Anthropology Wake Tech
Most of the evidence given for the hypothesis that sedentary people have larger populations than nomadic people come from the study of the _____.
!Kung
Most of the evidence given for the hypothesis that sedentary people have larger populations than nomadic people comes from a study of the _____.
!Kung
Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?
**All of these are examples of acclimatization.** tanning among light-skinned people shivering in cold weather increased metabolic rates Correct All of these are examples of acclimatization.
What is the one traits that most biologically defines a primate?
**All of these traits are equally necessary to biologically define a primate. Stereoscopic vision** Omnivorous diet Grasping hands and feet Large brain relative to body size/mass Correct All of these traits are equally necessary to biologically define a primate. Stereoscopic vision
The rise of food production led to ______.
**all of the above** accelerated population growth elaboration of material possessions declining health Correct all of the above
Humans began making ceramics about _____.
10,000 years ago
Recent find in South Africa date unambiguous, archaic Homo sapiens to about _____ years ago.
100,000
Humans began using stone tools more than _____.
2.5 million years ago
Of (1) abortion, (2) birth contol, (3) carrying children, (4) feeding children, (5) infanticide, and (6) low ratio of body fat to muscle, what may have caused the differential spacing of birth between nomadic populations and settled peoples?
3, 4, and 6
Potassium-Argon dating can be used to date fossil samples from:
5,000 to 3 billion years ago
Potassium-Argon dating can be used to date samples from ____.
5000 to 3,000,000,000 years ago
Radiocarbon has an approximate half-life of _____ years.
5700
Radiocarbon has an approximately half-life of _____ years, and can date artifacts up to 50,000 years old.
5700
This recently found South African fossil species is interpreted as being a potential link between australopithecines and Genus Homo due to the precision grip of its hands needed to be a tool maker.
A. sediba
Varying forms of a language that reflect different regions, occupations, or social classes.
Accent
_____ involves impermanent physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
Acclimatization
In Egypt and Mesoamerica, the best examples of monumental architecture are _____.
ziggurats
Which of the following is not an example of a feature?
a stone axe
Which of the following is not a hominoid characteristic?
a tail
A negative result of the development of states is _____.
all of these.
The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly _____.
animals
Since anthropology relies partially on science, what are the two types of explanations that are sought in science?
associations & theories
Which of the following hominid characteristics came first?
bipedalism
A _____ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.
caste
A ____ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige.
class
Which of the following traits do most primates not share?
claws
Which of the following traits to most primates not share?
claws
What is the primary evidence for the emergence of Homo sapiens in the "Multiregional" theory?
fossil continuity
Cultural differences between males and females leading to different roles are usually referred to as _____.
gender roles
What anatomical feature must be present to define a fossil as a human ancestor?
habitual bipedal locomotion
Archaeologists have a system of attempting to decode evidence recovered through excavations by which they can learn about the past. In the article about the small penknife with embossed Arabic script recovered at Brunswick Town, what did we not consider about the knife?
how it was used
The word "anthropology" literally means the study of:
humans
The word 'anthropology' literally means the study of _____.
humans
Of the following economic activities, which finds the individual ownership of land most important?
intensive agriculturalism
What is the primary problem with the "Multiregional" theory?
lack of archaeological evidence
Anthropologists are concerned with people who _____.
live in all places and times.
Anthropologists are concerned with people who:
live in all places and times.
In pictoglyphic writing systems such as Cuneiform and Egyptian heiroglyphics, a _____ is a single symbol used to represent a single object or action, whereas a _____ is a single symbol used to convey a complex idea.
logogram, ideogram
In pictoglyphic writing systems such as Cuneiform and heiroglyphics, a _____ is a single symbol used to represent a single object, whereas a _____ is a single symbol used to convey a complex idea.
logogram, ideogram
Anthropoids include all of the following except _____.
lorises
The color of a person's skin depends on both the amount of blood in the small blood vessels of the skin and the amount of _____ in the skin.
melanin
The holistic approach is _____.
multifaceted
The holistic approach embraced by anthropology is:
multifaceted.
Natural selection proceeds _____.
only when individuals within a population vary.
Some paleoanthropologists think that _____ from the Paleocene epoch are archic primates.
plesiadapiforms
Based on its bodily perspectives and lack of facial features, what is the primary theory postulated by art historians on the Venus figurines?
self portrait of a pregnant woman
In the article "The First Americans", which is the least viable method by which the first native immigrants arrived to the Americas?
settlers from Pacific islands south of Asia crossed the Pacific Ocean and settled in western South America
Racial classifications are _____.
social categories.
