of specifying the syntax of languages, the transformational variety of which forms the basis of a Noam Chomsky theory.
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The oldest document written in this language is a letter written in 1521 in the town of Câmpulung, while more recent poets writing in this language include Carmen Sylva and Anton Pann. This language uses five cases, though the genitive and dative cases are identical, as are the nominative and accusative. Tripthongs occur frequently in this language, as in “rusaoică,†while interjections in this language include “mamă-mamă.†It is more closely related to Dalmatian than to Italian or Spanish, and this language includes the pronouns “noi,†“voi,†and “eu†[“AY-ooâ€] and favors labial consonants such as “b†and “m†over velars such as “g†and “k.†For 10 points, name this tongue spoken by the members of O-Zone and Nicolae CeauÅŸescu, an Eastern Romance language spoken in Bucharest.
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The one called Crow Dog denied US courts jurisdiction over crimes committed by and against members of reservations. Vallandigham concerned military tribunals, while Quirin held that the sixth amendment did not apply to military tribunals. Garland was one of the test-oath cases, and Yarbrough upheld passage of the Force Act of 1870. FTP, these are all examples of what type of court case, the most famous of which are probably Milligan and Merryman, whose two word name means "from one party only"?
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The opposition of Christian missionaries caused the Canadian government to ban this practice from 1885 to 1951. Marcel Mauss likened it to the pilou-pilou system of New Caledonia as an example of reciprocal moral economy in traditional societies. Young children who entered the system by distributing blankets were often charged rates of interest as high as one hundred percent. The burning of candlefish oil, cutting of copper sheets, and smashing of canoes were among the rituals performed during these feasts, whose name derives from the Chinook Jargon for "to make a gift." FTP, identify this custom observed by Franz Boas among the Kwakiutl.
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The premise for this work was developed from Plato's Cratylus. This text argues that onomatopoeia and interjections are of "secondary importance, and their symbolic origin is open to dispute." Its final section deals with the relationship between syntagmatic and associative words. Its second section, "Linguistic Value," discusses the material and conceptual viewpoints, while the first section famously explains signs, signifiers, and the signified. Compiled from the lecture notes of its "author" by two of his students, FTP, identify this most important work of Ferdinand de Saussure.
name this civilization, whose two major cities were Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and which is named for the river valley system in which it is located.
The recently discovered Ravi phase pushes its history back to 3300 BCE, long before the previously known Kot Diji Phase. Using four-to-five-character-long inscriptions on seals, this people's language has been tentatively identified as Dravidian. Akkadian references to "Meluhha" and "Makkan" give evidence of their foreign trade. Probably reaching from Sutkagen Dor near the Arabian Sea to Rupar in the Simla Hills, its main cities were located in present-day Pakistan. For 10 points
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The right-wing historian Keith Windschuttle sparked controversy by alleging that this group's history is a "fabrication." One group of these people was deported by George Arthur and George Robinson in the 1830s, and they were also the victims of the Forest River Massacre. William Cooper founded a "league" for these people, which organized the Day of Mourning to counter nationalist holidays. The Mabo decision overturned the "terra nullius" doctrine which said that they did not own land, and these practitioniers of "firestick farming" were also the victims of the "Stolen Generation." For 10 points, name these first inhabitants of such places as Victoria and Queensland.
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The story of the success of the destitute Satyakama and the chandaal Valmiki brings into question its rigidity as originally practiced. Divided into jati, they are also called varna, which also means "color", perhaps a reference to early Indo-European settlers. Codified in the Book of Manu, some scholars point out that guna, which means "qualification", was never intended to extend to heredity, which has made life hard for the harijan. FTP, Shudras are distinguished from the twice-born Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, and Brahmins by what Hindu system of social stratification?
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The two central classifications in this area of study are the point and method of articulation. Combinations of these two parts give the full description of the sound made during, for example, a glottal stop or a dental fricative. FTP, name this branch of linguistics concerned with classifying the sounds which comprise language.
