AP African American Unit 2 pt 2

Describe the features of 19th century radical resistance strategies promoted by Black activists to demand change

- Advocates of radical resistance embraced overthrowing slavery through direct union, including revolts and, if necessary, violence to address the daily urgency of living and dying under slavery. - Advocates of radical resistance leveraged publications that detailed the horrors of slavery to encourage enslaved African Americans to use any tactic, including violence, to achieve their freedom. Anti-slavery pamphlets were smuggled into the South as a radical resistance tactic.

Explain how 19th century emigrationists aimed to achieve the goal of Black freedom and self-determination

- African American supporters of emigration and colonization observed the spread of abolition in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1820 to 1860 and advocated building new communities outside the US. The continuation of slavery and racial discrimination against free Black people in the US raised doubts about peacefully achieving racial equality in the states. - Emigrationists embraced Black nationalism, which was ushered in by abolitionists, like Paul Cuffee and Martin R. Delany. Black nationalism promoted Black unity, self-determination, pride, and self-sufficiency. - Emigrationists promoted moving away from the US as the best strategy for African Americans to prosper freely, and evaluated locations in Central and South America, the West Indies, and West Africa. Due to their large populations of people of color, shared histories, and a promising climate, Central and South America were considered the most favorable areas for emigration.

Daily resistance

- Enslaved people continually resisted their enslavement by slowing work, breaking tools, stealing food, or attempting to run away. - Daily methods of resistance helped galvanize and sustain the larger movement toward abolition

Explain the daily forms of resistance demonstrated by enslaved people

- Enslaved people continually resisted their enslavement by slowing work, breaking tools, stealing food, or attempting to run away. - Daily methods of resistance helped galvanize and sustain the larger movement toward abolition

A group of white leaders who sought to exile free Blacks back to Africa

American Colonization Society

Explain how enslaved women use methods of resistance against sexual violence

Laws against rape did not apply to enslaved African American women. Some resisted sexual abuse and the enslavement of their children through various methods, including fighting their attackers, using plant as abortion - inducing drugs, infanticide, and running away with their children when possible.

Laws and Resistance

Laws against rape did not apply to enslaved African American women. Some resisted sexual abuse and the enslavement of their children through various methods, including fighting their attackers, using plant as abortion - inducing drugs, infanticide, and running away with their children when possible.

The largest slave insurrection in the history of the United States. 500 salves rose up and killed 2 white men (1811)

Louisiana Slave Revolt

Enslaved African Americans who led a revolt on the ship, Creole He helped 130 slaves gain their freedom

Madison Washington

When slave masters released their slaves voluntarily. It was most common in brazil

Manumission

Poetry and photographs

Many black soldiers shared their pride in their role in preserving the union and in ending slavery, even though after the war they were not immediately celebrated. African American poetry and photographs preserve an archive of the participation, dignity, and sacrifice of black soldiers and black communities during the civil war

The first Black woman to publish a political manifesto, and one of the first American women to give a public address

Maria Stewart

Maroon Communities

Maroon communities emerged throughout the African diaspora often in remote and hidden environments beyond the purview of enslavers. Some communities lasted for just a few years, while others continued for a full century. Maroon communities consisted of self-emancipated people and the those born free in the community. In maroon communities, formerly enslaved people created autonomous spaces where African -based languages and cultural practices blended and flourished, even as maroons faced illness, starvation, and the constant threat of capture.

Maroon Wars

Maroon leaders and their militias often staged wars (as distinct from slave revolts) against colonial governments to protect their collective freedom and autonomy. Others made treaties with colonial governments that required them to assist in the extinguishing of slave rebellion. Bayano led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century. Queen Nanny led Maroons in Jamaica in the wars against the English in the 18th century

An enslaved black who stole a confederate ship and sailed to the north, acquiring his and his crew's freedom

Robert Smalls

Abolition Movement

The abolitionist movement in the US between 1830 and 1870 advocated for the end of slavery. The movement was led by Black activists and white supporters, and was championed and spread by a number of existing churches as well as organizations created solely for this cause. Abolitionists effectively utilized speeches and publications to galvanize public sentiment and to engage in heated debates and confrontations with those who upheld slavery.

Louisiana Purchase

The cost of fighting Haitians prompted Napolean to sell the Louisiana Territory to the US. This sale nearly doubted the size of the US and also increased the land available for the expansion of slavery.

Black-Indigenous People

The embrace of slavery by the 5 large Indigenous American nations hardened racial categories, making it difficult for mixed-race Black-Indigenous people to be recognized as members of Indigenous communities.

