Anthropology Test 2

Among the Kiowa, the most important relationship exists between: A. A brother and a sister B. A son and his father C. An uncle and his sister's daughter D. A man and his wives

A. A brother and a sister

The Kula Ring was _____. A. A closed trading system among the Trobriand Islanders in which only recognized senior male trading partners from each island could be expedition leaders B. A trading systems in which senior trading partners always ceremonially gave each other long necklaces of red shells C. Both A and B D. None of these

A. A closed trading system among the Trobriand Islanders in which only recognized senior male trading partners from each island could be expedition leaaders

Margaret Mead profiled the temperament of men and women among the A. Arapesh, Tchambuli, and Mundugumor B. Arapesh, Zuni, and Arapaho C. Arapesh, Mbuti, and Nandi D. Arapesh, Washo, and Trobriands

A. Arapesh, Tchambuli, and Mundugumor

Which of the following is generally true of pastoralist societies in East Africa? A. Cattle functioned as their special purpose money in the past B. Women use their livestock to pay a bride price when they get married C. They have successfully resisted the use of general purpose money D. All of these

A. Cattle functioned as their special purpose money in the past

Some anthropologists have called the movement from foraging to domestication: A. Cultural evolution B. Transhumance C. Political economy D. Self-sufficient states

A. Cultural evolution

Among the hijras of India, men who want to take up worship of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata: A. Denounce their "maleness" and take female names and adopt feminine dress and behavior B. Become housemaids C. Learn to give birth D. Become entertainers on stage

A. Denounce their "maleness" and take female names

Which of the following statements about divorce is "false"? A. Divorce is less common in matrilineal societies than in patrilineal societies B. Divorce is rarer in societies in which the husband and his kin group provide a customary gift to his wife and her kin C. The Western idea of romantic love is not necessarily a strong cement between spouses

A. Divorce is less common in matrilineal societies than patrilineal societies

_____A_____ is a marital exchange in which the bride's family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries. This custom seems to be correlated with _____B____ female status.

A. Dowry B. Low

A bilateral family group larger than a nuclear family that anthropologists call a: A. Kindred B. Unilineage C. Cognatolineage D. Fictive kin

A. Kindred

The family of ______A______ is the family in which a child is raised, while the family of ______B_____ is established when one marries and has children.

A. Orientation B. Procreation

Men in indigenous societies of New Guinea wanting to increase their personal status and influence over others organized large ceremonies similar to the Kwakiutl potlatch. The most important things that were given away during these ceremonies in New Guinea were: A. Pigs B. Money C. Rare sea shells D. None of these

A. Pigs

Generally speaking, foraging: A. Supports fewer people per square mile than agriculture B. Is as important a good-getting strategy in the contemporary world as it ever was C. Supports a population density higher than agriculture D. Cannot support any contemporary human populations

A. Supports fewer people per square mile than agriculture

Which of the following is a reason for the primacy of the nuclear family in modern North America? A. The nuclear family typifies North Americans of all ethnicities and social classes B. Geographic mobility separates North Americans from their extended families C. Households tend to be smaller among the urban poor D. The North American family life has developed in parallel with families worldwide with the nuclear family emerging as the most evolved form of domestic arrangement

A. The nuclear family typifies North Americans of all ethnicities and social classes

Which of the following statements is true concerning non-market economies? A. They are typically found in small-scale, isolated societies B. There usually is a high level of technological knowledge C. Large-scale collaboration on subsistence jobs is common D. All of these

A. They are typically found in small-scale, isolated societies

How were disputes and crimes within the community usually settles traditionally by Ju/'hanse and other small-scale societies? A. They openly gossiped about the deviant individuals and socially ostracized them B. They had trials in formally organized courts with judges and advocates speaking for defendants C. They avoided public discussion and a dispute or crime in order for tension to be reduced and everyone forget about it D. None of these

A. They openly gossiped about the deviant individuals and socially ostracized them

Which of the following were intended functions of the Kwakiutl potlatch ceremonies in the 19th century? A. To celebrate major life events in a family B. To dispose of worthless surplus property that could not be bartered or sold to others C. To reinforce the fact that no one had the right to special economic and ceremonial privileges D. All of these

A. To celebrate major life events in a family

Most societies severely limit the number of kinsmen in each ancestral generation by use of the kinship principle known as: A. Unilineal descent B. Bilateral descent C. Quartolateral descent D. Bilineal descent

A. Unilineal descent

Among the Mohave of the Greater Southwest, women who were pregnant might dream that their children might become: A. Animals B. "Alyha" or "hwame", the gender variants for males and females C. incapable of exhibiting male behavior D. Incapable of exhibiting female behavior

B. "Alyha" or "hwame", the gender variants for males and females

About how long ago did a few human groups begin to abandon the exclusive use of foraging and take up the practice of domesticating plants and animals for food? A. 5000 years ago B. 10,000 to 12,000 years ago C. 7000 years D. One million years ago