Compared with past anthropologists, current anthropologists tend to _____.
specialize in one area.
Compared with past anthropologists, current anthropologists tend to:
specialize in one area.
Which of the following traits is most common to all primates?
stereoscopic vision
Much of the evidence for primate evolution comes from _____.
teeth
In the TED talk by Nina Jablonski, what factor did she discuss that had a direct cause in determining the adaptation of skin color?
the amount of ultraviolet light that different areas of the planet receive
The branch of anthropology that seeks to understand how and why people of the recent past and today differ in their customary way of thinking and acting is:
Ethnology
The branch of anthropology that seeks to understand how and why people of the recent past and today differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting is _____.
Ethnology
True or False: Anthropology is a very old science, roughly the same age as Astronomy.
False
True or False: Anything made or modified by humans must be over 100 years old to be considered an artifact.
False
True or False: Applied anthropologists are found only in the biological and archaeological subfields.
False
True or False: Archaeologists only study prehistoric cultures and societies.
False
True or False: Cannibalism is practiced purely by hominids.
False
True or False: Cereal grains were the only independently domesticates in Europe.
False
True or False: Excavation leads to no harm to an archaeological site.
False
True or False: Gloger's Rule states that populations of birds and mammals living in warmer climates have less melanin, and therefore lighter skin and feathers, than populations of the same species living in colder areas.
False
True or False: Group life is essential for survival in nocturnal primates.
False
True or False: The activity of broad-spectrum food collecting directly led to sedenism.
False
True or False: The prevailing opinion is that modern humans first arrived in North America by boat.
False
Most archaeologists believe that the _____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication?
Fertile Crescent
Most archaeologists believe the _____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.
Fertile Crescent
_____ have the lowest population density.
Foragers (Hunter-Gatherers)
Elman Service called the period from about 5000 BCE to 3500 BCE in Iraq the _____ Era.
Formative
What explanation provides the most actual evidence as to why the Neandertals became extinct?
Gradual out resourced and pushed to extinction by rapid reproduction of Homo sapiens
What is the only modern primate that is a habitual tool maker and hunts larger animals?
Hominids
Based on a near modern anatomy, what hominid was believed to be the first to use simple symbolic vocal communication over simply gestures?
Homo erectus
Which fossil hominid is the first to venture out of Africa into the Middle East, then to Asia and Europe?
Homo erectus
What is the main reason that some paleoanthropologists think the "robust" australopithecines warrant a separate Genus, Paranthropus, from the "gracile" australopithecines?
Both of the above. "Robust" australopithecines have a different evolutionary path and do not lead to modern humans as the "graciles" did. "Robust" australopithecines are physically different from other hominids. Both of the above. Neither of the above.
Goods and services are distributed by _____.
*all of the above* NOT Reciprocity reciprocity redistribution markets Correct all of the above
Based on mitochondrial DNA tests, researchers from the United States and Germany have argued that a common ancestor of Neandertal and modern humans existed about _____ years ago.
600,000
The earliest definite hominid found in north central Africa is _____.
A. bahrelghazali
True or False: Tree dwelling primates lost their entire habitat because of the drying trend that took place between 16 and 11 million years ago.
False
Some aspects of a society may receive greater attention in the development and encoding of a language, such as environmental factors or technological developments.
Focal Vocabulary
What hominid was the first to obtain and control fire?
Homo erectus
The movement in which ethnic minorities or entire countries try to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
Linguistic Nationalism
The smallest units of sound that carry meaning in a language.
Morphemes
The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentances.
Syntax
True or False: The major goal of archaeology is describing what happened in the past.