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Their stone tools have been recovered at numerous sites in the Omo valley, demonstrating the simple Oldowan designs that would develop into to the more advanced Acheulean handaxes and picks approximately 500,000 years later. These contemporaries of A. Africanus are believed to be descended from A. Afarensis and survived the extinction of the Australopithecines by dint of larger brain capacity and the accompanying technological advances. FTP, name these homonids existing from 2 million to 1.2 million years ago before yielding to Homo erectus.
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They eventually split into two factions, primarily over the question of communal land ownership. One of those factions, the Sons of Freedom, would lead a series of nudist strikes.The major element in their life was "the gathering," at which large passages of the Book of Life would be read, and their leaders included a man named Silva and Peter Verigin who commanded a namesake rebellion. It was their refusal to be conscripted that led to their exile from the land they'd been given by Alexander I around the Sea of Azov. Originally called "Christians of the Universal Brotherhood," after they burned their weapons in an 1895 protest, their struggle and eventual emigration to Canada was supported by Leo Tolstoy. For 10 points, identify this Russian religious sect whose supposedly heretical beliefs led to them being given a name that translates as "Spirit Wrestlers."
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They include the 4-million year old anamensis and the bahrelghazali of Chad. They had curved feet and hands and ate only fruits and vegetation with their small canines and large molars. A family of them were found by Maurice Taieb, and the robustus species may have had the skills to make stone tools. Aethiopicus were found in Lake Turkana, while boisei were originally called Zinjanthropus and nicknamed "Nutcracker Man" by Mary Leakey. FTP Donald Johanson discovered the afarensis Lucy and Raymond Dart found its descendant africanus, both species of what extinct hominid primates?
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This anthropologist wrote about the differing sex roles among the Arapesh, Mudugumor, and Tchambuli cultures in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, and this author wrote that children growing up in an animistic culture only begin to think that way as they age in Growing Up in New Guinea. The most famous work by this researcher was a study of Manu adolescent girls in relation to American girls, which has often been criticized as being fake, notably by Derek Freeman. FTP name this American cultural anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
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This author collaborated with Gene Weltfish to support human equality and bash fascism in "The Races of Mankind." This anthropologist described the Pueblo culture of New Mexico and the Dobu culture of New Guinea and argued that morality is relative to unique cultural values in Patterns of Culture. The most famous work of this author contrasts the "guilt culture" of a the West with the "shame culture" of a certain nation and stemmed from research during World War II. FTP, name identify this anthropologist, who wrote about imperial Japan in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.
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This author of Islam Observed and the essay collection Local Knowledge objected to structuralism, calling it "a sort of high-tech rationalism", and often focused his writings on the revolution in what he called "the way we think about the way we think". Beginning with his fieldwork in Java and Bali in the 1950s, he analyzed the role of symbols in society in works like The Religion of Java and Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali. FTP, who is the influential U.S. anthropologist perhaps best known for his essay collection The Interpretation of Cultures?
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This author of the essay collection Sociology and Anthropology was renowned for his encyclopedic recall of ethnographic knowledge, and although he never did field work, he focused the attention of French thinkers on ethnology. Among his early works was 1899's Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function, but he is more important for his novel ideas concerning the forms of exchange in Melanesia, Polynesia, and northwestern North America. FTP, who was this nephew of Emile Durkheim, author of Essai sur le don, or The Gift?
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This author's “Fateful Hoaxing†titles a scathing critique of a work that discusses how youths skirt the traditional taupo system. One of this thinker's works studies how gender roles affected the tendencies of the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli to be warlike or peaceful. Interviews with adolescent girls make up the fieldwork for her work that compares the guarded sexuality of youth in America to the more open sexuality of young girls on the island of Ta'u in the Pacific. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist who wrote Coming of Age in Samoa.
