AP ART HISTORY FINAL

Athenian Agora Utilitarian Function

Where the Panathenaic Festival took place Ceremonies dedicated to Athena A plaza Originally a burial ground where ceremonies took place Deals and legal and political functions took place A place of government that originally started out as a market

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building primary building materials

Iron, steel, glass, and terra cotta.

The Kaaba period

Islamic/Pre-Isalmic mounment

The Arnolfini Portrait artist

Jan van Eyck

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall date

temple:1550 BCE hall:1250 BCE

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht context

-Because of the political turmoil after the First World War, man artists turned to making prints instead of paintings -Kathe Kollwitz was a German Artist, who worked almost exclusively in this medium and became known from her prints that celebrate the plight of the working-class She rarely depicted real people She used her talents in support of causes she believed in (very often) -From the end of the First World War in late 1918 to the founding of the Weimar Republic in August 119, Germany went through a period of social and political upheaval. During this time, Germany was led by a coalition of left-wing forces with Marxist sympathies, the largest of which was the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Other groups were trying to get control of Germany at the same time including the German Communist Party (KPD) Both groups wanted to eliminate Capitalism and establish communal control over the means of production, but while the Socialists believed that the best way to achieve that goal was to work step by step from within Capitalist structure, the Communists called for an immediate and total social revolution that would put governmental power in the hands of workers. KPD stages an uprising in Berlin in Jan 1919 Military units called in by the SPD suppressed the uprising and captured two of the leaders, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg Liebknecht and Luxemburg were murdered while in custody on Jan 15, 1919. Their deaths struck a chord across the left-wing landscape and they were widely celebrated as martyrs to the commuist cause. -Kollwitz was not a communist and acknowledged that the SPD would have been better leaders She had heard Liebknecht spek and admired his charisma, so when the family asked her to create a work to memorialize him, she agreed. -The focus on those broadly affected, rather than those in the spotlight is a constant theme in the artist's work -Women and children were a central concern of Kollwitz's work -Kollwitz was the first woman to be admitted into the Prussian Academy -Woodblock printing is a technique in which a design is carved into a slab of wood which is then covered with ink and printed onto paper Ink coats the original surface of the wood block, which prints as black, whie the cut away areas stay the color of the paper. This is different from printmaking methods such as engraving in which the ink is caught in the recesses carved into the metal plate b the stylus and therefore the lines print black and the untouched areas of the plate come out white with the print German Expressionist artists used woodcuts to capture the rough, vital energy that they perceived in the work of so-called "primitive" societies without a fine art tradition -Kollwitz's career overlapped with German Expressionists but she was not an Expressionist herself and was about a generation older than most of them -Her use of such a trendy technique was uncharastic, and she only worked in woodblocks for a few years after the First World War -She embraced the raw effect of woodblock printing to create pieces works that have cast off the subtlety and finesse of her earlier work in etching and lithography. -She felt that her protest against the horrors of war was best communicated in the rough edges and stark black and white that woodblock prints afforded.

Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) form

-made from 100's of flattened, red and yellow corned beef tins -they were pressed, cut, and riveted together to form the sculpture -115cm x 65cm x 217 cm

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes form

Frescoes take up the entirety of the vault Ignudi (nude youths) sit in fictive architectire around the frescoes, and they are acoomplanied by prophets and sibyls (ancient seers who, according to tradition, foretold the coming of Christ) in the spandrels. In the four corners of the room, in the pendentives, there are scenes depicting the Salvation of Israel The Deluge Michelangelo has used the physical space of the water and the sky to separate four distinct parts of the narrative. Right side: a cluster of people seek sanctuary from the raon under makeshift shelter Left side: even more people climb up the side of a mountain to escape the rising water. Centrally: a small boat is about to capsize because of the unending downpour Background: a team of men work on building the ark- the only hope of salvation The use of small, tightly grouped figures undermines the emotional content and makes the story harder to follow Delphic Sibyl: circular compostion of the body, which echoes the contours of her fictive architectural setting, adds to the sense of the sculptural weight of the figure Powerful arms Heft of her body imposing Both her left elbow and knee come into the viewer's space Grace and harmony of porportion Libyan Sibyl: In a contored position that would be nearly impossible for an atual person to hold Excuted with a sprezzatura (a deceptive ease) Watchful expression Last Judgement: Christ in the top center Either side of Christ are saints and Old Testament figures Below Christ, there is a separation of the blessed from the damned Christ's left: the damned who are going to hell Christ's right: the blessed who are going to heaven Christ as a powerful judge who's facing towards the damned smiting them Christ seems to be pointing to his cross wounds Mary crouches beside him (powerless) and looks down toward the blessed, seems to give over to Christ the damned Christ's right: Blessed rise up to heaven from their graves pulled by angels who seem to assist them in their ascent to heaven Below Christ, angels blowing their trumpetd awakening the dead from their graves The angels are clearly male and powerful Their heads are too small for their bodies In blowing their trumpets they look almost as though they are going to explode with the power that that takes Spirtis emerge from the Earth Emphasis on the human body The damned are being delivered on a boat Oarsmen kicking the damned off his boat demons are helping with their pitchforks and they are harvesting new souls for hell Angels punching and throwing the damned into hell One figure has a devil pulling at him from below, but his psychological intensity gives him the name, "Damned Man" Christ has a huge torso that is completely out of scale with his head and with his height Bartholomew holds a knife and he is on a cloud

Self-Portrait with Saskia artist

Rembrandt van Rijn

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii period

Republic Roman

Pax Romana

Roman Peace

Liberty Leading the People period

Romanticism

Villa Savoye intended audience

The Savoye family

The Portuguese function

To show all sides of a subject

Media of Standard of Ur:

Wooden frame, shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli

Chartres Cathedral century

c. 1145-1155 ce; reconstructed c. 1194-1220 ce.

Great Mosque of Djenné century

c. 1200 ce; rebuilt 1906-1907 ce

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus date

c. 250 C.E.

Birth of Venus period

early (floretine) renaissance

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) period

imperial rome

Röttgen Pietà media

painted wood

Adam and Eve patron

unknown

Veristic

very realistic that shows wrinkles and sagging -wants to tell truth visually

The Bayeux Tapestry date

(probably made around 1070)

The Burghers of Calais content

- 6 "burghers," or middle class people (people of the burgh/village) · Central character is Eustache de Saint-Pierre - Has large swollen hands and a noose around his neck - He's ready for his execution

Catacomb of Priscilla utalitarian function

-Burial location for the actual members of Priscilla's family -Showing Christians what a good Christian life was like -Demonstrated important aspects of life Christians must experience, road to salvation

"The Gates" function

-meant to change the experience/perspective of seeing and walking along the paths that run in NY

Most statues in ancient Greece were ___________. Romans made copies and used ____________.

1- bronze 2-marble

Folio from a Qur'an media

Ink, color, and gold, on parchment (vellum)

Stadia II artist

Julie Mehretu

Catacomb of Priscilla period

Late Antique Europe

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) primary building materials

Masonry glazed terracotta concrete

Las Meninas Media

Oil on canvas.

Palette of King Narmer Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Shows kings power through the royal beard, wearing of upper and lower crowns of Egypt, and registers. Relationship between King Narmer and the Sun god. Displays several different scenes. Used to show the triumph of the Egyptian Kings Hierarchy of scale Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Las Meninas Period / Culture

Spanish golden age__________________________

School of Athens place

Stanza della Segnatura (Signature Room), Vatican

Palazzo Rucellai primary building materials

Stone Masonry

Improvisation 28 (second version) artist

Vassily Kandinsky

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes location

Vatican City, Italy

Monticello loctaion

Virginia

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts artist

Zaha Hadid

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Date / Century

_c. 1697-1701 ce.

The Horse in Motion media

albumen print

The Portuguese period

cubism

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Media

limestone

Early Greeks were

master builders

metopes

sculpted decorations

Hagia Sophia intended function

secluded to certain figures

Seagram Building primary building materials

steel frame, glass, bronze

The Scream period

symbolism and Expressionism

Madonna and Child with Two Angels media

tempra on wood

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane building's utilitaian function

tiny church

Pediment

triangular area with decorative sculptures in front

Isenheim Altarpiece patron

unknown

Madonna and Child with Two Angels patron

unknown

The Arnolfini Portrait patron

unknown

order pose

was used to get people's attention and to connect with them

House of the Vettii function

● House of the Vettii belonged to two former slaves, Aulus Vettius Conviva and his brother, Aulus Vettius Restitutus ● After becoming free and wealthy, they created an extravagant home, with it many paintings and displays of art to demonstrate to others their new status and wealth

Monticello date

1768-1809 CE

First style of Roman Wall painting

1st style: painted/faux marble, intended to look stone like

Grave stele of Hegeso date

410 BCE

Santa Sabina date/century

422-432 ce.

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza patron

Antonio de Mendoza/ Viceroyalty of New Spain

Tomb of the Triclinium content

Banquet scene Dancing Chamber tomb

Mosque of Selim II context

Built by the greatest of all Ottoman architects, Sinan Edirne was one of Selim II's favorite cities He was stationed here as a prince when his father campaigned in Persia in 1548 and he enjoyed hunting on the outskirts of the city Edirne was selected because of Selim II fondness of the city and for its historical and geographic significance Located in the Balkans, within the European lands of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century before Istanbul and was effectively the second city of the empire through the 17th century Edirne was the first major city that Europeans traveling to the Ottoman Empire reached Built in an area of the city known as Kavak Meydani The modern designs of the Selimiye complex overshadowed Edirne's more traditional architecture The school for learning the recitation of the Quran, was located to the west and added during the reign of Sultan Murad III his rule followed Selim II It is likely that these additions were planned by Sinan Muqarnas are commonly used in Isalmic architecture to bridge a point of transition Sinan completely departed from the screen walls and supporting half-domes he had employed in his earlier design for the Suleymaniye Complex in Istanbul From the muzzin platform, the muzzins who lead prayers, chant to the congregation. Gulru Necipoglu, a leading Ottoman art historian, has compared its placement to that of a church's altar or ambo (a raised stand for biblical readings in a church. she notes that it reflects Sinan's interest in surpassing Christina architecture The original appearance of the interior;s decoration was different from what we see today The interior has been repainted though the centuries and was extensively restored in the 20th century Polychrome Iznik tiles, the epitome of Ottoman decoration, and motifs with iconography such as saz leaves and Chinese clouds remain largely untouched since the 16th century Mosque's epigraphic programs- its inscriptions, was developed after the devastating defeat that the Ottoman fleet suffered at Lepanto in 1571 against the navies of the Christian Holy League This loss prevented further Ottoman expansion along the European coast of the Mediterranean. The mosque's inscriptions focus on a central difference between Islam and Christianity mainly that Allah (God) is indivisible and that the prophet Muhammad is God's human messenger Certain passages from the Hadiths were included to emphasize Muhammad's position as a messenger both and intercessor Polychrome exterior compliments the geometric volumes that define the exterior forms of the building Octogonal shape probably influenced by the tomb of Oljeitu in Soltaniyeh Sinan had seen of Suleyman's Baghdad campaign Tomb had a large octagonal dome surrounded by eight turrets Sinan's dome is larger than the Hagia Sophia's dome The architect had wanted to disprove claims that no architect could match Hagia Sophia Selim II funded his project with booty taken from the Otttoman campaign against Cyprus, a Christian island. Sinan sought to build a monument for the Sultan that expressed Islam's triumph.

Hagia Sophia function

Cathedral Mosque Museum -est. 1934-Commissioned by Emperor Constantine -Showcased his power as the Roman emperor.

Last Supper content

Christ's final meal with his apostles before Judas identifies Christ to the authorities who arrest him Beautiful landscape outside of the windows

The Kiss Stone artist

Constantin Brancusi

Great Mosque location

Córdoba, Spain

The Horse in Motion artist

Eadweard Muybridge

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) period

Early Italian Renaissance

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) period

Early Northern Renaissance

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page period

Early medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe

Mosque of Selim II location

Edirne, Turkey

Old Man's Cloth artist

El Anatsui

Self-Portrait artist

Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Patron (if any):

Elite members of society

The Bayeux Tapestry media

Embroidery (not tapestry)

Earth's Creation artist

Emily Kame Kngwarreye

Sarcophagus of the Spouses period

Etruscan

Tomb of the Triclinium period

Etruscan

Dancing at the Louvre artist

Faith Ringgold

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Function(s) / Meaning:

Figures represent humans/patrons and were placed in a temple praying (historians think to the god Abu) in order to be attentive to a sculpture of a god- who was believed to be embodied in the sculpture. Figures offer "forever" prayers to the god. Large eyes= (viewer focuses on eyes, due to size) attentiveness to gods Closed mouth and sealed lips= humble

Madonna and Child with Two Angels artist

Fra Filippo Lippi

Madonna and Child with Two Angels artist/architect

Fra Filippo Lippi

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane architect

Francesco Borromini

School of Athens media

Fresco

The Portuguese artist

Georges Braque

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Media:

Gold with inlay of enamel and semi precious stones

Chartres Cathedral period

Gothic Europe

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Patron (if any):

Hatshepsut

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon period

Hellenistic Greek

Seated Boxer period

Hellenistic Greek

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Architect:

Heminu (Egyptian Architect)

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes period

High Italian Renaissance

Last Supper period

High Renaissance

School of Athens period

High Renaissance

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes form

High-relief column capitals Capitals of columns are shaped like animals -eagles, twin-headed bulls, and lions Hypostyle architecture -Roof supported by columns

Augustus of Prima Porta period

Imperial Rome

The Burghers of Calais period

Impressionism and Modernism

The Coiffure period

Impressionism, American Impressionism, and Modern Art

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza media

Ink and color on paper

Grave stele of Hegeso artist

Kallimachos

Anavysos Kouros context

Kourous means "youth" Named after Kroisos -Young military hero/soldier

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) Content/Symbols/Subject Matter

Lamassu Bull Body Human headed Wings Cuneiform Very Large Total of 5 legs

Last Supper artists

Leonardo da Vinci

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) primary building materials

Limestone, masonry, and glass

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building architect

Louis Sullivan

Still Life in Studio artist

Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre

Last Supper patron

Ludovico Sforza

Merovingian looped fibulae centruy

Mid-sixth century ce

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz artist

Miguel Cabrera

Alhambra (Palace) period

Nasrid Dynasty

Self-Portrait form

Naturalism Return to the more naturalistic ideals that appeared in the Renaissance Elisabeth is shown in a natural active position Naturalistic and light hearted in the lighting.