Capoeira

The massive number of African-born people who arrived in Brazil formed communities that preserved cultural practicing. Some of those practices still exist in Brazil, such as capoeira ( a martial art developed by enslaved Africans that combines music and call-and-response singing) and the congada (a celebration of the king of kongo and our lady of the rosary)

Underground railroad

The term underground railroad refers to the covert network of black and white abolitionists who provided transportation, shelter, and other resources to help enslaved people fleeing the south resettle in free territories in the US North, Canada, and Mexico in the 19th century. An estimated 30,000 African Americans reached freedom through the Underground Railroad in this period.

Woman worked as _____ in the civil war

cooks, nurses, spies

the emancipation proclamation was passed on

January 1, 1863

The first regiment of african americasn from the north to serve during the civil war

massachussets 54th regiment

Some anti-emigrationists used _____ ____, while radicals believed in _____ _____ to abolish slavery

moral suasion, direct action

As a result of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed their slave codes that prohibited what

organizing, drumming, and learning to read

Maroon communities in Spanish America were called ______ and were called _______ in Brazil

palenques, quilombos

Tubman returned to the south at least 19 times, leading about 80 enslaved african americans to freedom (T/F)

true

A network of abolitionists that provided transportation, shelter, and food to aid enslaved people fleeing the south

underground railroad

Explain the significance of visual depictions of African American leaders in photography and art during and after the era of slavery

- In the 19th century, African American leaders embraced photography, a new technology, to counter stereotypes about black people by portraying themselves as citizens worthy of dignity, respect, and equal rights. - Sojourner Truth sold her carte-de-vistas to raise money for the abolitionist cause as well as activities such as speaking tours and recruiting black soldiers to the union army. Her photos showcased the centrality of black women's leadership in fight for freedom. - Frederick Douglass was the most photographed man of the 19th century. Photos of formerly enslaved African Americans like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were especially significant, as they demonstrates black achievement and potential through freedom. - Many contemporary African American artists draw from black aesthetic traditions to integrate historical, religious, and gender perspectives in representation of African American leaders. Their works preserve the legacy of these leaders' bravery and resistance.

Black Women Activists

- In the 19th century, black women activists used speeches and publications to call attention to the need to consider gender and black women's experiences in antislavery discussions. Maria Stewart was the first black woman to publish manifesto, and one of the first American women to give a public address. Her advocacy in the 1830s contributed to the first wave of the feminist movement. - Called attention to the ways that the experienced the combined effects of race and gender discrimination. -Fought for abolitionism and the rights of women, paving a path for the women's suffrage movement. -By highlighting the connected nature of race, gender, and class in the experiences, Black women's activism anticipated political debates that remain central to African American policies.

Describe the features of the enslavement of Africans in Brazil.

- More enslaved Africans disembarked in Brazil than anywhere else in the Americas. Approximately half of the 10 million Africans who survived the Middle Passage landed in Brazil, where they were forced to labor in various enterprises such as sugar plantations, gold mines, coffee plantations, cattle ranching, and production of food and textiles for domestic consumption. - The massive number of African-born people who arrived in Brazil formed communities that preserved cultural practicing. Some of those practices still exist in Brazil, such as capoeira ( a martial art developed by enslaved Africans that combines music and call-and-response singing) and the congada (a celebration of the king of kongo and our lady of the rosary)

Explain how the expansion of slavery in the US South impacted relations between Black and Indigenous peoples.

- Some African American freedom seekers (maroons) found refuge among the seminoles in Florida and were welcomed as kin. They fought alongside the Seminoles in resistance to relocation during the second seminole war from 1835 to 1842 - Some African Americans were enslaved by Indigenous people in the 5 largest nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole). When Indigenous enslavers were forcibly removed from their lands by the federal government during the Trail of Tears, they brought the Black people they had enslaved. - The 5 largest Indigenous American nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) adopted slave codes, created slave patrols, and assisted in the recapture of enslaved Black people who fled for freedom. - The embrace of slavery by the 5 large Indigenous American nations hardened racial categories, making it difficult for mixed-race Black-Indigenous people to be recognized as members of Indigenous communities.

Describe the events that officially ended legal enslavement in the United States

- The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, a wartime order, declared freedom for enslaved people held in the 11 Confederate states still at war against the union. After the Civil War, legal enslavement of African Americans continued in the border states and did not end until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865 - The 13th Amendment secured the permanent abolition of slavery in the US. It freed 4 million African Americans, nearly a third of the South's population, and signified a monumental first step toward achieving freedom, justice, and inclusion in the land of their birth. - The 13th Amendment did not apply to the nearly 10,000 African Americans enslaved by Indigenous nations. The US government negotiated treaties with these nations to end legal slavery in Indian Territory in 1860, through these treaties did not grant freed men rights as tribal citizens.