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This book cites Hesiod as an author who agrees that travelling to other countries may shake one's belief in generalizations, and proposes the rule that "C.P. plus E.S. equals U.P.," which only applies to stationary and repetitive systems. It is divided into four sections, two explaining the "naturalistic" and "anti-naturalistic" versions of the title concept, which is blamed on the early understanding of eclipses lending validity to the "dream of prophecy." Also taking aim at sociological "holism," it is dedicated to victims of "the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of...Destiny" and elaborates on the need for a critical spirit previously advocated in The Open Society and Its Enemies. For 10 points, name this book which says there are no fixed laws of social development, written by Karl Popper.
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This book's seventh chapter discusses the names that humans give animals and concludes that birds are "metaphorical human beings" and that racehorses are "metaphorical inhuman beings." Its final chapter accuses Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason of ignoring the wealth of beliefs and customs of less modern cultures. This book argues that the mental lives of those cultures is shaped by precise and subtle distinctions in its second chapter, "The Logic of Totemic Classifications." It describes the deep and vivid knowledge of plant life among native peoples in its first chapter, "The Science of the Concrete," which compares the title entity to the mental state of the bricoleur. Published alongside its author's book Totemism in 1962, for 10 points, name this book about the intelligence of primitive societies, written by Claude Levi-Strauss.
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This concept disallows the Borda count from being effective, although repeated instances of Nanson's Method can bypass this condition. May's theorem applies this concept to a more restricted scope, and ome variants of this concept replace the montonicity and non-imposition criteria to form a more restrictive version. The Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem formally extends this concept to voting systems, and it was introduced by its namesake in "A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare," while its namesake also wrote Social Choice and Individual Values. For 10 points, what theorem states that when there are more than three options, a completely fair and consistent election is unattainable.
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This man's major work included a chapter on "The Explanatory Power" and also discussed the "dummy carrier" before analyzing the lack of meaning in the assertion that "the fighting stopped." He used three examples regarding a "book on modern music" before mentioning that "the child seems sleeping" in the chapter "The Independence of Grammar," which also introduces the sentence "colorless green ideas sleep furiously." For 10 points, name this man whose Syntactic Structures laid out the theory of transformational-generative grammar, and who is both a noted MIT linguist and a leftist political commentator.
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This concept was popularized in the 19th century in books like The Non-religion of the Future by Jean-Marie Guyau, who argued that it would become the morality of mankind. It caught on in America after playing a key role in 1933's The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization by Elton Mayo. In a continuation of the book that most famously employs this concept, Maurice Halbwachs rejected it. Leo Srole developed a "scale" to measure it, but he was influenced by the pessimistic version introduced by Robert Merton. In an 1893 book, it was hypothesized as an abnormal form of the division of labor, but four years later it appeared in conjugal and economic forms as a cause of suicide. FTP, give this sociological concept, which means an absence of norms and which was employed by Emile Durkheim.
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This hominid was at one point erroneously placed in the Sinanthropus group. Characterized by a flat skull with a small forehead, cranial capacity averaging 1,075 cubic centimeters, and a large, powerful, chinless jaw, these hominids had a well-developed communal culture, practiced hunting, and used fire domestically. First identified as a new fossil human by Davidson Black in 1927 on the basis of a single tooth, later excavations yielded fossils from about 40 individuals, but these finds mysteriously disappeared during an attempt to smuggle them into the United States in 1941. FTP, what is this member of homo erectus discovered in Chou-k'ou-tien cave and named for the Chinese city nearby?
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This idea has been clarified by Steven Pinker in recent decades, though it was originally developed while its creator was a student under Zellig Harris. This model differentiates between subconscious control of a linguistic system, known as competence, and a speaker's actual use of language, known as performance. Postulating a syntactic language base called deep structure that consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, this idea was originally put forth in its author's Syntactic Structures. FTP, identify this model of grammar put forth by Noam Chomsky.