Seagram Building location

New York City, US

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) architect

Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Media

Oil on canvas.

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Media

Oil on canvas.

Seated Scribe Period / Culture:

Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty

PREP

P- propaganda R- romanization E- Engineering P- Portraiture

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation location

Padua, Italy

Palette of King Narmer Artist / Architect:

Palette of King Narmer Artist / Architect: Artist not known. Discovered in 1898 by James Quibell and Frederick Green.

Fallingwater location

Pennsylvania, US

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) period

Perpendicular Gothic Revival

Mosque of Selim II function

Position of the muzzin platform creates a vertical alignment of square, octagon, and circle, using geometry to refer to the earthly and heavenly spheres Offered the Sultan an opportunity to use architecture to impress the Ottoman Empire's Greatness upon visitors Offered an opportunity to build a mosque that would dominate the city Islamic mosque that was part of a complex that hosted a hospital, school, and a library

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Architect:

Possibly Senenmut

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut architect

Possibly Senenmut

Dancing at the Louvre period

Postmodernism

Fallingwater primary building materials

Reinforced concrete sandstone steel glass

Self-Portrait with Saskia patron

Rembrandt van Rijn (made it for himself)

The swing period

Rococo (enlightment)

Church of Sainte-Foy period

Romanesque Europe

Birth of Venus artist

Sandro Botticelli

Forum of Trajan patron

Trajan

Forum of Trajan intended audience

Trajan being followed by the goddess of victory

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane patron

Trinitarian Order

Last Supper media

Oil and tempera on dry plaster

En la Barberia no se Llora function

-Addresses the symbolism of masculinity in the relation to a barbershop filled with decorated kitsch(an embellished chair, etc.) in the form of Puerto Rican culture -purpose of creating cane form childhood memories of himself when he would get haircuts -connects culture to barbershop, and addresses the struggle of being a Puerto Rican living in America

School of Athens media

fresco

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) media

fur covered cup, saucer, and spoon

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building intended audience

general public

The Bayeux Tapestry patron

(historians think: Odo, Bishop of Bayeux)

Self-Portrait as a Soldier form

-Roughly sketched -Long forms -tampered limbs of the nude model -Darker, colder colors -Glassy-eyed model looks more like a carved statue than an actual person

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Content / Subject Matter / Symbols:

-Several colonnaded Terraces -Large ramps

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Utilitarian Function

-Worship of the Greek pantheon of Gods and their dominance over their enemies -Optimism of the Greek spirit in confronting the unknown and unfamiliar cultures (like the Giants) -Representation of Greek prowess and might -Sacrifices may have been offered at the top of the stairs

Archaeic smile

-mark of transcendence beyond this world -reflective of well being of someone

Androgyn III Background

-region central europe -sculpture

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building building's utiliatrain function

A department store that asked for expansive open spaces to display products

White Temple and its ziggurat Period/Culture:

Ancient Medeterian/Sumerians

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq)Period / Culture:

Ancient Mediterranean/Sumerian

Hagia Sophia period

Byzantine Europe

Hagia Sophia period/culture

Byzantine Europe

Dome of The Rock patron

Caliph Abd al-Malik

Self-Portrait with Saskia function

Can be regarded as an example of a marriage portrait Shadow from his hat adds an air of mystery to his countenance Marks the first time that Rembrandt presented himself as an artist at work Rembrandt identifies himself as a draftsman and draws attention to his mastery of what was regarded as the most important basic skill of an artist

The Bayeux Tapestry content

Commemorates a struggle for the throne of England (between William, the Duke of Normandy and Harold, the Earl of Wessex) 75 scenes depict the events leading up to the Norman conquest and show the Battle of Hastings in 1066 continuous narrative The end is missing (now, because of time) Includes some episodes that don't relate to the events of the Norman Conquest 3 zones/registers Middle: main events Upper and lower: animals, people, scenes of hunting, and scenes from Aesop's Fables Animals, men, battle scenes, and war People were staring at a comet

The Bayeux Tapestry function

Commemorative work Viewed as a type of chronicle (sometimes) Provides a representation of a history Provides a visual (for 11th century textiles that haven't survived) May have been intended to be a secular painting Provides visual evidence for 11th century battle attire Brutality of war demonstrated Medieval artifact Chronicle Political Propaganda Historical Document Documents William's side

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) function

Commissioned by the Pazzi family as a legacy of power and patronage Used as a meeting room for Santa Croce monks Chapter house

Darkytown Rebellion function

-walker wants us to examine racism -feels racism is a topic we must discuss -forces viewers to confront the visual cues that make up stereotypes -her sillhouetes don't show color or gender -she leaves that for viewers to decide

Pink Panther Form

-colors: pink, lavender, mint, blonde -highlights woman's figure -texture: shiny and polished -lifesized statue

Merovingian looped fibulae content

-consist of a body, a pin, and a catch -Usually with elaborate designs -a great example of barbarian metalwork -cloisonné: technique is inlaid semi-precious stones --Garnets used to decorate the eyes of the eagles -Gems and semi-precious stones were used to decorate the rest of the fibulae -Pendants could have been hung from the small loops on the bottom on each fibulae

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture date

510-500 BCE

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes date

520-465BCE

San Vitale date

526-547 CE

Peplos Kore date

530 BCE

Hagia Sophia date

532-537 ce

Hagia Sophia date/century

532-537 ce

Athenian Agora Date

600 BCE - 150 CE

archaic period

600-480 B.C.E. -archaic smile -rigid

The Kaaba date

631-632 CE

Dome of The Rock date

691-692 ce

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby period

Enlightment

George Washington period

Enlightment

Las Meninas Patron (if any)

_Museo Nacional del Prado__________________________

The Palace at Versailles Location (city, country)

_Versailles, France

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line media

oil on canvas

The Swing media

oil on canvas

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) arcitect

Charles Barry and Augustus W. N. Pugin

Fallingwater content

America's most famous house

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building period

Art Nouveau

The Kiss Stone period

Avant-Gand

Goldfish artist

Henri Matisse

Röttgen Pietà culture

Late Medieval Europe

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) artist

Jaune Quick-to-see smith

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) artist

Polykleitos

En la Barberia no se Llora artist

Pepin Osario

Acropolis patron

Pericles

Palazzo Rucellai primary building materials

Stone & Masonry

Tomb of the Triclinium media

Tufa and fresco

Great Mosque culture/period

Umayyad

The Book From the Sky artist

Xu Bing

Tomb of the Triclinium function

A tomb Used for funerary rituals Etruscans had a celebration for going to the afterlife -During Funerals people would celebrate the lives of those who died

Santa Sabina period

Late antique period

Seated Boxer artist

Apollonius

The Kiss period

Art Nouveau

The Crossing artist

Bill Viola

Calling of Saint Matthew artist

Caravaggio

Church of Sainte-Foy location

Conques, France

San Vitale comissioner

Maximianus

Las Meninas Artist / Architect

Diego Velázquez

Athenian Agora Patron

Dionysos

The Scream artist

Edvard Munch

Sunflower Seeds patron

Faurshou Foundation

Goldfish period

Fauvism

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) architect

Filippo Brunelleschi

Palazzo Rucellai location

Florence, Italy

Palette of King Narmer Formal qualities of this work:

Found in the temple of Horus at the city of Nekhen. Carved from Slate/Stone. Made of greenish-grey siltstone. Both faces are decorated with "scenes". Scenes show the King Narmer and Sun god. More than 2 feet Palettes were very flat.

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) period

Surrealism

House of the Vettii period

Imperial Roman

Santa Sabina Period/Culture

Late Antique Europe

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation period

Late Gothic/Proto-Renaissance/Early Italian Renaissance

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus period

Late Imperial Roman

Venus of Urbino period

Italian (high) Renaissance

Pyxis of al-Mughira media

Ivory

Entombment of Christ artist

Jacopo da Pontormo

Entombment of Christ artist

Jacopo de Pontormo

The Oath of the Horatii architct

Jacques-Louis David.

George Washington artist

Jean-Antoine Houdon

La Grande Odalisque artist

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

The Swing artist

Jean-Honore Fragonard

Madonna and Child with Two Angels content

Mary -beautiful -youthful -looks like a real woman Christ child angels -look like children Playful Mary is sitting

Santa Sabina Archetict

Peter of Illyria

Santa Sabina architect

Peter of Illyria

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple location

Petra, Jordan

School of Athens patron

Pope Julius II

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes painted at the commission of

Pope Julius II

Chartres Cathedral intended audience

Public

School of Athens artist

Raphael

Santa Sabina location

Rome italy

Summer Trees artist

Song Su-nam

Winged Victory of Samothrace content

Very large Statue of a Greek Goddess, Nike Seems as if she is trying to resist a current Base of the sculpture resembles the prow of a ship Nike seems to be blown by the wind

The Crossing period

Video art

Starry Night artist

Vincent Van Gogh

Greeks developed what technique over time?

Wet drapery technique

Seated Boxer form

-Rare Hellenistic Bronze original greek sculpture -Lost wax casting (hollow cast) -Process by which duplicate metal sculpture is cast from an original sculpture -Copper used to depict wounds on face and hands Seated posture -Made in different sections that were then welded together

Catacomb of Priscilla function

-The Catacomb of Priscilla is an archaeological site on the Via Salaria in Rome, Italy. -It is situated in what was a quarry in Roman times. -The quarry was used for Christian burials from the late 2nd century through the 4th century.

Great Mosque of Djenné function

-The Great mosque is a key center of the city's culture -a religious space -a space for learning that drew in scholars from hundreds of miles away. =Ostrich eggs symbolize fertility and renewal -plastered with river mud annually for storm proofing tombs of great regions; Islamic scholars adjacent to it

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Intended Audience (Who was admitted inside the structure?):

-The god Amun -Priests

Seated Boxer content

-The humanity found in this work creates a sense of presence -Muscular, powerful, and defeated -His body serves a stark contrast to his hands and face -Covering his head and face is bits of copper which posed next to the bronze resembles blood, covering his face and hands with wounds -In contrast, his body is muscular and idealized, as typical ancient Greek art depicted men -This shows a connection to the original Greek art which is combined with the new emphasis on humanity and expanding the focus of art. -His posture -By sitting with his torso collapsing inwards and his head down the look of defeat on his face is supplemented by this worn down posture

Röttgen Pietà function

-The lamentation section of the stations of the Christ, but the scene around it is taken away forcing the viewer to examine emotion -Artistic viewing is like a vision, would have been the object of focus during prayer - Would have been on an altar with other religious art, perhaps depicting the passions of the Christ -This type of sculpture was common in German abbeys

The Kaaba form

-The medium Is black granite masonry. - It is about 13 meters high and the sides are 11 meters long. -located - mecca, saudi arabia - square building covered in silk and cotton veil - interior filled with marble and limestone flooring

The Kiss context

-There is so much gold present, that a religious icon is what viewers think of -Maybe Klimt was trying to create a modern icon Something that suggested a sense of transcendence -Gold is a reminder of the Byzantine style/tradition -Took place in a tie of modernization in Vienna -In this piece, Klimt is making a normal experience more abstract -Klimt was exploring with sensuality

Goldfish function

-To Matisse: the goldfish came to symbolize this tranquil state of mind, and at the same time became evocative of a paradise lost, a subject frequently represented in art -Goldfish should be understood as a kind of shorthand for paradise in Matisse's painting -Invites the viewer to indulge in the pleasure of watching the graceful movement and bright colors of the fish

Hagia Sophia form

-Two floors centered on a giant nave with a great domed ceiling, along with smaller domes -Towering above (high) -Central and Longitudinally planned Basilica -Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

White Temple and its ziggurat Building's Utilitarian Function:

-Used for government and religious purposes. -Used for rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices.