True
In the article "The First Americans," what type of stone spear point was discussed as evidence of these early immigrants who entered North American beginning perhaps as early as 25,000 years ago?
a clovis point
Evidence of increased long-distance trade comes from villages established _____.
after the rise of food production
The rise of food production led to _____.
all of the above accelerated population growth declining health elaboration of material possessions Correct all of the above
Which of the following tranformational processes create sites?
all of the above volcanic activity wind flooding all of the above
A negative result of the development of the states is _____.
all of these the use of force to govern class stratification health issues due to larger populations Correct all of these
Which of the transformational processes create archaeological sites?
all of these could create archaeological sites
Applied anthropology differs from other areas of anthropology in the fact that the concern is mainly with _____.
application
Many societies divide up labor between men and women in similar ways such that there appear to be universal or near universal patterns in such assignments. Among the following, what is the one thing that females almost always do cross-culturally in the division of labor?
care for children
Which of the following is not an example of art from the Upper Paleolithic era?
decorated ceramic vessels
The most common mode of production in traditional societies is the _____ mode of production.
domestic
At present, archaeologists define the Neolithic in terms of the presence of _____.
domesticated plants and animals
A major reason for the decline of states appears to be _____.
environmental degradation
Compared with paleoanthropologists, archaeologists are more concerned with recovering intact _____.
features
What is the primary problem with the "Out of Africa" theory?
lack of fossil evidence
Which theory of the extinction of Neandertals does archaeological evidence best support?
mitochondrial DNA
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that ____.
natural selection is at work choosing which descendents survive.
Sivapithecus is probably the ancestor of the modern _____.
orangutans
In _____ societies, social groups have roughly equal access to economic sources or power, but they have unequal access to prestige.
rank
People may engage in a variety of different social statuses during their lives, or even during the course of a day. When claimed or perceived identity varies depending on the audience or cultural setting, this is called _____.
situational negotiation of social identity
Which best describes the basic locomotion of the "gracile" and "robust" australopithecines?
swaying gate
In which region are hunter-gatherers least likely to be found today?
temperate climates
In 1658, the works of Bishop James Ussher established the date of Biblical creation as October 23, 4004 BCE. No one believed in extinction, as the world was too new for anything to go extinct and they could not conceive of God letting any creature do extinct. However, the finding of fossils from over 90 extinct species near Paris allowed what individual not only to demonstrate that extinction did exist, but also to expand the Linnean taxonomies to include extinct species?
George Cuvier
Darwin could observe evolutionary change among the sea birds and sea turtles of the Galapagos, but he did not understand on a "nuts and bolts" level on what actually made species change through natural selection. Whose work, discovered after Darwin and this scientist's death, gave the understanding of dominant and recessive genetics?
Gregor Mendell
The first hominid species to be widely distributed in the Old World was _____.
Homo erectus
What is the role of Neandertal in the "Multiregional" theory?
Neandertal is the evolutionary parent species of Homo sapiens
True or False: Mitochrondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother.
True
True or False: Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution in both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
True
Applied anthropology differs from basic research in anthropologyin the fact that the concern is mainly with:
application of data.
In the academic world, the social sciences--traditionally Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology--_____.
**Both of the above.** seek to understand the meanings and purposes of life. use the scientific method to systematically collect data and to reduce error in interpretation. Both of the above. Neither of the above.
True or False: In Africa, animals were generally domesticated by pastoral hunters and gatherers before plants.
True
True or False: In eastern North America, sunflower, goosefoot, and sumpweed were domesticated before corn.
True
True or False: In eastern North America, sunflower, sumpweed, and goosefoot were domesticated before corn.
True
True or False: It is entirely possible that the Australopithecus afarensis and the Australopithecus africanus are actually the same species.
True
True or False: Late in the Miocene, between about 8 to 5 million years ago, the direct ancestor of humans, the first hominid, may have emerged in Africa.
True
In the academic world, the social sciences - traditionally the fields of Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology - :
*Both choices A and B.* A. seek to understand the meanings and purposes of life. B. use the scientific method to systematically collect data and to reduce error in interpretation. CorrectC. Both choices A and B. D. Neither choices A and B.
Ethnic groups are composed of people who usually share a common _____.
*all of the above.* language religion history Correct all of the above.
The famous footprint trail found at Laetoli that clearly shows bipedal locomotion was made by a pair of _____.
A. afarensis
True or False: Most of the early flaked Oldowan tools were weapons.
False
True or False: An Upper Paleolithic hominid tool kit is characterized by a preponderance of blades.
True
True or False: Anthropology is broader in scope than other field concerned with the study of culture.
True
True or False: Bipedalism aids in regulating body temperature.
True
Based on 50 million years of geographic separation, the flora and fauna of southeastern Asia and Australia developed on different evolutionary tracks. What is the name of the boundary between the two that prevented the mixing of flora and fauna of these two continents?
Wallace Line
Variations between human populations may be the result of _____.
all of the above. differences in genes interactions between genes and the environment growing up in a particular environment Correct all of the above.