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This man collaborated with Hans Gerth on Character and Social Structure, and asserted that American labor leaders have subordinated themselves to capitalism in The New Men of Power. Another work by this man denounces the “Grand Theory†of Talcott Parsons and advocates a more human version of sociology. This author of The Sociological Imagination wrote about the Cuban revolution in Listen, Yankee. He described how workers are alienated by a “salesmanship mentality†in one work and argued that the United States is controlled by the “higher circles†of the military, politics, and business in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this sociologist who wrote White Collar and The Power Elite.
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This man collaborated with Roland Dixon on a language classification system, which notably produced the grouping Hokan. This anthropologist wrote about his own "Archeological Expeditions in Northern Peru" in a book titled after that. This man wrote several workds about the "Indians of California," including a "handbook" and a "guide to their religions." This man borrowed and advocated a technique developed by Robert Lowie which aims to preserve disappearing traditions, known as "Salvage Ethnography," and in his best known work, he wrote about a man who refused to reveal his own name due to custom, and so was called by the Yana word for "man." For ten points, identify this student of Franz Boas, who wrote about Ishi, The Last Yahi in addition to his textbook Anthropology.
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This man described a "theatre state," a situation when power serving pomp and not the other way around, in his Negara. Using the villages of Sefrou and Pare as focal points for his analysis, he argued that anthpology must grapple with how modernity transforms symbolic systems in After the Fact. His work in the 1960s lead to the papers Peddlers and Princes and Agricultural Involution, which dealt with the development of Indonesia, a topic revisited in Islam Observed. His most famous work begins with the analysis of the meaning of a wink, and goes on to describe man as suspended in "webs of significance". A promoter of "thick description", FTP, name this American anthropologist, whose essay "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight" can be found in his Interpretation of Cultures.
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This man discusses "essentialism and epochalism" and the "four phases of nationalism" in his somewhat uncharacteristic essay entitled "After the Revolution." His satirically-titled lecture "Anti-Anti-Relativism" paradoxically concludes that provincialism is a greater danger than relativism. More substantial works of his include the rather recent Available Light and a comparative study Islam Observed. He discusses the swidden and sabah procedures in Agricultural Involution, but is most famous for a work with chapters on "The Politics of Meaning" and "Deep Play," in which he presents notes on a Balinese cockfight with "thick description." FTP, name this American anthropologist best known for The Interpretation of Cultures.
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This man referred to those living on Banks Islands when discussing the “illusion†of the title entity in one work, while he compares how various groups in British Columbia related to the title Swaihwe object in another work. This author also discussed the Jivaro in his The Jealous Potter, but this author of The Way of the Masks may be better remembered for opposing Radcliffe-Brown with his “alliance theory†and for writing a work that opens by discussing the story of “The Macaws and Their Nest.†That work is part of a longer one which studies the transformation of South American folk tales. For 10 points, name this French structural anthropologist and author of Triste Tropiques, Elementary Structures of Kinship and Mythologiques, which includes The Raw and the Cooked.
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This man's doctorate work examined The Family Among the Australian Aborigines, the success of which granted him the chance to study The Natives of Mailu. His second wife, Valetta Swann, aided his later studies in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico, and was primarily responsible for the publication of his posthumous A Scientific Theory of Culture. His most famous work features chapters on "The Power of Words in Magic" and "Canoes and Sailing," but it is mostly concerned with the Kula exchange of the Trobriand Islanders. Also the author of the Introduction to Facing Mount Kenya, FTP name this functionalist anthropologist most famous for Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
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This man's political works include an influential campaign against the Ogden Land Company. This thinker discussed development of the incest taboo in the Punaluan family, and the Kwakiutl eventually provided a counterexample to his theory of matrilineal-to-patrilineal development. This thinker wrote a work in which he identified Sudanese, Eskimo, and Iriqouis among his titular Systems of Consanguinity, which he wrote in addition to Affinity of the Human Family. He claimed that the title animal had moral sense in The American Beaver and his Works. He also described successive stages of "savagery", "barbarism", and "civilization" in his most famous work. For ten points, name this American anthropologist of Ancient Society.