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) form

-Used the colors (green, white, red, and yellow) in artwork -used prominent brushstrokes and a drilling technique -part of abstract expressionist movement -tryptcit

Winged Victory of Samothrace function/ meaning

-Used to worship Nike and commemorate a naval victory -Dedicated to the "Great Gods" -Protects sailors and ensures combat success

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Content

-V-shape in the ground to represent a wound in the earth (symbolic or war and pain) -58,000 names engraved -reflective black granite

Summer Trees form

-Vertical parallel ink brushstrokes -Tone(shades of black and grey) -Velvety blacks and dilluted greys -feathery edges on some of the trees -varried black tones create depth -overlapping stroke

Santa Sabina context

-Windows made of celenite -Wooden coffered ceiling - similar to the domed ceiling of the Pantheon in Rome -Original paneled, wooden doors are still on the church -Depict Biblical scenes, possibly the first Crucifixion depiction in the upper left panel -Corinthian columns -Like the Pantheon: walls are broken up into entablatures -Visualizes the building's weight and solidity -Nave wall has little visual weight -Simple architecture underlies a strong foundation -Instead of organized columns and entablatures, they were covered in mosaics

Merovingian looped fibulae function

-a brooch or a pin for fastening clothing (safety pin) -expensive objects to the commission: the owners wanted these objects to resonate with their identity -buried with the dead: showed their status and who they were as people

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George context

-a transitional piece -Greek/Roman Traits: -Shadows -Naturalistic features -drapery that falls as it would in real life, veins in the neck of the angels -Movement -The Virgin is turned slightly at her hips Created in the era in which Constantinople was restoring and creating dozens of churches As art became more of a part of daily life icons became more popular and pieces like these were created. -Byzantine Traits: -Compressed plane -Very flat -Emotionless faces

Sunflower Seeds context

-always advocated for freedom and the responsibilites of people -currently lives in Bejing and Berlin -His work is closely associated with China's economy, politics, and society

Lying with the Wolf context

-artworks involve women as well as animals or other sources of nature -Kiki's works featured a female protagonist likely inspired by Saint Genevieve and little red riding hood -Smith thought to introduce a spiritual undertone to her artworks, becoming much more interested in aspects of life such as reproduction and nature, eventually resulting in the inclusion and relationship between humans and animals

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) context

-built under Roman emperors of Flavian dynasty -construction began in 72 CE, Vespasian -Constructed in order to restore Rome to its former glory -contest of gladiators, dramas, animal hunts, public executions -located in the heart of Rome -On site of lake and gardens of Nero's Golden House

Shibboleth form

-crack in floor is the focal point and art piece itself -texture in crack -wire mesh embedded along the sides of the crack -line was used to show details -concrete was used to fill in the crack, leaving a scar

Pink Panther Content

-head tilted back look to the left -statue model wearing mint green dress -topless with right hand covering exposed breast -Jayne Mansfield (sex symbol) -Jayne holding Pink Panther over shoulder -sad expression on the pink panther's face

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Function

-honor those who died serving the country in Vietnam War -Help people feel closer to lost loved ones -Make people reflect on war and create a space where viewers can physically touch the wall and have an intimate experience -To unite the nation's past and present together -Wall dematerializes the form and allows the names to become the object

Villa Savoye content

-located on a large and unrestricted site geometric volumes -Clean simplicity -WIndows are large enough to let natural light in -Cantilevered construction allows for overhangs -Floorplan: minimal interruption, open plan, and three floors

Improvisation 28 (second version) content

-looks chaotic -verge of abstraction -known as an Abstracted painting -Upper right: a mountain with some buildings on it (maybe chimney sacks or a church on a hill, an ideal city, a kind of Jerusalem) -Lower left: great flood -Above the wave: canons are being fired -Down at the bottom: the manes and the arcs of the necks of horses -also a Utopia

San Vitale Context

-made under rule of Ostrogoths - A place of worship, serves spiritual needs of christianity believers as well as promotes power of ruler. -shows the importance of christianity and power of justinian -funded by a rich banker and architect and built under bishops -depiction of royalty with religion -may show some tension of power as they are now more separated

Darkytown Rebellion form

-sharp contours on sillouhetes faces and limbs(causing them to stand out) -blending 18th century sillhoutes with 1960's landscapes (scycadellic music) -Black paper sillouhouttes pasted on the walls with lights being projected onto it

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao function

-signifigant because it sparked an economic revival in the city of Bilbao and the museum was praised for being a revolutionary design (changed the way people saw museums)

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow content

-small canvas -composition: is similarly reduced to the simplest of rectilinear forms, squares, and rectangles defined by vertical and horizontal line

Seagram Building form

-steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze - set back from the street on a wide plaza that is balanced by reflecting pools - the bronze veneer gives the building a monolithic look - this model of skyscraper became the main model after World War 1 -he building stands 515 feet (157 m) tall with 38 stories, and was completed in 1958. - It stands as one of the finest examples of the functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of corporate modernism

Sunflower Seeds function

-sunflowers= popular street snack -meaningful to Ai WeiWei -For WeiWei, represents Mao Zedong's cruel cultural revolution in China -Mao used sunflowers in propoganda -suppposed to serve as a symbol of compassion, human gesture, and friendship during difficult times

Etruscans

-temples only accessible through the front -had an archaic period -borrowed a lot from the Greeks -multicultural -very agricultural based -sea fairers - loved animals -egalitarian society -matralineolal -heiratic scale - composite bodies -had a huge funerary culture -used to worship gods in nature

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) form

-the human body -depicted normal life, a sculpture of a man walking

The Book From the Sky content

-thousands of Chinese characters -books open on the floor with Chinese characters (waves) -3 long scrolls like papers hanging from ceiling with Chinese characters (sky) -paper printed across both sides of the room

Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) content

-tin bull -made from pieces of corned beef cans -3D -lifesized

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) function

-toys and souvenirs represent objects the Native Americans were expected to use as well as sports merchandise with Native American mascots -reflects the white American expansion and colonization of NA lands -defers to the exchange of NA land like the island of Manhattan for inexpensive goods which suggest an unfair deal for the Native Americans

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) content

-toys, souvenirs, a stationary canoe -newspapers and has stereotypes hidden within

Summer Trees Content

-trees -black -grey

Androgyn III Form

-use of casts and molds -burlap and string into resin then pressed in -material hardens creating creases (veins) -hallow interior

Old Man's Cloth form

-used liquor bottle labels and caps -uneven jagged edges -rough texture -crushed and flattened bits of metal -threaded together with copper wire -chose liquor bottle caps as a medium because of the malluiable properties (also included aluminium and copper wires) -bright gold colors recall colonial past of modern Ghana

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow form

-uses simple colors: red, blue, yellow, white, and black -Upper right: large square is balanced by the small blue square at the bottom left -Mondrian used varying shades of blacks and whites Harmony of contrasts -Visible traces of the artist's brushwork

The Crossing function

-water as a metaphor because it can reflect the external world while acting as a barrier to another -work open for interpretaitons -there are symbolic refrences to spirituallity and nature

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus form

-white marble -high relief -made with a drill -used to mimic the intensity and chaos of the battle -at some places, this piece has 4 layers of figures on top of on top of each other -the figures along the bottom are physically smaller -makes viewer feel like they are looking down on them -use of shields and other aspects to highlight certain figures -utilizes contrast of light and darkness to guide a viewer's eye

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Date / Century:

1353-1335 BCE.

Alhambra (Palace) date

1354-1391 CE

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) century

1427-1432 CE.

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) date/century

1427-1432 CE.

Palazzo Rucellai date

1450 ce

Madonna and Child with Two Angels date/century

1465 ce

Isenheim Altarpiece date

1512-1516

Entombment of Christ date

1525-1528

Entombment of Christ date

1525-1528 CE.

Allegory of Law and Grace date

1530

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza date

1541-1542 CE

Hunters in the Snow date

1565

Calling of Saint Matthew date

1597-1601

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle date

1621-1625

Self-Portrait with Saskia date

1636 CE.

The Code of Hammurabi Date / Century:

1792-1750 BCE.

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 date

1810-1823 ce

The Stone Breakers date

1849; destroyed in 1945

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art date

1852 ce

The Horse in Motion date

1878 CE

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht date

1919-1920

Villa Savoye date

1929

The Bayeux Tapestry form

20 inches high Almost 230 feet in length Consists of 75 scenes with Tituli (latin inscriptions) Not actually a tapestry despite its name (Bayeux Tapestry) Images/inscriptions embroidered Used wool yarn sewed onto linen cloth (not woven into the cloth) Tapestry favorably depicts the Normans Odo is in many scenes with inscription "ODO EPISCOPUS"/"EPS") Drawn from Anglo-Saxon drawing techniques Lead's the eye from one scene to the next 3 horizontal zones No shadows Not very realistic Captions written in latin

Catacomb of Priscilla date

200-400 CE

King Menkaura and Queen Date / Century:

2490-2472 BCE

Date / Century of Standard of Ur:

2600 BCE

Palette of King Narmer Date / Century:

3000-2920 bce

White Temple and its ziggurat Date/Century:

3500-3000 BCE.

Classical period

480-323 B.C.E. -began when Greeks have a victory over Persia) -early: relaxed, no braids, short hair, organic lines, contrapposto (bends on leg with all weight on different leg) -still, posed, perfect

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) date

70-80 C.E.

Head of a Roman Patrician date

75-50 BCE

Isenheim Altarpiece form

(N) Center: staid, solid, and unimaginative representations of three saints important to the Antonine order A bearded and enthroned St. Anthony flanked by standing figures of St. Jerome and St. Augustine (N) Below the center, in the carved predella (usually covered by a painted panel): a carved Christ stands at the center of seated apostles six to each side grouped in separate groups of three Interior ensemble: symmetrical, rational, mathematical and replete with numerical perfections- one, three, four, and twelve (G) Painted Panels: visions of hell on earth dissonant psychedelic color played out by distorted figures- men, women, angels, and demons lit by streaking strident light and placed in eerie other-worldly landscapes (G) Central Panel in it's common closed position: close to depict a horrific, night-time Crucifixion Macabre and distorted Christ is splayed on the cross hands writhing in agony body marked with livid spots of pox Left: Mary swoons into the arms of young St. John the Evangelist Right: John the Baptist gestures towards the suffering body and holds a scroll which reads "he must increase, but I must decrease" In the predella panel is a Lamentation: the sprawling and horrifyingly punctured dead body of Christ Second position: emphasizes this promise of resurrection Its panels depict the Annunciation, the Virgin and Child with a host of musical angels, and the Resurrection Progression from left to right is a highlight reel of Christ's life All three scenes: highly idiosyncratic and personal visions of Biblical exegesis: musical angels in their Gothic bandstand Lit by an eerie orange-yellow light while the adjacent Madonna of Humility sits in a twilight landscape lit by flickering, fiery atmospheric clouds Resurrection panel is the strangest: Christ is wreathed in orange, red, and yellow body haloes rises like a streaking fireball, hovering over the sepulchre and the bodies of the sleeping soldiers a combination of Transfiguration, Resurrection, and Ascension Fully open position of the altar: the most esoteric visions in the two inner panels Left: St. Anthony is visited in the blessed-out wilderness by St. Paul (first hermit of the desert) the two are about to be fed by the raven in the tree above Saint Anthony will later be called upon to bury St. Paul the meeting cured St. Anthony of the misperception that he was the first desert hermit and was therefore a lesson in humility Final Panel: depiction of St. Anthony's temptations in the desert sublime hybrid demons (like Daliesque dreams) torment Anthony's waking and sleeping hours bringing to like the saint's torment and mirroring the physical and psychic suffering of the hospital patients

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) content

- (Background) Image of a slave ship (carry slaves) - A typhoon is hitting the slave ship - (Middle ground) dark-skinned bodies with chains on their legs Fish and sea creatures nearby, ready to eat them - Captain throwing slaves overboard - Bottom right corner: foot, leg, and shackle in chains

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line function

- A component in larger project of a dozen canvases which attempts to portatu all facets of the Gare Saint-Lazare The paintings all have similar themes: play of light filtered through the smoke of the train shed, the billowing clouds of steam, and the locomotives that dominate the site. - Shows Monet's keen interest in light, color, and paint handling - Gives us a new vision of the modern life that does not shy away from its industrial side

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building function

- An important example of early Chicago skyscraper architecture. -Can also be seen as a fascinating indicator of the relationship between architecture and commerce. -This building was intended to meet its patrons' needs by highlighting the lower street-level section and entryway to draw shoppers into the store. -Decorative program distinguish the building from those surrounding it and tried to make the store attractive to potential customers

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis content

- Caught between realistic and abstract - Shows the medieval artists and patrons value of symbolism and abstraction - written in greek -Jacob Wrestling the Angles - Jacob leads his family across a river over a bridge. Then, Jacob has to fight with an angel. Upon fighting with the angle Jacobs name becomes Israel. - The importance of this story is the renaming of Jacob to Israel - Calls back to the Romanesque - Looks as though it could be a freeze -Classical elements - Roman colonnades - Reclining nude next to the river - Serves as a personification of the well's water - Not a realistic showing of space

Olympia function

- Confronts 19th century Paris with its own corruption - Manet insists on unmasking illusion (of our own interests and dimensional wise) - Reminds viewers that the interest in a sexual interest - Painting about art making and the kinds of conventions that exits in art ad making the viewer aware of those conventions as they look at this piece - Manet is inventing what beauty could be for the modern world

The Horse in Motion function

- Designed to settle the question of whether or not a horse should ever takes all four legs completely off the ground during a gallop - The series of photographs also demonstrated the new photogracjc methods that were capable of nearly instantaneous exposure - Bridged the gap between still photography and movies - Used to settle a bet with Leland Stanford

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) content

- Gloomy storm clouds - "Virginal" landscape nature created by God that is untouched by man - Animals grazing - Crops growing - Smoke in chimneys - Boats sailing - East land: orderly and useful - West land: "unbridled" - Lower part: self portrait -wears a hat and a coat -Cole stands behind a canvas on an easel with a paintbrush in his hand

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut context

- Hatshepsut claimed that Amun was her father -Hatshepsat wanted to be seen as immortal and divine -Aligned with the winter solstice

Olympia form

- Manet kept her abdomen area and area by breasts very flat - Unexpected areas have shadows - Manet rejects the clear articulation of represented space and confronts the viewer with the complexity of painting on a 2D space

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) building's utilitarian function

- Meant to be the seat of government - This is where the House of Commons and House of Lords meets - Represents the Parliamentary system

Starry Night form

- Oil on canvas Composite landscape short, thick brushstrokes parts of canvas can be seen through the brushwork -did not need to fill in every bit of the composition

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist:

- Opening of the Mouth ritual -Hunefer was a scribe who wrote the Book of the Dead -Hunefer had a high status -Osiris is the god of the underworld

The Stone Breakers context

- Painted one year after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote their influential pamphlet The Communist Manifesto - Ornans was where Courbet was raised and spent a lot of time - In 1848 laborers rebelled against the bourgeois leaders of the newly formed Second Republic - Laborers wanted better working conditions - Painting lived for about 100 years before it was destroyed

Catacomb of Priscilla form

-"Cubiculum" -Passageways are stacked on top of each other (general) -Roman first style* painting -Building up of plaster on the wall to look like marble -Wanted the tomb to look rich and valuable -Multiple curved and angular lines -Diminished hierarchy of scale

Rebellious silence content

-Arabic woman wearing a veil/chador -gun pointed up -Arabic writing across face -quiet, yet powerful gaze

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) form

-Atmospheric perspective -tiny human figures - create a sense of monumentality - awe of nature. - Viewer stands above the mountains; looks down to survey the scene. - His style emphasized monumentality and expansiveness, such as in Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel.