Describe enslaved and free African American men and women's contributions during the US Civil War

- Thousands of free and enslaved African Americans from the North and South joined the union war effort to advance the causes of abolition and black citizenship -Men participated as soldiers and builders, and women contributed as cooks, nurses, laundresses, and ships - Enslaved people in the South fled slavery to join the union war effort, while free African Americans in the North raised money for formerly enslaved refugees and journeyed south to establish schools and offer medical care. -Of the 200,000 black men who served in the Civil War, 50,000 were free men from the North and about 150,000 were formerly enslaved men liberated during the Civil War by Union troops and the Emancipation Proclamation.

Freedom Days

-African American communities have a long history of commemorating local freedom days, since the celebration of abolition i New York on July 5th, 1827. Juneteenth is one of the many freedom days that African American communities have consistently celebrated. Over 150 years after its first celebration, it became a federal holiday in 2021. -The earliest Juneteenth celebrations included singing spirituals and wearing new clothing that symbolized newfound freedom, along with feasting and dancing. At that time, Juneteenth was also called Jubilee Day and Emancipation day. -Juneteenth and other freedom days commemorate: - African Americans' ancestors's roles in struggle to end legal enslavement in the US - African Americans' embrace, post slavery, of a fragile freedom even as the actively engaged in ongoing struggles for equal rights, protections, and opportunities in the US. - African Americans' commitment to seeking joy and validation among themselves, despite the nation's belated recognition of this important moment in its own history

Abolition of Slavery

-During the 19th century in Brazil, the number of enslaved Africans steadily decreased as Brazil's free black population grew significantly, due to the increased frequency of manumission (released from slavery). Accordingly, by 1888 when Brazil became the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, approximately 4 million people in Brazil with African ancestry were already free, and Brazil's abolition freed approximately 1.5 million Africans still enslaved at that point. -Even after the 1808 ban against the importing of enslaved Africans, the number of enslaved people in the US increased steadily throughout the 19th century as children of enslaved people were born into enslavement themselves. Approximately 4 million Africans remained enslaved in the US- about 50% of all enslaved people in the Americas - at the time of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Enslaved Southerners

-Enslaved people in the South fled slavery to join the union war effort, while free African Americans in the North raised money for formerly enslaved refugees and journeyed south to establish schools and offer medical care. -Of the 200,000 black men who served in the Civil War, 50,000 were free men from the North and about 150,000 were formerly enslaved men liberated during the Civil War by Union troops and the Emancipation Proclamation.

13th Amendment

-The 13th Amendment secured the permanent abolition of slavery in the US. It freed 4 million African Americans, nearly a third of the South's population, and signified a monumental first step toward achieving freedom, justice, and inclusion in the land of their birth. - The 13th Amendment did not apply to the nearly 10,000 African Americans enslaved by Indigenous nations. The US government negotiated treaties with these nations to end legal slavery in Indian Territory in 1860, through these treaties did not grant freed men rights as tribal citizens.

Explain how free Black people in the North and South organized to support their communities.

-Throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the free Black population grew in the US. By 1850, free people were 12% of the Black population. Although there were more free Black people in the South than in the North, their numbers were small in proportion to the enslaved population. -The smaller number of free Black people in the North and South built community through institutions that thrived in cities like Philadelphia, New York, and New Orleans. They created mutual-aid societies that funded the growth of Black schools, businesses, and independent churches and supported the work of Black writers and speakers.

Explain the historical and cultural significance of the Haitian Revolution

1) The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the only uprising of enslaved people that resulted in overturning a colonial. slave holding government. It transformed a European colony (Saint Domingue) into a Black republic free of slavery (Haiti) and created the second independent nation in the Americas, after the US. 2) The Haitian Revolution had a broad impact: - France lost the most lucrative colony in the Caribbean -The cost of fighting Haitians prompted Napolean to sell the Louisiana Territory to the US. This sale nearly doubted the size of the US and also increased the land available for the expansion of slavery. -France temporarily abolished slavery (from 1794 to 1802) throughout the empire, in colonies like Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana.

The international slave trade ended in America in

1808

Maroons

Afro-descendants who escaped slavery to establish free communities were known as maroons. Maroons disseminated information across disparate groups and organized attacks.

Radical Resistance

Advocates of radical resistance embraced overthrowing slavery through direct union, including revolts and, if necessary, violence to address the daily urgency of living and dying under slavery.