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This movement is exemplified by such works as The Tragedy of King Christophe, Pigments, and Ethiopiques. Employing a total acceptance of heritage, it strove to reverse the stereotypes applied by Europeans and upheld the original culture and values. Purported in the works A Season in the Congo and Soleil Cou-Coupé by Aime Césaire, who coined this movement's name, it also found an outlet in the works Black Label and Névralgies by Léon Damas. FTP, identify this movement concerned with the resurgence of African ideals popularized by Léopold Senghor.
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This sociologist posited that the origin of the self lies in the play and game stages of childhood. He also saw the self as a confluence of the "I," an innovative internal force, and the "me," the effects of other persons' responses on the subject's actions. Impulse, perception, manipulation, and consummation are the four stages of "the act," the most basic unit of his social theory. His most famous theory held that the individual is a product of socially symbolic gestures. For 10 points, name this author of Mind, Self, and Society who influenced such people as Erving Goffman with his promotion of symbolic interactionism.
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This theory assumes that territorially-defined nations are unitary actors with a single set of interests involved in a zero-sum game of international anarchy. Although it has its origins as far back as Thucydides, its major proponents include Kenneth Walls and Henry Morgenthau. FTP, identify the theory of international relations which asserts that nations seek a favorable balance of power and security.
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This thinker analyzed Flaubert's A Sentimenal Education in The Rules of Art, and advocated epistemic reflexivity in order to avoid "scholastic bias" in his study of academic research, Homo Academicus. This social scientist founded the collective Reasons for Action, and began his academic career with an ethnography of the Kabyle people of Algeria. This sociologist argued that television increases political conformity in his late work On Television, and defined the dispositions through which people perceive and act in the world as the term "habitus." This sociologist created the concepts of symbolic and cultural capital, and wrote a book that describes how aesthetic preferences are systematically taught along social class lines. For 10 points, name this French sociologist who wrote a "social critique of the judgment of taste," Distinction.
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This thinker analyzed the difference between dyads and triads in "Quantitative Aspects of the Group." This social scientist labeled ignoring the interdependency of power relations as the "fallacy of separateness" andclaimed that play symbolized the highest possible aesthetic interactions of people in his essay "The Sociology of Sociability." One of this social scientist's works argues that big cities tend to have adverse effects on the intellectual capacities and sanity of individuals. He identified social types fixed by the reactions of others such as "the mediator," "the poor," and "the stranger," and wrote a book analyzing the way in which the ability to buy and sell goods affects social standing. For 10 points, name this German sociologist of The Metropolis and Mental Life and The Philosophy of Money.
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This thinker called Americans "stripped European[s]" in a work criticizing William Dean Howells for "paint[ing] no heroes," and criticized the World Trade Center as "only another Dinosaur" in another work. This thinker discussed "historic manifestations of love" in Values for Survival, and argued that American philosophy was a new stage of human development in The Golden Day. He wrote a series of books including The Pentagon of Power that developed the idea of the "megamachine," and divided the last thousand years of civilization into eotechnic, paleotechnic, and neotechnic eras in the first part of his "Renewal of Life" series. His studies of urban life include The Culture of Cities and The City in History. For 10 points, name this American thinker who described the historical development of technology in Technics and Civilization.
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This thinker distinguished between theories about the actual world, or "models of," and theories about theoretical worlds, or "models for." This social scientist described the "Doctrine of the Exemplary Center" in a book which uses the figures of Lyusi and Kalidjaga to represent different forms of religious belief. This anthropologist defined descriptions of cultural events that use the particular language of those events as "local knowledge." He argued that anthropological relativism is based on data and warned against retreating into provincialism in his lecture "Anti-Anti-Relativism." This anthropologist defined religion as a "system of symbols" in Religion as a Cultural System, and used Gilbert Ryle's example of the distinction between an involuntary twitch and a deliberate wink to illustrate his concept of "thick description." For 10 points, name this anthropologist who used the Balinese cockfight to explain his concept of "deep play."