Pantheon content

-Best preserved building from ancient Rome -Completed in c.125 CE in the region of Hadrian. -Lasting testimony to the genius of Roman architects -About 142 feet in diameter and rises to a height of 71 feet above the base

Androgyn III Context

-Born Wealthy -Had to start a new life after WWI -stayed in Poland during Soviet Occupation -saw firsthand effects of war -nurse -focuses on ambiguity -androgynus -related to WW1 -focuses on humanity

The Portuguese context

-Braque is able to overcome the unified singularity of an object and transform it into an object of vision -Strategy of Cubists is to fragment an object -Braque focused on perspective -Braque was heavily influenced by Cezanne -Between 1908 and 1914: Braque and Picasso worked together to share ideas and challenge each other -The audience did not initially like this piece because it was an unconventional way of painting. -Analytical cubism (1907-1912) First phase of cubism -Cubism emphasized flat 2D picture plane

Goldfish content

-Bright orange colored goldfish -Subtle pinks and greens surround the fish bowl and the blue-green background -Matisse's own: plants garden furniture own fish tank

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page FORM

-Codex is a bound book made from sheets of paper or parchment -Designed and recorded with the use of ink pigments and gold vellum -Tiny red dots that envelop words -Gold vellum -The letters "NIAM" of "quoniam" -Negative space as four letters -Shapes create words -Symbols are assigned for the other three evangelists Matthew is a man Mark is a lion John is a eagle

Villa Savoye form

-Delicate floating box is both functional house and modernist sculpture -Made of reinforced concrete -Ground floor walls are recessed and painted green (so that the hose looks like a box floating on delicate pilotis) -Stark white exterior wall Strips of ribbon windows (has a smooth, planar quality) -Fluid interior Organized by a multi story ramp that lads the viewer on a gently curving path through a building that is nearly square -Contrast between the sharp angels of the plan and the dynms of the spaces inside charge the house with subtle energy -Ramp winds from the entrance up to the salon A formal interior space that flows seamlessly into the roof terrace outside -Terrace created as a room without walls Ramp culminates in the curved solarium crowning the house, whose rounded enclosure appears to be an abstract sculpture when viewed from below Ramp and cylinder of the solarium echo the forms of the ocean liners lauded in Vers une Architecture -Le Corbusier and Madame Savoye believed in the health benefits of fresh air and sunshine and considered leisure time spent outdoors one mark of a modern lifestyle -Integration of indoor and outdoor spaces allowed the family to spend time outdoors in the most efficient way possible

Merovingian looped fibulae form

-Early Medieval Europe. -Mid-sixth century C.E. 4" high. -Material: silver gilt-worked in filigree with inlaid garnet and other stones -decorated with garnets, amethyst, and colored glass -Ends of fibulae: the shape of Eagle heads -the main body of the brooch is a little fish

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall context

-Egyptian temples often represented the beginning of creation -Built by many generations of pharoahs

The Portuguese content

-Guitar player and dock So many pieces of broken form (almost broken glass) -Exploration of shapes -Stenciled letters and numbers

Horn Players context

-Jean-Michel Basquiat left home as a teen to live in lower Manhattan -always loved jazz -grew up looking at graffitti -"SAMO" Same Old Shit -felt art should be accessable to everyone -appreciated Charlie Parker and had a similar upbringing to Parker

Pyxis of al-Mughira context

A Pyxis is a cylindrical contained for holding cosmetics This was a coming of age gift for al Mughira, the 18-year-old daughter of the caliph of the Umayyad dynasty Best surviving example of the tradition of carved ivory in Islamic Spain Spain was home to some of the most impressive Islamic art and architecture Ivory was part of the mediterranean art tradition, so this work is an example of local artistic tradition blended with Islamic themes This comes from the royal workshop of Madinat al-Zahra, which was one of the wealthiest cities in Umayyad-ruled Spain The work is currently located in the Louvre

La Grande Odalisque function

A figure in response to a commission from Caroline Murat, it is a Greco Roman subject painted as a Neoclassical Figure dressed as a Turkish Odalisque consistent with Romantic taste for the exotic.

Entombment of Christ content

A large altar painting Could be: A Lamentation A deposition from the cross (without a cross and a ladder) Christ being lowered into the tomb Christ's body is being lifted onto the lap of the Virgin Mary moment before the Pieta Christ is being lowered onto the table of the altar that exists physically in this small chapel

Sarcophagus of the Spouses content

A man and a woman A bed

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 content

A man is tied to a pole → Alter Christus → an "other Christ" Behind him are other poles with men tied onto them and firing squads either firing or ready to fire The body on the ground is grotesque, mangled, with blood and brains leaking Eyes are gone, body is contorted Possibly showing that he was recently shot The rifles coming from the right side of the print are aimed at the central figure tied to the pole

Athenian Agora Meaning/Signifigance

A place of government that originally started out as a market The Athenian government was a democracy where citzens could participate directly Had to be male and Athenian to be a citizen of Athens

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George function

A private devotional object (used to inspire the pious and help them express their veneration for God and enhance their spirituality.

Folio from a Qur'an period

Abbasid (Islamic)

Improvisation 28 (second version) period

Abstract Art/ Der Blaue Reiter (German Expressionism)

Earth's Creation period

Abstract expressionism

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco patron

Alexander Farnese

Athenian Agora Intended Audience

All the Greek citizens were admitted inside the structure Public place

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture intended audience

Among the early Etruscans, the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early Greece or in the Ancient Near East, but rather, in nature. Early Etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to he sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony.

Kouros

An Archaic Greek statue of a standing young nude male; braids; meant to honor soldiers who died

forum of Trajan: architect

Apollodorus of Damascus

Peplos Kore period

Archaic Greek

Peplos Kore content

Archaic smile Symbol of well being and idealism Braided hair Painted garment Animals and decorative patterns

Athenian Agora Period

Archaic through Hellenistic Greek

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation artist and architect

Architect: unknown Artist: Giotto di Bondone

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation form

Arena Chapel houses lots of narrative scenes in between those scenes are trompe l'oeil (faux marble panels) Arena Chapel organization Three registers begin at top and moves downward (tells a continuous story) Arena: A panel painting is inserted where Giotto painted God (not fresco) painted in a more conservative and less earthly style Arena: Illusionism Arena: Sense of space Arena and Lamentation: Naturalism Lamentation: all of the emphasis on figures and simple background Lamentation: landscape draws our attention down to Mary and Christ (because of rocky slope) Lamentation: Two faceless figures help create an illusion of space Lamentation: Foreshortened and individuality in the angels Chiaroscuro- use of light and shadow Frescos are arranged in a narrative order

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation function

Arena Chapel tells a continuous story. Top Register: Begins with Jesus' grandparents, then it goes to Mary's birth, and her marriage. Second register: Jesus' life and ministry Bottom Register: The Passion (the events at the end of Jesus' life and right after his death) Lamentation: Tree on the top right looks dead or it could be winter and the tree might grow leaves again in the spring- analogy to Jesus and his upcoming resurrection Lamentation: Ground is used to hold figures, to draw the attention to Christ, and to draw us to next image Scene where Christ says "Do not touch me" to Mary Magdalene This was made to make up for Enrico and his family's usury and hopefully earn a position in heaven

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation function

Arena Chapel tells a continuous story. Top Register: Begins with Jesus' grandparents, then it goes to Mary's birth, and her marriage. Second register: Jesus' life and ministry Bottom Register: The Passion (the events at the end of Jesus' life and right after his death) Lamentation: Tree on the top right looks dead or it could be winter and the tree might grow leaves again in the spring- analogy to Jesus and his upcoming resurrection Lamentation: Ground is used to hold figures, to draw the attention to Christ, and to draw us to next image Scene where Christ says "Do not touch me" to Mary Magdalene This was made to make up for Enrico and his family's usury and hopefully earn a position in heaven.

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz period

Art of new spain

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Artist - Gian Lorenzo Bernini Location - Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Time period - Baroque, 1647 - 52 Subject matter is religious and distorted No central hierarchy or pyramid, center is a void Unseen source of light ("rays of sun" in the background) Weapons (arrow) and chaotic discord represented instead of religious order and structure Dramatic, theatrical; not realistic No real background/backdrop Forcefully involves the viewer--made relatable to a wider audience by depicting her revelation as sexual and physical in order to make it seem more realistic; no frame or limitation placed on it (because it relates to the human experience) Subject - Teresa of Ávila Canonized (aka made a saint by the church) Lived in 16th century Spain at the height of the Reformation St. Teresa is having a vision of an angel telling her to come worship god Cornaro Chapel Grouping of the patrons aka Cornaro family sculpture displayed to the left of St. Teresa's central sculpture Federico Cornaro, Cardinal of Venice Depicted as though they are watching her moment of revelation

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon location

Asia-Minor, Present Day Turkey

George Washington context

At this time it was popular to commission the depiction of war heroes Washington;s depiction was inspired by his choice to retire from his military position and precedency in order to pursue farming instead and allow his country to develop Statue ordered = Virginia Governor Sculpted = French Artist No practiced American sculptors French people idealized the fore-fathers of America

Acropolis Location

Athens, Greece

Athenian Agora location

Athens, Greece

The Burghers of Calais artist

Auguste Rodin

Last Supper form

Balanced composition -equilateral triangle formed by Chrit's body. -He sits below an arching pediment that if completed, traces a circle. 12 apostles arranged as four groups of three 3 windows Technique: -Leonardo covered the wall with a double layer of drier plaster -He added an undercoat of lead white to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top. -Allowed for chromatic brilliance and extraordinary precision -Because the painting is on a thin exterior wall, the effects of humidity were felt and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane period

Baroque

Church of Sainte-Foy content

Barrel-vaulted nave, with arches on the interior Nave, apse, 1 side aisle on each side 5 radiating chapels surround the apse Prominent transept Elaborately carved Tympanum on the South Portal of Christ and the Last Judgment Semi-circular relief carving above the doors to the central portal Christ sits enthroned at the center His right hand gestures up, towards heaven, on the side of the saved His left hand gestures down, towards hell, on the side of the damned On Christ's right: Mary, Peter, the founder of the original monastery, and an entourage of saints Below the saints on Christ's Right: an arcade covered by a pediment, symbolizing the House of Paradise

The Code of HammurabiMedia:

Basalt/Stele

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation primary building materials

Brick (architecture) Fresco

Hagia Sophia primary building materials

Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer

Mosque of Selim II primiary building materials

Brick and stone

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes context

Built during Persian Empire Used for festivals and receptions Depicts people paying tribute and bearing gifts to the Persian king

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation building's utilitarian function

Built to atone for usury

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) context

Bulls Symbols are Mesopotamian kings Associated with physical strength and resistance Feathers Birds are sacred creatures (gods took care of the birds) Birds are mediators Mesopotamia was a series of civilizations that conquered each other Sculptures come from the Palace of Sargon the 2nd Carved at the height of Assyrian civilization Lamassus: each at various gates Lamassus were fearless and powerful Assyrians took power by force- caused them to be hated

Catacomb of Priscilla building's utilitarian function

Burial location for the actual members of Priscilla's family -Showing Christians what a good Christian life was like -Demonstrated important aspects of life Christians must experience, road to salvation

Monticello building's utilitarian function

By helping to introduce classical architecture to the United States, Jefferson intended to reinforce the ideals behind the classical past: democracy, education, rationality, civic responsibility Meant to inspire to Teach, to Delight, and To Move

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) content

Calligraphy covers the arches and walls representing intellectual beauty. Has towering minarets for the call to prayer. Interior is a hypostyle hall Vaults, some ribbed bring in light and ventilation The dome undersides (soffits) are carved with intricate geometric designs and have an oculus Bricks and stucco motifs, and tilework adorn the space in addition to calligraphy muqarnas- traditional Islamic cusped niches Isfahan's covered bazaar connects to the mosque

The Code of Hammurabi Formal qualities of this work:

Carved relief at the top Inscribed cuneiform on all sides 2 Horizontal registers Hard stone Stele at top

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building location

Chicago, Illinois, US

Santa Sabina intended audience/who was admitted inside

Christian's Sabina

Santa Sabina intended function

Christian's , Sabina

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) intended audience

Christians in the area

Untitled #228 artist

Cindy Sherman

Niobides Krater period

Classical Greek Severe style

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza content

Codex to record information about the Aztec empire Images annotated in Spanish by a priest that spoke Nahuatl (language spoken by the Nahuas) Frontispiece relates information about the organization and foundation of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan (place of the prickly pear cactus) Shows us a schematic diagram of Tenochtitlan, with the city divided into four parts by intersecting blue-green undulating diagonals Displays the quadripartite division of the city and the canals running through it. Center: eagle on a cactus growing the midst of a lake Below the cactus ad stone in the middle: is a war shield Right of eagle: a simplified skull rack (tzompantli) Different types of plants dot the city's four quadrants Ten men depicted in the four quadrants wear white garments and displaying knots in their hair name glyphs are attached to them in a manner typical of pre-Conquest manuscripts Tenoch: Man seated to the left of eagle has gray skin, different hairstyle, and a red mark around his ear Traits identify him as a priest (because he let blood from his ear as offerings to deities and ash covers his skin) Speech scroll coming from his mouth and he sits on a woven mat Year glyphs surround the entire page (begin on the upper left with the date 2-House (1325 CE) and finish (counter clock wise) with the date 13-Reed. total of 51 One year is marked: the year 2-Reed (occurred twenty-six years after Tenochtitlan's establishment) Reed has a cord wound around it and a fire drill appears above it Below the schematic diagram of the city: two scenes of military conquest Aztec warriors identified by their shields (identical to the one above that is associated with Tenochtitlan) Obsidian-bladed weapons called macana Defeated men come from two different locations

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover content

Contains 56 miniatures (small paintings) within the manuscript Shows signs of use, but in fine condition splashes of wine Very illuminated Shows the Story of Passover

Self-Portrait content

Contains Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun who painted herself She is wearing a traditional black dress with a very bright red sash She is painting in the self-portrait This portrait is probably of Marie Antoinette This painting shows off the intelligence, freedom, and greatness of this female artist who was revolutionary for the time She depicts herself as attractive, elegant, cheerful, & well dressed as she confidently paints Marie-Antoinette.