B. 10,000 to 12,000 years ago

Which of the following kinds of people would most likely be considered to be criminal for acting oddly in public and subsequently be arrested by the police in North America? A. A well dressed man B. An unemployed man of African origin who is living on the street C. A homeless woman of European origin who is living on the street

B. An unemployed man of African origin who is living on the street

When a political system has a number of positions with different levels of responsibility, power, and authority it is referred to as a: A. Monarchy B. Bureaucracy C. Democracy D. All of these

B. Bureaucracy

Cahokia, a city of mounds that existed where East St. Louis rests today, emerged around A.D. 1050 and consisted of thousands of people Cahokia is an example of a: A. Band B. Chiefdom C. Nation-State D. A type of socialism

B. Chiefdom

Which of the following would fit the definition of balanced reciprocity in North America today? A. Giving a birthday present to a member of your family B. Exchanging Christmas gifts with your best friend at an office party C. Buying your friend's lunch

B. Exchanging Christmas gifts with your best friend at an office party

Feminist anthropology has challenged many of the universal assumptions regarding male domination and female subordination, arguing that if gender-based inequality is learned: A. It will take a major shift in politics to change such assumptions B. It can be changed C. It will remain unchanged D. All of these

B. It can be changed

Which of the following kinds of family groups is least likely to continue existing for more than one generation? A. Clan B. Kindred C. Moiety D. All of these

B. Kindred

The nuclear family in which you are a parent is referred to as the: A. Nuclear family of orientation B. Nuclear of procreation C. Kindred D. None of these

B. Nuclear of procreation

The process by which we learn what it means to be male or female is called: A. Cultural Evolution B. Socialization C. Liminality D. Binary Opposition

B. Socialization

A lineage is distinguished from a clan by this particular characteristic: A. The lineage uses stipulated descent B. The lineage believes all its members descend from the same apical ancestor (the ancestor who is at the apex of the genealogy) C. Lineage members can name their forebears from the apical ancestor through the present D. Lineages establish alliances with other descent groups

B. The lineage believes all its members descend from the same apical ancestor (the ancestor who is at the apex of the genealogy)

A family that is referred to as being matricentric (or matrifocused) is one in which: A. There are no males B. There is no adult male regularly in the father role C. There is an adult male, female, and their children D. All of these

B. There is no adult male regularly in the father role

Which of the following are important parts of social control in some small non-western societies? A. Forced use of hallucinogenic drugs B. Threat of witchcraft C. Both A and B D. None of these

B. Threat of witchcraft

Polygamy includes all of the cases "except" this: A. A man who has three unrelated wives B. A woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers C. A man who marries then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again D. A man who has three related wives

C. A man who marries then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again

Which of the following are the most important criteria used for classifying people in the majority of the societies of the world? A. Wealth and beauty B. Age and gender C. Age, gender, and kinship D. Kinship and wealth

C. Age, gender, and kinship

If someone told you that they have eight great grandparents, it would be a good guess that their family follows the _________ descent pattern. A. Unilineal B. Bilineal C. Bilateral D. Parallel

C. Bilateral

In which of the following descent systems would an individual potentially have the most collateral descendants (e.g., nephews and nieces)? A. Unilineal B. Bilineal C. Bilateral D. Affinal

C. Bilateral

Which of the following things are usually considered to be important gifts in small-scale societies with non-market economies? A. Songs, dances, and speeches B. Women and children C. Both A and B D. None of these

C. Both A and B

In addition to North America, bilateral descent is common in which of the following types of the societies? A. Hunters and gatherers living in harsh, relatively nonproductive environments B. Large-scale agricultural and industrial societies C. Both of the above D. None of the above

C. Both of the above

The rule of the endogamy in India's caste system is an extreme example of that practice. All of the following are true of endogamy in India except this one: A. The untouchable "varna" is considered so impure by higher caste people that even casual contact with untouchables is believed to be defiling B. Although the caste system was formally abolished in 1949, its endogamous practices continue to effect Indian society C. Castes are never subdivided into exogamous lineages D. A woman cannot undo the attribution of defilement she suffers by having sexual intercourse with a man of lower caste

C. Castes are never subdivided into exogamous lineages

Consanguineal relatives are related by: A. Fictive kinship B. Marriage C. Descent D. Both A and B

C. Descent

Unlike foragers, large families in time and space could (and in many cases, still do) have power above and beyond any one individual. These families are called: A. Marxists B. Bureaucrats C. Descent groups or lineages D. Tribes

C. Descent groups or lineages

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that: A. It is found only in the New World B. Plows and labor-intensive methods are used C. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated D. It cannot support populations over 25 persons per square mile

C. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated

In small-scale pedestrian foraging societies, succession to political offices usually occur through: A. Formal election B. Inheritance C. General recognition of personal achievement D. Promotion by a superior

C. General recognition of personal achievement

Bands of foragers typically living in small unsettled mobile groups, are almost always organized around: A. A strong political leader, usually a chief B. Women C. Kinship D. Cattle