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This thinker distinguishes between dyadic groups and the problems of collective action in larger groups in the essay "Quantitative Aspects of the Group." He writes of the titular reckless life experience in "The Adventure," a component of his elaborated system of social types, which includes identifications like "the man in the middle," the "mediator," and "the poor." He discusses the reciprocal nature of dominance in an oft-cited chapter on "Superordination and Subordination," and talks about the rationalizing effects of modernity in "The Metropolis and Mental Life." A close colleague of Tonnies and Weber, FTP, name this pioneering German sociologist probably best known for a work about the social transition from barter economy entitled The Philosophy of Money.
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This thinker utilized anthropological techniques to attack philosophical problems in his work Available Light, while he contrasted two island societies with varying economic conditions in his work Peddlers and Princes. This thinker wrote about a situation in which all participants in a society portrayed different dramatic characters as societal roles at different times in his Negara: The Theater State. In addition to that work, he used the example of a Balinese cockfight to examine a game in which the stakes were so high it made sense for no participant to play, a situation which he termed "deep play." For ten points, identify this anthropologist who utilized "thick description" to analyze societies, which he advocated in his work The Interpretation of Cultures.
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This thinker's work led to a famous exchange with Congressman William Rice when he testified in front of the House Committee on Depression. He had originally studied to become an Episcopal priest, and even edited The Living Chruch before his views came into conflict with orthooxy. He wrote historical works on the early history of the United States such as Andrew Jackson as a Public Man and The Financier and Finances of the American Revolution. He further expounded on the history of currency in A History of Banking in the Leading Nations and A History of American Currency, but he is best known for his social theories. He coined the term "ethnocentrism" and decried the redistribution of income in his essay on "the forgotten man." FTP, name this advocate of Social Darwinism and co-author of The Science of Society, best known for Folkways.
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This woman's writings include the children's story The Eagle and the Wren and the books In the Shadow of Man and Visions of Caliban. The holder of a PhD in Ethology, she is an explorer-in-residence for the National Geographic Society, as well as the only non-Tanzanian to win the Medal of Tanzania. She first traveled to Lake Tanganyika at age 26 in 1960, where she established the Gombe Stream Research Centre. FTP, name this anthropologist, famous for her years of observations of chimpanzees.
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This work argues that the idea of classification is something that was inspired by natural division within human society rather than a priori. The titular concept was viewed as a "primordial matrix" from which other cultural elements emerged and since its author had no direct contact with the groups under investigation, much of its empirical evidence came from Spencer and Gillen's The Native Tribes of Central Australia. It expanded upon its author's notion of a "collective consciousness" encompassing a system of beliefs referred to as "collective representations," which included a cosmology or worldview. Society was divided it the sacred and profane, while the belief that social groups descend from a common animal or plant, totemism, was posited as a basic category. FTP, what is this anthropological work dealing with the bases of religion, written by Émile Durkheim?
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This work describes the totality of all of the beliefs common to people as the "conscience collective." One way that people feel connected to one another is through these shared beliefs, which the author terms "mechanical solidarity." But the more important determinant of connectedness is through the title concept, which creates "organic solidarity. " Building on Adam Smith's discussion, the author casts this functional role as a necessary precondition for civilization. The author then shows how the title concept is coextensive with similar biological collective strategies. He also describes an abnormal form of it, in which citizens suffer from anomie. FTP, what is this 1893 sociological work that discusses specialization, written by Emile Durkheim?