Folio from a Qur'an content

Contains the beginning of Surat Al-'Ankabut (The Spider) One page has an inscription which says, "Abd al-Mun'im Ibn Ahmad donated the Qur'an to the Great Mosque of Damascus in 298 A.H. (July, 911 C.E.)"

Tomb of the Triclinium context

Couples recline while eating at banquets A dining table from ancient Rome

The Horse in Motion form

Created with a device called a zoopraxiscope

Primary building materials used in construction of Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall:

Cut sandstone and mud bricks

Still Life in Studio media

Daguerrotype

David Function

David is a return to Ancient Greece and Rome's love and respect for the body Subject of David represented Florence and the Florentine Republic David was a reference to the liberties and freedoms that were cherished by the Florentine people Embodiment of the promise of a long rule Medici kind of identifying themselves as the city of Florence Sculpture about war, but symbols about David and peace and the Medici and peace Rock as the opposing weather to the sword Embodies ideals and concerns of the 15ty century

David function

David is a return to Ancient Greece and Rome's love and respect for the body Subject of David represented Florence and the Florentine Republic David was a reference to the liberties and freedoms that were cherished by the Florentine people Embodiment of the promise of a long rule Medici kind of identifying themselves as the city of Florence Sculpture about war, but symbols about David and peace and the Medici and peace Rock as the opposing weather to the sword Embodies ideals and concerns of the 15ty century

Athenian Agora context

Dedicated to Athena -Goddess of Athens

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building content

Department Store -Large Glass Windows -Corner entryway -Lavish decorations

Athenian Agora form

Doric columns Sits at the base of the Acropolis in Athens Panathenaic Way cuts through Structures are increasingly substantial

Tuscan/Etruscan columns

Doric with bases

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Formal qualities of this work:

Dynamic, realistic, but not naturalistic figures Flowing, rippling robes showing the outline of her body while simultaneously covering it Movement in their clothing, facial expressions, and body language St. Teresa's writhing body beneath the heavy cloth She appears to have just recently collapsed, mouth open in awe, eyes half-lidded in wordless pleasure Angel's clothing being whipped up by a perpetual wind Expressive and emotional, not passive or calm; bears resemblance to Constanza bust and his David

Merovingian looped fibulae period

Early medieval Europe

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George media

Encaustic on wood

Monticello period

Enlightment'

Liberty Leading the People artist

Eugene Delacroix

Pure Land type

Film Still in video

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Intended Audience (Who was admitted inside the structure?):

For each of the rulers over three generations Khufu Khafre Menkaure

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 artist

Francisco de Goya.

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes primary building materials used in construction

Fresco

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Location (city, country):

GIza, Egypt

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco arhictect

Giacomo da Vignola (plan architect); Giacomo della Porta (facade architect)

Entombment of Christ patron

Girolamo Vittrice

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees period

Gothic Europe

Alhambra (Palace) location

Granada, Spain

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) period

Greek Helenestic

King Menkaura and Queen Media:

Greywacke/Schist

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut patron

Hatshepsut

Winged Victory of Samothrace period

Hellenistic greece

The Arnolfini Portrait context

Historians are not certain what this truly is: -Double portrait? -Wedding portrait -Memorial portrait: woman on right passed away the previous year -Male giving authority to woman in legal affairs -Greeting visitors in mirror Brugge was a thriving town in the early 15th century (economically) Period when symboims was extremely important Dogs are common symbols of paintings of couples Oranges= one of the items the Arnolifini's imported Bedrooms were rooms where visitors came (not private space in the 15th century) Frayed out was fashionable Woman probably not pregnant, just a fashion of the time Light= typical of Northern Renaissance Lack of human anatomy and rational prospectively correct space tells us that we are not in the Italian Renaissance. We are in the Northern Renaissance because of the texture, use of oil paint and attention to detail

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Content / Subject Matter / Symbols:

Huge monuments/tombs for deceased Pharaohs Each pyramid has an adjoining mortuary temple Pharaoh buried within the Pyramids Each pyramid has a funerary complex adjacent to it Different sized pyramids Temple in front of the Sphinx dedicated to worship of itself Mastabas (basic egyptian tomb- go down a shaft and underground burial chambers) Causeways (pathway that connects pyramid to Valley Temples) East Cemetery on the east side of Kufu's pyramid Valley temples (used for cult of Pharaoh) Sphinx attached to causeway that leads up to Khafre's pyramid Sphinx head has Nemes (striped head cloth worn by pharaohs in Egypt)

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco form

IHS emblazoned on the facade of the church Materials are spare and classicizing Fluted Corinthian columns and pilasters (that we would see in Renaissance churches) except these are made of Sicilian jasper, ochre marble, and all sorts of other rich materials. some of them spolia (recycled pieces from Ancient Rome) Made of raw matter Made of stucco Just painted stucco Fresco extends on wooden and other boards Glaze/wash of darker paint that extends actually onto the architecture and creates an illusion (shadows from clouds) Movement Bright colors Emotion Chiaroscuro Lation cross plan, simple

Acropolis architects

Iktinos and Kallikrates

David form

In the Bargello in Florence (in a huge vaulted room) Contrapposto -sense of movement Bronze, largely copper, with a little bit of tin hollow Lost-wax casting Goliath's sword has notches out of it

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza artist

Indigenous peoples

Villa Savoye period

International Style

What is interesting about the Parthenon?

It is an optical illusion. The middle columns are further apart. The side columns are closer together. Some of the columns are leaning. The floor is warped. The outside floor is lower. The inside floor is higher

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Intended Audience

It's high location makes it worthy of being an altar for Zeus and Athena.

Entombment of Christ period

Italian Mannerism and High Renaissance

Entombment of Christ period

Italian Mannerism and high renaissance

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts patron

Italian ministry of culture

Horn Players artist

Jean-Michel Basquiat

Pink Panther artist

Jeff Koons

Dome of The Rock location

Jerusalem, Israel

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco intended audience

Jesuits

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) artist

Joseph Mallord William Turner

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby artist

Joseph Wright of Derby

Lying with the Wolf artist

Kiki Smith

Summer Trees period

Korean/Asian Art

sarcophagus

Large container for the dead/decorative container

Röttgen Pietà culture

Late Medieval Europe

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover period

Late Medieval Spain/Gothic Period

Calling of Saint Matthew function

Left figures don't seem to notice spiritual figures = focus on earthly Contrast between those that are aware of the spiritual and those who are not The light streaming in from the corner indicates the presence of the divine in this composition Differs from art of the High Renaissance because it suggests a moment that has been frozen in time, emphasizes everyday life and worldly experience, and it focuses more on the real, than on the ideal Commissioned by Cardinal Matteo Contarelli for the Contarelli Chapel to commemorate St. Matthew

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) location

London, England

Head of a Roman Patrician media

Marble

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus main media

Marble

Anavysos Kouros media

Marble and paint

Pure Land artist

Mariko Mori

Madonna and Child with Two Angels content

Mary beautiful youthful looks like a real woman Christ child angels look like children Playful Mary is sitting

The Coiffure artist

Mary Cassatt

Calling of Saint Matthew patron

Matthew Contarelli (A french cardinal for his burial tomb)

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes artist

Michaelangelo

Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) artist

Michel Tuffery

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes artist

Michelangelo

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes function

Microcosm of Achaemnid empire The Persian king was given gifts at the site The seat of a large and powerful empire The site may have been built to hold a sacred connection to Mithra

Alhambra (Palace) patron

Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr

Athenian Agora content

Multiple stoas Colonnades with roofs or a portico Where political discussions took place Bouleuterion A council house Tholos A circular building

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple period

Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple architect

Nabataens

Electronic Superhighway artist

Nam June Paik

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza form

Name glyphs attached to men; a thin black line connects a symbol that denotes their name

Peplos Kore form

Natural and soft face Heavy drapery Missing a left hand -May have been carrying a bow Left hand is shaped in a fist -May have been holding an arrow Holes and a rod on the top of her head -May have wore a metal diadem

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Period / Culture:

New Kingdom, Amarna Period

Isenheim Altarpiece sculptor

Nicolas of hangenau

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz media

Oil on canvas

Woman Holding a Balance Media

Oil on canvas

Self-Portrait media

Oil on canvas.

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) media

Oil on wood

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Period/Culture:

Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty

The Kiss Stone date

Original 1907-1908 ce.

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) context-

Originally used as a chapter house (meeting room for the monks of Santa Croce) Completed after Brunelleschi's death Terracotta would have been made by Luca della Robbua -perfected the ability to fire at high enough temperature to vitrify (used modern glazes) Circles, rectangles, squares, and pietra serena stone are typical features of Brunelleschi's architecture Pazzi Chapel shows careful attention to geometry in its plan and construction which echoes the great buildings of Ancient Rome

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby form

Painted by Joseph Wright of Derby Medium is oil on canvas The style is an English taste for the natural Strong uses of color and lighting - Lighting and shadow used to promote realism and illuminate faces and expressions - Heavy contrast between general darkness of the painting and the light coming from the central orrery - Red coat of the one man suggests influence, as he is the lecturer

Fruit and Insects Function(s) / Meaning:

Painted for her Cosimo III = sign of friendship and common wealthy status Sold for double that Rembrandt's paintings sold for Painting for a widening merchant class Intricate and formulaic approach that dominated the late Renaissance Less complex but more realistic

Palette of King Narmer Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Palette of King Narmer was found among a group of sacred implements ritually buried in a deposit in a temple of the falcon god Horus at the site Hierakonpolis (the capital of Egypt during the predynastic period). Discovered in 1897-1898 CE by the British archaeologists James Quibell and Frederick Green. The format of upper and lower Egypt under one ruler was an important event in Egyptian history at this time. The duality of the piece with the king's two crowns and the two different faces of the palette,displays the unity, while showing their differences.

The Arnolfini Portrait form

Passion of Christ mirror scenes are painted on the back pieces of glass panels that are set into the wooden frame roundels around mirror about half an inch Attention to detail and texture hair of the dog (individual mini strokes) small cuts in the woman's green robe (frayed out) Oil paint applied multiple, thin layers of glazes of thinned out oil painting each layer is translucent stacking layers creates rich colors Subtle light created shadow Elongated figures Cramped base of room

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation period/culture

Period/Culture: Late Gothic/Proto-Renaissance/Early Italian Renaissance

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes period

Persian

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes patron

Persian kings Darius and Xerxes

Primary enemies of the greeks

Persians

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow artist

Piet Mondrian

Hunters in the Snow artist

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? period

Post Impressionism

En la Barberia no se Llora period

Postmodernism

Untitled #228 period

Postmodernism

Palette of King Narmer Period / Culture:

Predynastic Egypt

Great Mosque patron

Prince Abd al-Rahman I

Catacomb of Priscilla intended audience

Priscilla's family members

Palazzo Rucellai building utilitarian function

Private home for Giovanni Rucellai and the Rucellai family

Palazzo Rucellai buildings utilitarian function

Private home for Giovanni Rucellai and the Rucellai family

San Vitale location

Ravenna, Italy

Church of Sainte-Foy form

Romanesque pilgrimage church Cruciform plan basilica plan decorated columns radiating chapels apse with ambulatory extended side aisles geometric shape of church Wooden interior covered in gold, silver gilt, and jewels 33.5 inches tall (just over 3 feet tall) Contains Sainte Foy's remains Uses spolia (repurposing of Roman materials to create anew,) the head of the Reliquary was originally the statue of a Roman child's head

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) period

Romanticism

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Formal qualities of this work:

Sarcophagus had 3 coffins Two outer coffins made of wood and covered in gold with many precious stones - Lapis Lazuli - Turquoise Inner coffin made of solid gold Death mask rested on shoulders of mummy (inside innermost coffin) - Made of two sheets of gold

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation patron

Scrovegni family

George Washington form

Sculpted of marble. Function: To honor George Washington Neoclassicism White marble Contraposto Symbolic details Form Washington is seen wearing street clothing (fatherly expression) Symbolized power and authority as he holds his sword not having the sword in hand = given up his military and presidential careers

Rebellious silence context

Shirin is a westernized middle eastern woman who grew up in Iran and went to the US for college. Iranian war broke out in college and when she returned home, it was very different. She turned to art because of the change in iran

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby function

Showcase the scientific advancements of the Enlightenment, such as the orrery that is central in this painting Also meant to illustrate the general feeling of curiosity and thirst for rational knowledge of the Enlightenment The work also shows that women and children were getting involved in the movement, as they are also surrounding the orrery Enlightenment personified: scientific inquiry and the wonders of science and the universe

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George century

Sixth or early seventh century ce.

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Period / Culture

Spanish golden age__________________________

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Statues/figures of patrons Very large eyes Carved on both sides Height varies Folded hands (prayer gesture) Some figures hold objects The men figures have a bare chest with a skirt and a belt covering their lower halves. The women figures have a dress draped over one shoulder. Closed mouths/sealed lips Upper Class societal members 12 figures 1-3 feet (height varies)

Mosque of Selim II patron

Suleiman the Magnificent

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Formal qualities of this work:

Sunken relief stele of royal family Contains hieroglyphics Stone Curvilinear forms Stylistic break -Swollen bellies -Thin arms -Elongated skulls -Composite view of body -Profile view of face -Frontal eye view

Shibboleth patron

Tate Modern

The Scream media

Tempera and pastels on cardboard

Birth of Venus media

Tempera on canvas

Who did the Greeks trade with?

The Egyptians

San Vitale function

The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics, the largest and best preserved outside of Constantinople. The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact to the present day.