C. Kinship

Which of the following is not true about the nuclear family? A. It is present in all human societies B. Functions associated with nuclear families may be assumes by other social units C. Nuclear families have no special adaptive advantage in conditions associated with poverty D. The geographic mobility of foraging societies encourages the development of the nuclear family

C. Nuclear families have no special adaptive advantage in conditions associated with poverty

In the ethnographic literature, in most societies past and present, the tasks and roles associated with the sexual division of labor generally: A. Do not distinguish between men's roles and women's roles B. Do not consider one sex's roles superior to the other C. Place men's activities above the activities of women D. Place women's activities above the activities of men

C. Place men's activities above the activities of women

The most complex forms of political and economic organizations are called: A. Countries B. Unions C. States D. Farms

C. States

A clan's founder is often thought of by its members as being a plant, animal, or mythical being (such as the Indian one from the Northwest Coast of North America shown in the picture below). Anthropologists refer to these beings as: A. Moieties B. Kindred's C. Totems D. None of these

C. Totems

Unilineages would be expected in societies that follow the ____________ descent principle. A. Matrilineal B. Patrilineal C. Bilateral D. A and B

D. A and B

What kinds of legal concerns are common in societies that have pedestrian foraging or simple horticultural subsistence bases? A. Failure to share food B. theft of property C. Fights resulting from competition for the same mate D. A and C E. All of these

D. A and C

A political leadership role is one in which individuals: A. Usually have authority related to broad areas of concern for the society B. Usually are allowed to make decisions C. Are often expected to lead community discussions and act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following are examples of economic re-distributive systems? A. Rich people giving substantial amounts of money to charities B. Rich people paying a higher income tax rate than poor people C. Potlatch ceremonies of the Kawakiutl and some of their Indian neighbors D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following kinship naming systems were used by North American Indians? A. Omaha B. Crow C. Iroquois D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following things occurred at traditional Kwakiutl potlatches? A. High ranking, influential guests were seated according to their relative states B. The host made speeches and dramatically gave gifts to the guests C. The host destroyed things of value D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following statements is true of tribes? A. They are essentially egalitarian in that no one family or residential group is politically or economically superior to others B. They are advanced over bands in the way they are integrated C. They are essentially acephalous D. All of these statements are true

D. All of these statements are true

The people of the Ryukyu islands near Japan agree that females: A. Should never bathe with their clothes off B. Would really like to be males C. Are less likely to attend to spiritual matters than men D. Are more inclined toward spiritual matters than males

D. Are more inclined toward spiritual matters than males

Gender refers to the A. Ability of an individual to produce sperm or egg B. Biological designation of male and female C. Sex of the individual D. Assigned role of an individual within a society

D. Assigned role of an individual within a society

In what kind of social environment are informal negative sanctions most likely to be an effective mechanism of social control? A. Large cities in modern nations like the United States B. Small rural town in which everyone knows everyone else C. Isolated bands of foragers D. B and C E. All of these

D. B and C

In North America, the most common descent principle in use is: A. Unilineal B. Bilineal C. Collateral D. Bilateral

D. Bilateral

An important function of reciprocity in society, is to: A. Provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts B. Build up the power of the state C. Expand the technological base of a society D. Create and cement social alliances E. Build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families

D. Create and cement social alliances

Women in the village of Nazaré in Portugal: A. Shave their hair B. Constantly rely upon men for their moral support C. Are particularly sensitive to being seen outdoors D. Dominate public spaces

D. Dominate public spaces

The most common kinship naming system in North America and Europe today is: A. Hawaiian B. Iroquois C. Sudanese D. Eskimo

D. Eskimo

Early states were: A. Made up of people who rarely remained in one place in order to search for an increasing amount of food resources to feed its populations B. Large groups of foragers who came together to build bridges and roads to make trading much easier C. Slash and burn farmers practiced by traditional peoples D. Hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments that arose primarily around large-scale agriculture

D. Hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments that arose primarily around large-scale agriculture

The principle bonds that hold kinship groups together are: A. Descent B. Marriage and fictive relationships C. Marriage and law D. Marriage and descent

D. Marriage and descent

Which of the following are characteristic of non-market economies? A. The use of money as a means of exchange B. The ability to accumulate vast amounts of capital C. Highly complex economic interactions that are ultimately international in their scale D. None of these

D. None of these

In his field studies of the ju/'hanse (Dobe !Kung), Richard Lee noted that as the number of people in a band level society increases, the potential for disruptive impersonal conflicts rises. What did he call this phenomenon? A. Social Discord B. Anomie C. Kinship Divorce D. Social Velocity

D. Social Velocity

In the 1970s, the Greek village of Kypseli, while men were away from home, A. Women were never seen outside their home B. Women remained in the kitchen the entire time C. Women sold fruits and vegetables at the market D. Women's activities dominated the smaller village courtyards

D. Women's activities dominated the smaller village courtyards

____________ refers to the custom of marrying someone outside the group to which one belongs.

Exogamy

When a widower marries a sister of his deceased wife, this is called ___________.

Sororate