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This work quotes Montaigne on how much easier it is to accuse than to excuse and Engels on the shift from a regime based on community ownership to one on private property; a shift which its author claims coincided with the application of tools, the domination of nature, and subsequent social differentiation.This work asserts that the determinism of psychoanalysis must be rejected in Part I, which is divided into three chapters, "Biology," "Psychology," and "History."Part II, On the Master Slave Rebellion, argues for an existentialist perspective to understand how the supremacy of one group developed.Its Introduction disputes the nominalism of Dorothy Parker's contemporary call for equality and outlines this work's true goal, which is to explore how the concept of "the eternal feminine evolved." For 10 points, identify this book that posited the evolution of woman as "the other," a 1949 work by Simone de Beauvoir.
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Time magazine titled this woman "Mother of the World" in 1969 even though the governor of Florida called her a "dirty old lady" for her views on legalizing marijuana. Despite the fact doctors told her she was barren, she gave birth in 1939, which she chronicled in Blackberry Winter. Among her scholarly works are New Life for Old, Continuities in Cultural Evolution, and Balinese Character: A Photo Analysis. She gained fame for her studies Growing Up in New Guinea and Male and Female. FTP, identify this anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
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Tucker, Lambert, and Rigault tested French speakers' skill with this construct, which a 2007 study by Dalila Ayoun showed was being lost from that language. The Lak word for "house" is the only word in that language that expresses the inquorate form of this construct, which is fairly common in Tsova-Tush. That language differentiates between eight types of this construct, as does Swahili, which marks this construct by prefixing every word in the clause related to the noun which carries it, even the verb. Although this construct is generally arbitrary in Indo-European languages, Dyirbal uses this to distinguish between "things related to fire" and "non-flesh food", and many languages, such as Ojibwe, use it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects. Often marked by articles like French la and le, or case endings like Latin -us, -a, and -um, for 10 points, what is this noun characteristic, most commonly seen as "masculine", "feminine", and "neuter"?
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Until the 1930s this woman wrote poetry under the pseudonym Anne Singleton. Heavily influenced by Elsie Clews Parson and Alexander Goldenweiser, she produced her first book, Tales of the Cochiti Indians, in 1931, having earlier gained her Ph.D. with The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America. She held that the overall "personality" of a society defines its members, explaining her ideas in works like Zuni Mythology and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. FTP, who was this anthropologist, author of Patterns of Culture?
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Utilizing Karl Mannheim's theory of the "sociology of knowledge" he discussed his time in Latin America in Puerto Rican Journey and a 1960 book about the revolution in Cuba, Listen Yankee. In addition to coining terms like "the New Left" and "the Big Three" this man worked with Hans Gerth on the critical evaluation Character and Social Structure. This writer of The Sociological Imagination is best known for two studies published in the 1950s, one about the middle class and the other on those classes who control the U.S. FTP identify this man who worked as a professor at Maryland and at Columbia where he wrote White Collar and The Power Elite.
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While in college she was head of a science and social group known as the "Ash Can Cats." She worked with the American Museum of Natural History for 52 years, during which time she wrote A Rap on Race with James Baldwin. Other works of hers include Culture and Commitment and Male and Female and her autobiography, Blackberry Winter. But she may still be best known for her first work, an analysis of adolescence and sex in Oceania. FTP, name this anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
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With the author of Steps to an Ecology of Mind, this thinker wrote a "photographic analysis" of the denizens of an Indonesian island entitled Balinese Character. This author compared the gender equality among the Arapesh with the Tchambuli, whose men ran the household, and the fierceness of the Mudugmor. Derek Freeman argued that this author was pranked by her informants of her best-known work. This author of Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies argued that American adolescents should be retrained to accept sexuality more freely, like the adolescent girls she talked to in Manu'a. For 10 points, name this author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
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Working at a children's hospital in Kentucky for several years, she became inspired by the writings of American zoologist George B. Schaller. Leaving Kentucky for the Virunga Mountains, she established the Karisoke Research Center in 1967. While living in Rwanda, she was murdered in 1985, a still unsolved crime which is thought to be the work of angry poachers. FTP, name this woman who made a long-term study of the behavior of mountain gorillas.