The Arnolfini Portrait content

The man = Italian merchant who worked in Bruges Apparent wealth -Both of their clothing -fur lined clothing -Furnishings -lace around woman's face Hands joining Shoes off Single candle in the chandelier Visitors in mirror -two people in the doorway Signature above mirror -"Johannes van eyck fuit hic" Mirror has scenes from the Passion of Christ Dog Fruit on tree outside and on windowsill

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) context

The mosque is located in Isfahan, the third most populous region in Iran and the capital of the eponymous province. The mosque has urbanized over time to accommodate population increases Some of the ruling groups of Isfahan include Il-Khanid, Timurid, Safavid, and Qajar The mosque visually embodies the visual tastes and political dynasties of the Persian empire Original plan comes from 11th century when the Seljuk Turks established Isfahan as their capital Malik Shah I (ruled 1072-1092) built the four-iwan design Nizam al-Mulk (commissioned the dome in 1086) and Taj al-Mulk, two rulers of Isfahan, fought for legacy by trying to create the best dome above the iwans. Their domes are opposite each other.

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) form

The present mosque is made up of additions, expansions, and modifications that span over 1000 years. Made up of a large central courtyard surrounded by a two story arcade Brick piers and columns which support the roof system. The mosque is a four iwan design Iwan- vaulted, or open space on three sides, last one open One is primarily used as a private space used by the sultan and adorned with tiles 4 of them open up to the courtyard Inscriptions on walls Centrally planned Makes use of gold and blue

Anavysos Kouros content

The sculpture is a general representation of dead Left leg forward with weight evenly distributed Tradition braid and headband in hair Archaic smile Gives a sense of aristocratic nobility Inscription on base of sculpture: "Stay and mourn at the monument of dead Kroisos who raging Ares slew as he fought in the front ranks."

Birth of Venus context

The subject was highly unusual for the 15th century Beginning in 15th century, artists begin to experiment with heroic male nudity within a biblical context Nudity in Christian art was often an expression of something traumatic Christ almost nude on the cross sinful being led into hell Venus is born from the sea. Can be born fully grown Botticelli has an understanding of human anatomy

School of Athens form

The two thinkers in the very center Aristotle (on the right) Plato (on the left, pointing up) Plato holds his book called the Timaeus. Pythagoras (lower left) Ptolemy (he has his back to us on the lower right) Ptolemy holds a sphere of the earth Zaroaster is next to Ptolemy Zaroaster who holds a celestial sphere. Raphael included a self-portrait of himself, standing next to Ptolemy. Arches direct focus to Plato and Aristotle (center)

Self-Portrait as a Soldier function

This painting is an expiration of the artistś personal fears Severed hand: metaphor - self amputation to his identity as an artist, not a wound to the body

Acropolis intended audience

This was a public complex that allowed anyone into the buildings (including women, slaves, and children).

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) artist

Thomas Cole

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Function(s) / Context:

To be placed in the viceroy's palace (decorative piece) - Intended to have two different audiences view it - Battle scene is shown to illustrate the Hapsburg power in Mexico - It was also more suited for a grander room with political importance - The scene is from the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) - Hunting scene is much more relaxed and more decoractive - More suited for an intimate space for small receptions Night Attack on Sanjo Palace

King Menkaura and Queen Function(s) / Meaning:

To ensure rebirth for King Menkaure in the afterlife. Captures the physical ideals during the 4th dynasty Stance of King symbolizes power, authority, leadership, and dominance The Queen's figure demonstrates idealistic femininity in ancient egyptian culture

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane intended audience

Trinitarians

Pyxis of al-Mughira period

Umayyad

Pyxis of al-Mughira architect

Umayyad dynasty

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover function

Used to signal the wealth of its owners (family living near Barcelona in the early 14th century) Name "Golden" is because each miniature has a golden-leaf background Fine condition means that this probably served a more ceremonial purpose As a testament to the impact of Jewish culture in medieval Spain

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture location

Veii, near Rome, Italy

Las Meninas Function(s) / Meaning:

Velazquez gives us informal glimpse, something we, as commoners could never see -Made for the King and Queen to privately view -at a most basic level it demonstrates the art of painting by showing an artist at work, trying to give idea that artists were intellectuals -The characters stare beyond the frame, at us -a self portrait that shows status, he is seen in the same room with the royals, holds a paintbrush because his ability to render these figures gives him his on power, this interp. fits with his obsession at the end of his life to become a gentleman, wanted to be a knight a the order of Santiago

Folio from a Qur'an function

Vellum and calligraphy suggest dignity of the sacred text and the wealth of its patron Geometric planning of the page conveys the importance of the text that it contains Interlines were used to determine the heights of various parts of individual letters Mnemonic device Spider passage basically says that if you believe in false gods, they will break you (like a spider web) Sacred book used for sacred rituals and recitations

Preying Mantra artist

Wangechi Mutu

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Artist / Architect

William Hogarth

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) artist

Workshop of Robert Campin

Fruit and Insects Date / Century

_1711 ce.

Woman Holding a Balance Period / Culture

_Baroque, dutch golden age_________________________

The Palace at Versailles Date/Century

_Begun 1669 ce.

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Period / Culture

_Early Europe and Colonial Americas

The Palace at Versailles Period/Culture

_French Classicism______________________

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Period / Culture

_Italian Baroque, Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria.

Woman Holding a Balance Artist / Architect

_Johannes Vermeer

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Media

_Marble (sculpture); stucco and gilt bronze (chapel).

Fruit and Insects Period / Culture

__________________________

Woman Holding a Balance Patron (if any)

___________________________

The Palace at Versailles Primary building materials used in construction [NOTE Different sections of the building may involve different building materials and techniques]

___masonry__________________ ___stone___________________ _____wood_________________

Woman Holding a Balance Date / Century

_c. 1664 ce.

Frieze

a decorative horizontal band that wraps around building

Great Mosque of Djenné primiary building materials

adobe mud clay

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes Intended audience

all persian citizens

The Kiss Stone patron

an american collector

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Date/Century:

c. 1473-1458 BCE

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple primary building materials

cut rock. sandstone

Polykleitos

developed canon for the human body in Greek art

Romans invented the perfect ___________ ____________ and __________

geometric dome concrete

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht period

german expressionism/die brucke

Entombment of Christ patron

girolamo vittrice

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) intended audience

government officials

The Kaaba primary building materials

granite, masonry, silver-wrapped thread, gold

Corinthian

has acanthus, flowers, and leaves

capital

head of a column

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes period

high italin renaissance

Adam and Eve form

ibex teetering on the tops of the cliffs parrot oxen cat mouse rabbit Frontal bodies Standing in classical contrapposto Heads turned to the side as they gaze at one another Twisting configuration of head and body is distinctly artifical Thousands and thousands of lines that go into the dark areas Each body portioned out with an exact mathematical formula Adam is based on a figure from the Renaissance vocabulary Eve is more of a medieval ideal of women who have child bearing hips and small breasts

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) artist

jose maria velasco

The Kiss Stone media

limestone

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes main media

limestone mud brick with stone facing

Adam and Eve period

northern renaissance

Hunters in the Snow period

northern renaissance

The Arnolfini Portrait period

northern renaissance

David Content

nude sculpture of a man young hand on hip looks down wearing boots and a soft hat standing on now severed head of Goliath right hand: holds Goliath's sword (which David used) One of the wings of the hemet goes up very high on his inner thigh left hand: rock 600 years old

David content

nude sculpture of a man young hand on hip looks down wearing boots and a soft hat standing on now severed head of Goliath right hand: holds Goliath's sword (which David used) One of the wings of the hemet goes up very high on his inner thigh left hand: rock 600 years old

Villa Savoye primary building materials

offered an escape from the crowded city for its wealthy patrons (a weekend holiday home)

The Kiss media

oil and gold leaf on canvas

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby media

oil on canvas

Calling of Saint Matthew media

oil on canvas

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow media

oil on canvas

Goldfish media

oil on canvas

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle media

oil on canvas

La Grande Odalisque media

oil on canvas

Seated Scribe Media:

painted limestone

Röttgen Pietà media

painted wood

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

painting was found by itself, but was likely part of a larger series that included angels performing other activities such as drumming and holding lances Representing: celestial, aristocratic and military beings The harquebus is a firearm with a long barrel created by the Spanish in the mid-fifteenth century Forefront of military technology Native indigenous people saw guns as supernatural manifestations power of the Spaniards over indigenous people and protection offered to faithful Christians angels: Although the Council of Trent (1545-1563) had condemned all angelic depictions and names but those of Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael in the mid-sixteenth century, this ban was observed neither in the Viceroyalty of Peru nor in Baroque Spain The Catholic Counter Reformation held a militaristic ideology that portrayed the Church as an army and angels as its soldiers Prints from Europe (Flemish) may have had an influence - cost effective and distributed easily Cosmos, planets, thunder, for both Catholic as well as indigenous function were connected in angels Military: Prints from the 1607 series, The Exercise of Arms, by the Dutch Mannerist engraver Jacob de Gheyn, may have inspired paintings such as Asiel Timor Dei. These prints were models for specific military positions and demonstrated how to fire a gun. However, the Andean paintings differ from the prints, since they combine local dress and do not present realistic military positions. Mannerist body style still popular in the 17th century (started at the end the renaissance in 1500's) Aristocratic beings: the dress of Andean aristocrats and Inca royalty, and is distinct from the military attire of Gheyn's harquebusiers Andean invention that combines contemporary European fashion and the typical dress of indigenous noblemen excess of textile in Asiel Timor Dei indicates the high social status of its wearer

Fallingwater building utilitarian function

private "weekend" home

Church of Sainte-Foy primary building materials

stone gold silver

Dome of The Rock primary building materials

stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile gilt aluminum and bronze domes

Birth of Venus content

subject matter: pagan Venus -goddess of love -covering her body -floats on a seashell -an almost life sized, full length, nude female Zephyrs: the "west wind" Left: Venus blown by the west wind Zephyr and we see his body entwined with the body of Chloris Right: An attendant who is ready to wrap the newborn goddess.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses media

terra cotta

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) patron

unknown (depicted on left side of Triptych- "donor")

The Bayeux Tapestry artist

unknown (possibly Anglo-Saxon embroiders)

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts intended audience

used as a 21st century art museum that is meant to be viewed by public

Woman Holding a Balance Function(s) / Meaning:

wealth and piety / spirituality need a balance between those two world possessions in front christ behind idea of weighing ... judging mirror sign of vanity so maybe relating to the worldly possession idea ignoring the painting and focusing on what is in front of her but also sign of self knowledge and truth - To show what people in 17th C Holland were like - maybe they were straying from religion

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page function

-contain the gospels of Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, concerning the life of Jesus -Cover and opening of St. Matthew's Gospel -Opening of Luke's Gospel -Luke's portrait

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page FUNCTION/MEANING

-contain the gospels of Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, concerning the life of Jesus -Cover and opening of St. Matthew's Gospel -Opening of Luke's Gospel -Luke's portrait

Preying Mantra context

-colonalism -exocitism -Wangechi was born in Nairobi -educated in the U.S. -Art reflects both western and non western cultural norms -Inspired by Hannah Hoch and Romare Bearden -centers on female subjectivity -hybridity (mixing of cultures)

Horn Players form

-color: jazz based pallet -Bold colors -Acrylic paint -Black background -Disordered compositions -obscure drawings -Acrylic and oil paintstick on three canvas panels

Merovingian looped fibulae content

-consist of a body, a pin, and a catch -Usually with elaborate designs -a great example of barbarian metalwork -cloisonné: technique is inlaid semi-precious stones --Garnets used to decorate the eyes of the eagles -Gems and semi-precious stones were used to decorate the rest of the fibulae -Pendants could have been hung from the small loops on the bottom on each fibulae

Untitled #228 function

-represents historical figure Judith staring boldly at the camera -Holding bead if Holofernes in her right hand and a dagger in her left hand -Holofernes's head looks visibly fake - Cindy was interested on portraying Judith -comment on gender, identity, society, and power

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle period

baroque

Allegory of Law and Grace form

"Gospel" right side: John the Baptist directs a naked man to both Christ on the cross in front of the tomb and to the risen Christ, who appears on top of the tomb Risen Christ stands triumphant above the empty tomb, acting out the miracle of the Resurrection. The nude figure stands passively, stripped down to his soul, submitting to God's mercy "Law" left side: Left foreground a skeleton and a demon force a frightened naked man into hell, as a group of prophets (including Moses), point to the tablets of the law Motifs on the left side of the composition are meant to exemplify the idea that law alone, without gospel, can never get you to heaven. Christ sits in Judgement as Adam and Eve (in the background) eat fruit and fall from grace. Moses beholds these events from his vantage point toward the center of the picture, his white tablets standing out against the saturated orange robe and the deep green tree behind him, literally highlighting the association of law, death, and damnation Includes events from both the New and the Old Testaments Lutheran

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle context

#6 in a series of 24 paintings on the life on Marie de' Medici Commissioned by the queen herself to adorn one of the two galleries in the Luxembourg Palace, in her newly built home in Paris Unique in its dedication to the major life events of a queen, but it also includes events that were both quite recent and humiliating Henry was assassinated in 1610 and Marie acted a regent for their son Louis XII Many French nobles begrudged her power Marie was exiled in 1618 The commission of the biographical cycle marked her reconciliation with Louis and her return to the capital city in 1620 Vindicated her reign as the queen of France In reality, the merits of the union were extolled not by a soft-haired, fleshy Cupid but by the alliance's French and Italian proponents. Henry recognized the political and financial necessity of the Medici marriage Henry was a Protestant who had converted to Catholicism upon ascending to the throne in 1593 A Catholic wife would assuage any concerns about his loyalty to the Catholic Church in France Marie's hefty dowry eased Henry's large debt to the Medici (major financial backers of his military activities) Henry needed an heir and one year after the wedding, Henry had an heir