The hominid group contains all of the following families except _____.
cercopithecoids
Anthropologists speculate that the earliest stone tools found at Lomekwian in East Africa were most likely made by _____.
A. garhi
True or False: The evolutionary model of punctuated equilibrium best mirrors Charles Darwin's ideas on evolutionary theory.
False
True or False: Among primates, only hominoids hunt large animals.
False
The F-U-N Trio is able to relatively date fossils through the presence of Flourine, Uranium, and Nitrogen. Based on the results of the F-U-N test, which of these four fossils would be the oldest?
F - 35%, U - 35%, N-30%
The F-U-N Trip is able to relatively date fossils through the presence of flourine, uranium, and nitrogen. Based on the results of the F-U-N test. which of these four fossils would be the oldest?
F-35%, U-35%, N-30%
What type of gene possessed by Neandertal and Homo sapiens allowed for the development of complex communication?
FOXP2
True or False: In the article "A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled", the pelvis demonstrates that the Ardiptithecus ramidus walked as a biped the same way that australopithecines and genus Homo did.
False
True or False: The Oldowan tool tradition is most closely associated with Homo erectus.
False
True or False: Only Homo sapiens made it to Australia and the Americas.
True
True or False: The article "Combining Prehension and Propulsion: The Foot of Aripithecus ramidus" illustrates the difference between the feet of ramidus as a hominid ancestor versus African apes, such as modern chimpanzees and gorillas. These differences center around the presence of the os peroneum bone and fibularis tendon that is absent in African apes.
True
True or False: The concept of sexual dimorphism is that it is possible to distinguish male members of a species from the female members of the same species from a distance based on physical differences.
True
True or False: The larger. heavier torsos of Neandertals made them bow-legged.
True
True or False: The looting of treasures from Egyptian tombs is not a recent problem. The earliest documented account dates back to 1113 BCE.
True
In the history of evolutionary theory, what is significant about Alfred Russel Wallace that is often forgotten?
Wallace independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection
Caveman Carl kills an animal, and his family eats it for dinner. They throw the bones into a pile at the end of camp. Late, little Caveman Cindy gets one of the bones and carves it into small pieces she can wear on her necklace. How would an archaeologist classify those pieces of the bone necklace?
as an artifact
Of abortion, birth control, carrying of children, feeding children, infanticide, and low ratio of body fat to body weight, what may have caused the differential spacing of births between nomads versus settled peoples?
carrying of children, feeding children, and low body fat
Based on common fossil evidence, which evolutionary primate was the first one to not have a tail?
Proconsul
The hypothesized ancestral language from which two or more languages seem to have derived.
Protolanguage
_____ consists of giving and taking without the use of money.
Reciprocity
The last common ancestor between cercopithecoids and hominoids is thought to be _____.
Aegyptopithecus
Which primate ancestor is considered to be the last primate before the splitting of the Cercopithecoid and Hominoid branches?
Aegyptopithecus
Which of the following is a key factor that distinguishes agriculturalists from horticulturalists?
Agriculturalists use their land intensively and continuously.
_____ societies have economic systems.
All
Which Austalopithecine is dated the earliest, and is likely the parent species of many others?
Austalopithecus anamensis
What fossil hominid is presently considered an evolutionary "keystone", as it is the source of many variations and eventually leads towards modern humans?
Australopithecus afarensis
Which fossil hominid is considered to be a "keystone" for understanding hominid evolution due to its many diverse descendants?
Australopithecus afarensis
In the "Hominid Dating Game" activity, which hominids were batchelors 1, 2, and 3?
Batchelor 1 is the Australopithecus africanus, 2 is the Homo erectus, and 3 is the Homo sapiens.
Forensic anthropologists are most likely to come from what branch of anthropology?
Biological anthropology.
Why have some paleoanthropologists proposed using the Genus Paranthropus for the robust australopithecines?
Both anatomical differences and evolutionary differences
Who invented the system of bionomial nomenclature, and in so doing, unintentially established the framework for the later understanding of evolutionary relationships?
Carl von Linne
If Patty Primatologist wanted to study playrrhines in the wild, where should she buy a plane ticket to go?
Central America
Building on the work of others before him, who developed the concept of uniformatarianism, the idea that changes in the natural world are constant and ongoing, and are from processes that can be observed and understood?
Charles Lyell
Who posited the first theory of organic evolution?