Pamphlets

Advocates of radical resistance leveraged publications that detailed the horrors of slavery to encourage enslaved African Americans to use any tactic, including violence, to achieve their freedom. Anti-slavery pamphlets were smuggled into the South as a radical resistance tactic.

Latin American Abolitionism

African American supporters of emigration and colonization observed the spread of abolition in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1820 to 1860 and advocated building new communities outside the US. The continuation of slavery and racial discrimination against free Black people in the US raised doubts about peacefully achieving racial equality in the states.

Great Dismal Swamp

African Americans formed Maroon communities in areas such as the Great Dismal Swamp (between Virginia and North Carolina) and within Indigenous communities.

Anti Emigrationists

Anti-emigrationists saw abolition as a means to achieve liberation, representation, and full integration of African Americans in American society. They viewed slavery and racial discrimination as inconsistent with America's founding charters and believed abolition and racial equality would reflect the nations ideals. They saw themselves as having "birthright citizenship"

Palenques and Quilombos

Beyond the US, maroon communities emerged in Jamaica, Suriname, Colombia, and Brazil. They were called Palenques in Spanish America and Quilombos in Brazil. The Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest Maroon society in Brazil, lasted nearly 100 years.

Frederick Douglass

Due to the Fugitive Slave Acts, Frederick Douglass and other formerly enslaved abolitionists were not protected from recapture, even in the north. Many found refuge in England and Ireland and raised awareness for US abolition from abroad.

Fugitive Slave Act

Due to the high number of African Americans who fled enslavement, Congress enacted the fugitive slave acts of 1793 and 1850, authorizing local governments to legally kidnap and return escaped refugees to their enslavers.

Anti-Black Violence

During the war, free Black communities in the North suffered from anti-black violence initiated by those who opposed black military service and the possibility of black citizenship and political equality. Some white working class men, largely Irish immigrants, resented being drafted to fight in the Civil War and rioted against black neighborhoods.

Black Nationalism

Emigrationists embraced Black nationalism, which was ushered in by abolitionists, like Paul Cuffee and Martin R. Delany. Black nationalism promoted Black unity, self-determination, pride, and self-sufficiency.

Frederick Douglass was the least photographed man of the 19th century (T/F)

False

The first free-sanctioned Black town that existed in what would be the modern-day US

Fort Mose

A free black man who was a major abolitionist. He pushed for the abolition of slavery through his speeches and writings

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass photography

Frederick Douglass was the most photographed man of the 19th century. Photos of formerly enslaved African Americans like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were especially significant, as they demonstrated black achievement and potential through freedom.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Free slaves were to be returned to their masters WITH federal help

A slave revolt in the Caribbean that ended in a Black republic free of slavery

Haitian Revolution

Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman is one of the well know conductors of the Underground Railroad. After fleeing enslavement, Tubman returned to the South at least 19 times, leading about 80 enslaved African Americans to freedom. She sang spirituals to alert enslaved people of plans to leave. Tubman leveraged her vast geographic knowledge and social network to serve as a spy and a nurse for the union army during the civil war. During the Combahee river raid, Tubman became the first American woman to lead a major military operation.

Sojourner Truth

Sojourner Truth sold her carte-de-vistas to raise money for the abolitionist cause as well as activities such as speaking tours and recruiting black soldiers to the union army. Her photos showcased the centrality of black women's leadership in fight for freedom.

Santo Domingo

IN 1526, Africans enslaved in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) were brought to aid Spanish exploration along the South Carolina - Georgia coastline. They led the earliest known slave revolt in what is now the US territory and escaped into nearby Indigenous communities

Seminoles

Some African American freedom seekers (maroons) found refuge among the seminoles in Florida and were welcomed as kin. They fought alongside the Seminoles in resistance to relocation during the second seminole war from 1835 to 1842

Creole

In 1841, Madison Washinton, an enslaved cook, led a mutiny aboard the slave brig, Creole, which transported enslaved people from Virginia to New Orleans. Washington seized the ship and sailed it to the Bahamas, knowing that the British had ended slavery in the West Indian colonies in 1833. As a result, nearly 130 African American gained their freedom in the Bahamas.

Photography

In the 19th century, African American leaders embraced photography, a new technology, to counter stereotypes about black people by portraying themselves as citizens worthy of dignity, respect, and equal rights.

Integrationists

In the wake of emancipation in the British West Indies (1831 - 34) and the Dred Scott decision (1857), 19th century integrationists highlighted the paradox of celebrating nearly a century of American independence while excluding millions from citizenship because of their race.