The Scream context

- (see "function" for semi-autobiographic context) - Relation to Synesthesia Synesthesia is the synthesis of the senses some people may associate a smell with a musical note, or a color with a smell - The Scream's swirling synthesis of the forces of nature may reflect some understanding of or relation to synesthesia (or maybe just a general sense of being overwhelmed and pulled in different directions by natural senses) - Munch sought to express internal emotions through external forms - dream-like, non-naturalistic - key elements are exaggerated and purposefully overshadow details that are not important to the essence of the painting - color is key

Still Life in Studio context

- 19th century photographers struggled with telling how to classify photography (as an art or a science) - In antiquity, the camera was known - The material needed to register an image was not available until the 19th century - Renaissance artists used camera obscura - Frenchman Joseph Nicephore Niecpe invented a light sensitive surface in which the basic principles of photography came from - Some issues of photography were long exposure period and permanence (how to successfully stop any further reaction of the light sensitive surface once desired exposure was attained) - Many of Niecpe's beginning images turned black over time because of exposure to light over time - Light exposure problems were solved in 1839 by Hypo (a chemical that reversed the light sensitivity of paper) - Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented a new photography technique called daguerreotype (in 1839) Hypo reduced exposure time and created a permanent result, but it only made a single image

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) form

- A diagonal line from the lower right to the upper left was used to divide the composition into two unequal halves - Left side: "sublime" view of the land (evokes feelings of danger and fear) - Right side: peaceful landscape that mankind has used "pastoral"

The Burghers of Calais form

- All 6 characters were sculpted individually, then arranged by Rodin as best as possible to create a unified effect · Each figure represents a different emotion (fearful, resigned, forlorn) · The figures are emaciated; weak · Details of the figures are reduced by Rodin to emphasize the overall impression of the 6 figures' depravity · Figures meant to be seen at ground-level and close-up (to be relatable)

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) context

- Based on a poem - Because of the storm, the ship's captain decided to throw the slaves overboard Throwing them overboard was the way to collect the insurance - Sense of divine retribution - First owner: John Ruskin - Second owner: Abolitionist in Boston - Turner believed that slavery should be outlawed (worldwide) - Painted seven years after the Bristihs Empire outlawed slavery in its colonies France followed soon after the British

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) context

- Built in the early Victorian era - There was a great fire (1834) and it burned down the old palace that was there - So, a competition was held for designs for the new palace Rule: The new structure has to be designed in one of the two historical styles -Gothic or Elizabethan -Elizabethan: time of Shakespeare About 97 entries Winner: Architect named Charles Barry Had help form Augustus Pugin (interior designs, stained glass, and some exterior decorative forms) - Pugin loved Gothic - In England in the 19th century, Gothic was English - Wanted Gothic, because they were surrounded by an Industrial World Time in which: People could buy cheaply made goods for the first time Things were being produced in factories - Art historians call this the "Gothic Revival" - Pugin published a book called Contrasts (compared the modern and medieval worlds) - Victorians loved to compare the medieval world of faith with the new modern hunt for money and fortune - Based on the Chapel of Henry VII (in late Gothic style that is known as the perpendicular) - Architect maximizes window space Feature of high Gothic - Barry had traveled and loved classical tradition Regularity of the facade Sense of rhythm and balance - Exterior decorative forms refer to Gothic style - Gothic in 18th and 19th century: idea of the picturesque, organic, and asymmetrical was so important - Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey emphasizes verticality and elaborate tracery

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis form

- Byzantine - Continuous narrative - Animal skin pages - Completely made by hand - With silver text and died a deep royal purple - Manuscript of the first book of the bible - Preserves some of the earliest illustrations of bible stories

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis content

- Caught between realistic and abstract - Shows the medieval artists and patrons value of symbolism and abstraction - written in greek -Jacob Wrestling the Angles - Jacob leads his family across a river over a bridge. Then, Jacob has to fight with an angel. Upon fighting with the angle Jacobs name becomes Israel. - The importance of this story is the renaming of Jacob to Israel - Calls back to the Romanesque - Looks as though it could be a freeze -Classical elements - Roman colonnades - Reclining nude next to the river - Serves as a personification of the well's water - Not a realistic showing of space

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) content

- Central tower added to help support ventilation - Massive exterior (edge of River Thames) - Large windows - Emphasis on the rectilinear, vertical, tracery, and lacework - Each window has tracery work that divides the glass up (like a filigree of fact)

The Kiss Stone context

- Constantin Brancusi is an artist who redefined sculpture in the modern age - Auguste Rodin is a great figure who stand out for sculpture at the transfer from the 19th to the 20th century - Rodin broke many rules: The way he handled the surface, fragmented the human figure, and took issue with the classical ideal of the human body. - Brancusi was Romanian and from Romania In Romania at the time, there was a long standing of peasant tradition of stone carving and wood carving He attended the academy in Bucharest and then went to Paris (as a young man) - For the 19th century, Paris was the center of the art world Brancusi worked briefly in the studio of Auguste Rodin When Brancusi was more established, the artist Isamu Noguchi would work with this master -One of the things Noguchi got from Brancusi was the artist regard to the nature of the object (finding its internal spirit and it structures) - Going back to the tradition before the classical - 4th version of the kiss Commissioned by and American collector who was interested in conquering the first, but Brancusi said it was not available - Brancusi did not even want this sculpture on the piece of woo that we see it on in the museum He wanted it directly on the ground He said if it was on a platform, that it would be a kind of amputation - Avant-garde rejected the sophistication of the urban experience looking instead for truth in nature - Constantin Brancusi is the definition of the avant-garde rejecting the authority and structures of the academy and finding an alternative that speaks more genuine to the time (that the artist lives in)

Still Life in Studio form

- Daguerreotype One of a kind (singular) image on a polished, silver plated sheet of copper Sensitized with iodine vapors, exposed in a large box camera, developed in mercury fumes, and fixed with salt water/"hypo" (sodium thiosulphate) Captured every detail -textures, light/shadows, and subtle forms

Liberty Leading the People form

- Delacroix captured realistic details of the street violence - The woman, the representation of liberty pulls from classical tradition in the profile pose, but additionally appears realer and less ideal than classical figures

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis function

- Depict the first book of the bible - Not sure who would have been reading this book - Probably a royal individual's - Illuminated manuscripts not only aimed to depict stories of the bible but be a symbol of the owner's piety

Liberty Leading the People content

- Depicts a screen at a street barricade on the cobblestone streets of Paris during the French Revolution of 1830 - A partially woman in the center Partially off yellow dress Left hand: Bayoneted muskett Right hand: French flag Wearing a Phrygian cap - Man on the far left Holds a briquet Wears an apron, work shirt, and sailor's pants (factory worker) Handkerchief around his waist, which holds a pistol Beret: white cockade and red ribbon - Young man beside the factory worker Wearing: a black top hat, open collared white shirt & cravat, and a fitted black coat Holds a hunting gun - Fallen young child (on the left) Wearing: A light infantry bicorne Holds a short saber He is struggling to find his footing with the barricade of cobblestones - Boy with two pistols (on right) Wearing: faluche Carries: school bag with a crest - Ground filled with dead bodies Some are military members Revolutionaries - The Notre Dame is on the right side of the painting - Signed and dated under The Notre Dame

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

- Depicts the Battle of Belgrade (1688) - Depicts a nature scene (a hunting scene) - Inspired by Japanese folding screens because New Spain was the center of trade for Japan -> Europe and vice versa The piece is Spanish - Commissioned by José Sarmiento de Valladares, viceroy of Spain - We presume the artist is the Circle of the Gonzalez Family - Only known art work that combines biombos and enconchados

Olympia content

- Features are not idealized, her features are not perfect - Face is asymmetrical - Lips a little too thin - Woman looks directly at us - Woman recognized as a courtesan (prostitute) - Olympia servant handing her flowers - Cat startled at foot of bed - Higher class prostitute - Toes peek out from under slipper while she is on bed

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Contextual issues / History about the work or architect (Historical events, religious beliefs, economic considerations):

- Hatshepsut claimed that Amun was her father -Hatshepsat wanted to be seen as immortal and divine -Aligned with the winter solstice

The Stone Breakers function

- Hill taking up most of background is supposed to give the effect that the workers are economically and physically trapped - Courbet wants to depict "real" (does so because this lacks the basics of art- composition, finish, organization) An old man and a young boy -Meant to account for the abuse and deprivation that was common for mid-century rural French life - Genre piece - Dullness of color has to do with monotony of work

Starry Night content

- Landscape view from artist's hospital room in St.-Rémy - Mountains in the distance actual steepness exaggerated in painting - Composite landscape: Dutch church, crescent moon, Mediterranean cypress tree - Wave-like movement flows left to right broken only by verticality of cypress and church steeple - Cypress tree a traditional symbol of death and eternal life reaches up to the sky, dominating foreground closest to artist - symbolism

The Horse in Motion context

- Led to the development of motion pictures - Photography was new and revolutionary - People did not know if they could call photography art

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) form

- Left border: whites, blues, purples, and greys - Typical "Turner" sunset = oranges and reds

The Kiss Stone form

- Limestone sculpture - Simple - Blocklike - Forms are not carefully detailed (in their depiction of the human body) - Elbows turned at right angles and are aligned with corners of the block - Two figures defined by the single incised line (this line separates them) - Eyes join together to create a single eye - Hair = simplified carving and rough - Rough surface - Not a typical base for a sculpture

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line context

- Monet exhibited between six and eight of the paintings at the third Impressionist exhibition of 1877. They were among the most discussed paintings exhibited by any of the artists. - Light is a dominant formal element in so many impressionist paintings - Exception within the full group: only one of two paintings of the train station shown on a bright bright, sunny, day. The other 10 show dark and hazy views of the Gare Saint-Lazare. - has been singled out as among the most impressive paintings of Impressionism. - In 1877, a number of critics were worried the smoke would completely engulf them. - Many Impressionists in the 1870's had shown a steady interest in the railroad as a subject within their paintings of modern life. - Monet faced criticism for these paintings Shows locomotives as the main subjects as opposed to background elements

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art content

- Nadar Hat flying off Almost falling out of balloon - Every building has "photographie" on it

Still Life in Studio function

- New technology leads to new art forms - This photo is the start of a new beginning in photography art - To mimic a painting

The Coiffure context

- Once Cassatt had printed the desired number of images from a plate, she would carve the surface of the plate with a needle so that no one could use the same image again. - Female nudes - Cassatt, as a female, offers a truer, more intimate perspective on the female nude - female nudes are generally painted by male artists, and the female body is intended for the male gaze - de-eroticizes the traditional boudoir scene (historically painted by men) - makes it more functional, a nonevent private, personal - a feminine moment (fixing her hairstyle), intended for women, to be seen and understood by women, painted by a woman - Global expansion/influences - this was a time of increased contact and trade with the East - Europe was fascinated with Japan and this showed especially Impressionist and post-Impressionist art - shares characteristics with Japanese prints

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? context

- Paul Gauguin was unwell, in poverty, and determined to commit suicide after learning about the death of his daughter. - intended to be his last painting - painted in Tahiti, after encounterance with Van Gogh - wanted to connect with nature in Tahiti - moved to the countryside of Tahiti after finding Tahiti was under French control and colonized - Expressed fascination with nature and primitive life -Painted while it was still a French Colony.

The Horse in Motion content

- Photo sequence depicting three full strides made by Stanford's prize trotting horse - A horse running - At one point the horse is completely off of the ground

Still Life in Studio content

- Photograph of the tabletop in his studio - Black and white - Heads (of angels) - Frame on the wall - still life photograph

Liberty Leading the People function

- Phrygian cap- a classical signifier of freedom Became a symbol of freedom and liberty - The woman acts as an allegory of Liberty - Young man and factory worker: demonstrate that the revolution is for everyone, the economically challenged and the economically successful people - Shows the chaos of urban conflict - French Romanticism - Modern image of revolution - Would have been radial for its revolutionary Republican stance - Tricolor flag symbolizes the Revolution's values of equality, liberty, and fraternity

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz content

- Portrait of Sor Juana, a catholic nun and sister of the jeronimite order in New Spain - Portrayed as a hero (Neoclassical) - Intellectual rather than traditional

Forum of Trajan function

- Power is a major theme -Represented by the free standing sculptures of the defeated Dacians - The massive structure alludes to the massive power of Trajan - Making nature subordinate to man's rule is another major theme

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) function

- Product of the 19th century - Viewers can see the reference back to the medieval style of the perpendicular Gothic - "Classical building with Gothic skin" - Example of the 19th century's concern for historic style and an interest in avoiding facing the modern

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) function

- Punishment by nature - Humans take advantage of each other - Juxtaposing beauty and terror and awe and horror - Point out how slavery is terrible - Show how powerless people are (compared to nature-the typhoon) - Evoke emotions in viewers (sadness) - Condem slavery - Demonstate the doomed future of those who partake in slavery

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? form

- Read from Right to Left: beginning from enfance, middle age to death - like fresco, or friezes - weird multi-perspective view in background - Symbolist - colors play an important role - 2-dimensional - symbolic meaning, expressive, non-naturalistic

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz form

- Realistic - Similar to other portraits of the time - Red curtains behind her were common in elite portraits (higher status) - Religious garments = convey the deep connection she had with her faith - Books = communicate her love for learning

The Stone Breakers form

- Rough brushwork (Rejection of the polished and refined Neoclassical style that dominated French art at this point in time) Courbet's style: refusal to focus on the parts of an image that would usually receive the most attention -He tries to be "even handed" Equally works on faces and rocks the same (neither has more detail than the other) - Dullness of color - Foreground is overexposed

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) function

- Showcases the rolling red hills, magnificent blue skies, puffy white clouds, the lake, trees, and natural beauty of the Valley of Mexico - To glorify the Mexican countryside - The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel, can be viewed as part of the tradition of the late eighteenth-century German subject, "pastoral idylls," images (in which daily life was elevated by infusing it with spiritual symbolism and poetic harmony,) (following precedent established by artists such as Casper David Friedrich, and Joseph Anton Koch, along with the American artists of the Hudson Valley school, such as Thomas Cole and Frederic Church.)