Chevalier de Lamarck
Unraveling a language by recording, describing, and analyzing all of its features to discover its structure, unique linguistic repertoire, and relationship to other languages.
Descriptive Linguistics
When small groups of people who speak the same language become physically or socially separated, small changes in the phonology, morphology, and syntax create variant languages that are still intelligible to both groups. (Example: English as spoken in Britain and America, or Spanish as spoken in Spain versus Mexico).
Dialects
What hominid was conclusively the first to make stone tools?
Homo habilis
As a general rule, which of the following groups exhibit the beginnings of social differentiation?
Horticulturalists
In general, which type of society's food-getting activities provides the most leisure time to its participants?
Hunters and Gatherers
True or False: Some long term acclimatizations are hard to distinguish from adaptations.i
True
The best known Genus of proto-apes from the middle Miocene is _____.
Kenyapithecus
The study of non-vocal signals.
Kinesics
A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, resulting in meanings that are still intelligible to all.
Language
A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language.
Language Family
Towards the end of the Acheulian period, a technique developed that enabled the toolmaker to produce flake tools of a standard and predetermined size known as the _____ method.
Levalloisian
When experiences, events, and objects are encoded as a result of cultural characteristics based on the needs of society; commonly referred to as a society's available vocabulary.
Lexical Content.
The causal development of different languages from a single, ancestral language.
Linguistic Divergence
This phenomenon that causes different accents, dialects, and new languages to emerge may result from geographic barriers, social barriers, selective borrowing, conquest, colonization, as well as new technological breakthroughs.
Linguistic Divergence
The first population to practice broad spectrum food collecting and experience a social differentiation in the access to economic resouces, power, and prestige within their society was the _____.
Natufians
The first population to practice broad spectrum food collecting and experience a social differentiation in the access to economic resources, power, and prestige within their society was the _____.
Natufians
What is the role of Neandertal in the "Out of Africa" theory?
Neandertal is an evolutionary sibling species and shares the same parent species with Homo sapiens
The earliest stone tools were essentially broken cores and pebble tools, which archaeologist have termed _____ tools.
Oldowan
What are the geographical differences between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines?
Platyrrhines are found in the new world (Central and South America), while Catarrhines are found in the old world (Africa and Asia)
Under the system of binomial nomenclature established by Carl von Lynne (a.k.a. Linneaus), at what level of classification are all primates (including humans) classified?
Order
Which of the following is NOT one of the four subfields of anthropology?
Paleontology
All the optional vocal features or silences that communicate meaning apart from the language itself.
Paralanguage
The three hominid species that shared the savannas of East Africa between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago were _____.
Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus
The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in language use.
Phoneme
The systematic identification and descriptions of distinct speech sounds in a language.
Phonetics
True or False: States are prone to epidemic disease.
True
The recovery of Shesepamuntayesher's coffin and arrests of Salem Alshdaifat and Mousa Khouli provided information on how it was transported from Egypt to the United States, and how a buyer was found. Which of the following was NOT part of this process?
Sending the coffin pieces by sea, as sealed cargo is easier to transport in shipping containers.
What fossil primate is considered to be the direct ancestor of the orangutan?
Sivapithecus
_____ are persons who do not own their own labor, and as such represent a societal caste.
Slaves
The study of language used by males and females in a society falls within this topical area of Linguistic Anthropology
Sociolinguistics
The study of the relationships between language in a society, or the cultural and subcultural patterns of speech vary in different social contexts.
Sociolinguistics
The group ISIS has a long history of involvement with looted antiquities. Which of the following ISIS activities is NOT true?
The leaders of ISIS collect these looted items as trophies of war from conquered areas.
Patterned stone tools are considered one sign of the emergence of culture.
True
True or False: Aegyptopithecus probably moved around quadrupedally in the trees.
True
True or False: All living people belong to the species of Homo sapiens.
True
True or False: All primates societies practice social order based on the concepts of dominance and hierarchy.
True
True or False: Among primates, fruit eaters tend to have larger brains.
True
From the article "Dream Machine", what aspect of artistic technique were found in Chauvet Cave that archaeologists had never before seen in other cave paintings?
the use of the textured recesses and irregularities by the original artists to give the wild animals a three-dimensional perspective, which when viewed in torch light, appear as a form of proto-animation
In egalitarian societies, there are as many prestigous positions as_____.
there are people to fill them.