Louisiana Revolt of 1811

Inspired by the Haitian Revolution, Charles Deslondes led up to 500 enslaved people in the largest slave revolt on US soil, known as the German Coast uprising, or the Louisiana Revolt of 1811. Deslondes organized support across local plantations and maroon communities (including self-emancipated people from Haiti) and led them on a march toward New Orleans. The revolt was violently supressed.

The day that enslaved people in texas, were informed that they were free, 2 years after the emancipation. (juneteenth)

June 19, 1865

Juneteenth

Juneteenth marks the end of slavery in the last state of rebellion-Texas. It commemorates June 19, 1865, the day that enslaved people in Galveston, Texas, were informed that they were free by Major-General Gordon Granger's reading of General Order No.3. This order was the first document to mention racial equality through "an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves"

Brazil

More enslaved Africans disembarked in Brazil than anywhere else in the Americas. Approximately half of the 10 million Africans who survived the Middle Passage landed in Brazil, where they were forced to labor in various enterprises such as sugar plantations, gold mines, coffee plantations, cattle ranching, and production of food and textiles for domestic consumption.

Gender norms

Narratives by formerly enslaved black women reflected 19th century gender norms. They focused on domestic life, modesty, family, and resistance against sexual violence, whereas narratives enslaved men emphasized autonomy and manhood. In the US and the Caribbean, black women's narratives of their distinct experiences under slavery advanced the causes of abolition and feminist movements in their respective societies.

Five Indigenous Nations

Some African Americans were enslaved by Indigenous people in the 5 largest nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole). When Indigenous enslavers were forcibly removed from their lands by the federal government during the Trail of Tears, they brought the Black people they had enslaved. The 5 largest Indigenous American nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) adopted slave codes, created slave patrols, and assisted in the recapture of enslaved Black people who fled for freedom.

Moral Suasion

Some anti-emigationists used moral suasion, rather than radical resistance, to change the status of African Americans in American society.

Slave narratives by women

Slave narratives described first hand accounts of suffering under slavery, methods of escape, and acquiring literacy, with an emphasis on the humanity of enslaved people to advance on the political cause of abolition. Narratives by formerly enslaved African American women convey their distinct experiences of constant vulnerability to sexual violence and exploitation.

Major abolitionist who helped slaves escape to freedom. She is best know for her "Ain't I a woman" speech

Sojourner Truth

Founded in Florida in 1565, it is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of African-Americans and Europeans in US

St Augustine

A slave revolt led by Jemmy, where enslaved marched from South Carolina toward sanctuary in Florida

Stono Rebellion

Emancipation Proclamation

The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, a wartime order, declared freedom for enslaved people held in the 11 Confederate states still at war against the union. After the Civil War, legal enslavement of African Americans continued in the border states and did not end until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the only uprising of enslaved people that resulted in overturning a colonial. slave holding government. It transformed a European colony (Saint Domingue) into a Black republic free of slavery (Haiti) and created the second independent nation in the Americas, after the US.

Uprisings

The Haitian Revolution inspired uprisings in other African diaspora communities, such as the Louisiana Slave Revolt (1811), one of the largest on US soil, and the Malê uprising of Muslim slaves (1835), one of the largest revolts in Brazil

Why did Irish immigrants attack free Black communities during the civil war draft

The Irish were afraid that free Blacks would eventually take their jobs

Written by William Lloyd Garrison, this newspaper pushed for immediate and radical abolition of slavery.

The Liberator

Black contributions to the union

Thousands of free and enslaved African Americans from the North and South joined the union war effort to advance the causes of abolition and black citizenship

Free Black Population

Throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the free Black population grew in the US. By 1850, free people were 12% of the Black population. Although there were more free Black people in the South than in the North, their numbers were small in proportion to the enslaved population.

African American men enrolled under unequal conditions during the civil war (T/F)

True

Fort Mose was invaded and destroyed by the British (T/F)

True

The American Colonization resulted in the independent nation of Liberia (T/F)

True

Throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there were more free Blacks in the South than in the North (T/F)

True

The idea that Blacks that were born in the US were citizens and had same rights as the white man

birthright citizenship

An order that declared freedom for enslaved people held in the 11 confederate states still at war against the union

emancipation proclamation

Slaves in border states were freed through the emancipation proclamation (T/F)

false

There were no Indigenous enslavers (T/F)

false

Autonomous free Black communities living in secluded regions

maroon groups

In the 19th century, African American embraced ___________, a new technology, to counter stereotypes about Black people

photography