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) function

- Speaks about Manifest Destiny and westward expansion - Blasted Tree= power of nature - Visually shows the pros of settling/westward expansion Westward expansion is bound to happen, but it is depicted as an evident positive process (with a good result) - Depicts the Connecticut River (seen from Northampton, Massachusetts)

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line content

- Steam and smoke envelops the canvas - Depicts one of the passenger platforms of the gare Saint-Lazare (one of Paris's largest and busiest train terminals) - Monet shows a bright day and labors to reproduce the closely observed effects of pure sunlight Billowing clouds of steam add to the effect, creating layers of light that fill the canvas - Depicts the steam, light, and their effect on the site, the large distant apartments, the Pont de 'Europe, and the many locomotives (all of which peak through and dematerialize into a thick industrial haze) - Trains shown as source of the steam - Shows the large and distinctive cast iron spans that covered the platforms - Workers, steam, and industrial machines

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line form

- Steam shown with ranges of blues, pinks, violets, tans, grays, whites, blacks, and yellows - Station's vast, iron roof depicted in copper and tan tones - Swiliring blue, gray, and purple background

Starry Night context

- Struggle with mental illness painted during his convalescence at mental hospital near St.-Rémy following breakdown in which he mutilated his own ear

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? content

- Tahitian natives in scenes that show the stages of life (from right to left): infancy, adulthood, old age - figures are partially unclothed - dressed in a non-western fashion - Expression of the life in Tahiti, vied as "primitive."

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building patron

- The Schlesinger and Mayer Company

Liberty Leading the People context

- The most representative painter of French romanticism - Two groups of 19th century French artists Poussinists: led by Ingres -Relied on drawing and line (for compositions) Rubenists: Honor of Peter Paul Rubens -Elevated color over line - Eugene went to Lycee Imperial in Paris Recognized for his talent in drawing and classics - Studio of Pierre Guerin at age 17 (1815) Pierre's studio was important for romantic aesthetics - 1816: Admitted to Ecole des Beaux-Arts - By 1823, Eugene Delacroix was one of the leaders of the French Romantic movement - Eugene Delacroix looked to contemporary world events for his subjects - This was painted during the same year in which the event took place - Depicts an event from the July Revolution

Forum of Trajan content

- The point was to see the stories of Trajan's military victories - Specifically, the column highlights the battle in which Trajan defeated the Dacians - Shows that he was proud of his military acts -125 feet tall, marks the height of the hill that was removed - one was full of Greek literature, and the other was filled with Roman literature -This shows how much the Romans were influenced and incorporated Greek life into their lives. -Libraries had porches, so one was able to study the column of Trajan from within the libraries

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art context

- The principle of the camera was known in antiquity - The actual chemistry needed to register an image was not available until the nineteenth century - Renaissance artists and onwards, used camera obscura - Joseph Nicephore Niepce invented a light sensitive surface from which the basic principle of photography was born - Both the difficulties of the collodion method and uncertain but growing status of photography were lampooned by Honoré Daumier in his Nadar Elevating Photography to the Height of Art (1862). - Nadar was famous for taking aerial photographs of Paris in 1858. - Daumier depicts Nadar as bizarre and daring. - appeared in a journal: Le Boulevard

The Coiffure function

- The woman in La Coiffure is not sexualized, unlike those made by male artists, such as Ingres' Odalisque. Though the subject's breasts are exposed, her body is deliberately muted into the overall design, composed of curving lines, clarity of form, and soft tones where the woman's body is only one of the compositional elements in the picture, which also includes equal emphasis on the wallpaper, armchair, and carpet. - a subtle feminist piece in that it depicts a normal woman doing normal things without feeling the need to focus only on her body and, in doing so, diverges from most of the work of her male contemporaries. - To make artwork more accessible to all classes - created easily reproducible prints - less expensive - widespread availability - Cassatt was advised against this, critics said it would make her art less valuable - she insisted on this principle of art for the masses - Cassatt had a prescient understanding of how photography would come to affect the art world - art can no longer be elitist and elusive; it will be available "to the masses" whether artists like it or not, so it was smart of her to jump on board with the wave of technology rather than resist

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) context

- Thomas Cole was the leader of the Hudson River School of landscape painters Not an actual school; just a group of landscape painters based in NY city - Thomas Cole was born in Great Britain and lived there until he was 17 His family came to the U.S. in 1818 First to Philadelphia, and then to Ohio -In Ohio, he worked as an itinerant portraitist for a bit -He returned to Philadelphia at age 22 (1823) to pursue art instruction -2 years later, he moved to NYC where he changed his focus to landscapes from painting large scale historical compositions - The book Precepts and Observations on the Art of Colouring in Landscaping, had an impact on Thomas Cole - In NYC, Thomas Cole met John Trumbull (patriarch of American portraiture and history painting & president of the American Academy of Design) and John Trumbull promoted Thomas Cole John Trumbull introduced Thomas to many influential and wealthy men (future patrons of Thomas Cole) - 18th and 19th centuries: Artists wanted to make large-scale historical comopostions - Landscape paintings were considered more imitative than innovative - The "Blasted Tree" is a motif Thomas painted in the lower corner, and is how American artists typically represent the "untamed wilderness" - Manifest Destiny was a topic dominator in the 19th century - The Louisiana Purchase (1804) doubled the size of the U.S. Many people believed that Americans were obligated to settle in the new territory - Thomas Cole was the most influential landscape artists for the first half of the 19th century - Americans were proud of America's untouched landscape because it lacked monuments and historical ruins like in Europe

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art function

- To mock Nadar; to show that ridiculous means have to be used to elevate photography to the level of "high art" - Serves as commentary on the 1862 court decision permitting photography to be seen as high art. - Foreshadows modern surveillance photography

The Stone Breakers content

- Two figures work to break and remove stones from a road that is being built - Figures are wearing ripped and tattered clothing - Set against a low hill of the sort common in the rural French town of Ornans - Hill everywhere except in top right corner where sky appears - We can't see their faces

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) context

- Velasco moved landscape painting forward. - Velasco's compositions fused both symbols from pre-Hispanic culture and myth as well as contemporary national sentiments. - Velasco was an academic landscape painter, specializing in panoramas of the Valley of Mexico · Velasco meticulously observed nature: rocks, foliage, clouds, waterfalls · Rejected the realistic landscapes of Courbet and Romantic landscapes of Turner

The Scream function

- an expression of the themes that preoccupied Munch: relationships, life, death, dread, recounts an experience he had when walking with friends - struck with a sense of melancholy at the shocking sunset - A study in different mediums - part of a series of four renditions of the same scene, called "The Frieze of Life" - each using different surfaces and materials (this final one being tempera on cardboard) - wanted to experiment with these different - mediums to see how they may represent a story or a feeling differently

The Scream content

- androgynous, elongated figure screams with hands pressed to its face in the foreground - two figures walk along the bridge into the background - sea swirls into the sky, everything is streaked and blended and sketchy - power of natural forms calling to an individual

Starry Night function

- expression of the artist's internal turmoil (suffered from mental illness) - Desire to experiment with stylized techniques

The Coiffure content

- female nude - sitting in chair, facing mirror - woman is fixing her hair - decorative prints in background (carpet and wallpaper) sign of Asian influence

The Coiffure form

- light brushstrokes - sketchy - reproducible print (on paper) - a feminine moment (fixing her hairstyle), intended for women, to be seen and understood by women, painted by a woman - watery brushstrokes - 2-dimensional - rosy, faded colors - ornamental, leafy/flowery patterning

The Scream form

- mixing traditional, high-quality tempera paint with flimsy, industrial everyday cardboard - Vibrant, strong color contrast - non-naturalistic, skewed proportions, everything swirls into itself - lots of movement and uncertainty this is to represent the feeling of the moment (SYMBOLISM) - dream-like, non-naturalistic - key elements are exaggerated and purposefully overshadow details that are not important to the essence of the painting - color is key

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? function

- multiple philosophical interpretations - essentially a private work, whose meaning was only known most personally to Gaugin himself tells the story of the cycle of life - Starts on right and goes left - Guy in middle represents midlife and picking the fruit of the world - Colonialism - Inspired by Egyptian figures, Japanese prints, and Tahitian imagery in the Polynesian idol. - Meditation on meaning of life and spirituality, inevitability of life - Expression of the life in Tahiti, vied as "primitive."

San Vitale Primary Ulitarian Function

- primarily to worship the Christian god (This is a church) -Glorify the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora -Serves as a reminder for the power of the Byzantine Emperor

San Vitale building's utaliatrain function

- primarily to worship the Christian god (This is a church) -Glorify the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora -Serves as a reminder for the power of the Byzantine Emperor

Great Mosque of Djenné builidng's utiltarian function

- sign of the chief's religious devotion to Islam - Mosque, center for prayer and community. Still has a practicing congregation - political symbol to Europe - "Epicenter for religious and cultural life" - Location of Crepissage, a festival dedicated to the replastering of the mosque. - The replastering is a communal effort.

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Formal qualities of this work:

- tempera and resin on wood inlaid with mother-of-pearl - 1697-1701 (17th century - 18th century) - Style: Spanish Colonial, Flemish, Dutch

Catacomb of Priscilla formal elements

-"Cubiculum" -Passageways are stacked on top of each other (general) -Roman first style* painting -Building up of plaster on the wall to look like marble -Wanted the tomb to look rich and valuable -Multiple curved and angular lines -Diminished hierarchy of scale

Electronic Superhighway context

-"father of video art" -Korean born -moved to Europe then NYC because of Korean War -German music teacher encouraged Nam June Paik to join/try "FLUXUS" movement is order to push the limits of art -saw interstate highway system (US) as a 9 year old and was fascinated

Catacomb of Priscilla content

-10 km or more than 5 miles wide -At least 40,000 tombs -Multiple sarcophagi for family members -Concept originated in ancient Egypt -Small table -Scenes from Old and New Testaments on the walls -Depiction of figures suffering on account of their faith -Book of Daniel -Divine intervention - young Jewish men told to worship a Pagan golden idol, they refused, were sentenced to be burned alive but then saved -Different scenes of the Old and New Testaments -Abraham in the center -Isaac off to the right carrying wood -Sacrifice of Isaac

Sunflower Seeds form

-100 million handmade porecelain sunflower seeds -made in Jingdehezen, China -took 6 years -1600 people -porcelain making process is long -hand painted seeds -extremely realistic

Las Meninas Formal qualities of this work:

-1656 -Oil on canvas -125 1/4 x 108 5/8 in. (318 x 276 cm) - Located currently in Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid -Used to be housed in the royal palace(Royal Alcazar of Madrid), the king's study -Extremely large painting, and inside the painting we can see a very large painting of the same size of the painting itself, being painted -Uses very loose brushstrokes, but still comes together compositionally to create a clear, detailed, realistic image that also has a sense of life -Utilizes scientific, but also aerial perspective - Multiplication of the light sources

Old Man's Cloth content

-3D wall hanging textile -a shifting grid of stripes and blocks of color (red, black, and gold) -woven rows of metal that bend and fold

Catacomb of Priscilla contextual issues/history about work or architect

-5th century -Underground, in the north of Rome -The oldest part of the catacombs -Closest to the entrance of Priscilla's villa -Place where the earliest Christians were buried -Some Christians would come here to practice their faith covertly -Christ represented as the Good Shepherd -Central figure of shallow domed ceiling -Isaac about to be killed by Abraham -Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his own son foreshadowed God's willingness to sacrifice Christ -References to miracles Christ performed throughout his life

"The Gates" form

-7503 gates along 23 miles in Central Park sidewalks -600 people to install -16 feet high; widths varry based on path's width -Tied, not drilled to avoid thousands of hole into the soil and potentially harming the trees and root systems -Christo and Jeanne-Claude inspired by the way pedestrians navigate the city's paths

Winged Victory of Samothrace form

-9 feet high -Left side of the statue: Drapery is carefully depicted (sheer; moving [combination of lines depicts this]) -Right side of the statue: Less folds, sculptures appears less finished -Grounded by her legs, but strides forward -Her torso lifts up -Her abdomen twists -Wings move back -Wet Drapery technique in motion -Drapery flows out behind her, swirling around her abdomen

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon content

-A battle of the Greek mythological pantheon of gods vs. the Giants to determine the controller of the universe. -Pergamon was once a wealthy city and had large amounts of art. -Built as a memorial of Pergamon's victory over the Galatians.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut building's utiliatarian function

-A garden for the god, Amun -Religious events

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Formal qualities of this work:

-A scene that reads from left to right -Two registers

Olympia context

-Academic art: stamp of government approval - The tradition of the female nude refers to the erotic and sensua; representaion of women, disgused in classical mythology and ideals of beauty. - Great art was based on the classical and the Renaissance art - Manet challenges established ideas - She is not a Venus - She looks like a real woman in a real apartment in Paris - Venus normally looks coy - Olympia was a common name of prostitutes in Paris at that time - Press said that she looked dead - Some of the characticutures that were made of this emphasized the shadows on her hands and feet (spoke of her hands being filthy) - Press interpreted her hand as drawing attention to her sexuailirt even though nudes for centuries had shown women with their hands placed around their genitals - Traditional nudes don't look out at us - Great poet and art critic Charles Baudelaire called on artists to paint the beauty of modern life - Manet modernized the tradition of the female nude by rejecting adamiec conventions of chiaroscuro, or modeling, in the figure's form and the relationship of the nude to the viewer - Manet eliminates: chiaroscuro, depth perspective, costumes, and all pretense of mythology

Head of a Roman Patrician form

-Also known as the Otricoli Head (the name of the individual is unknown) -Approx. 1' 2" high -Republican Roman -c. 75-50 BCE -Marble -Polychromed (painted in several colors) -Terra Cotta- was used and then painted with encaustic ( referred to as a hot wax process) -Use of clay process was convenient because with this form of sculpting mistakes can be fixed -Veristic Style: Verism -A form of realism (hyper-realistic)

Androgyn III Content

-Androgynous figure on a stretcher that acts as figure's legs -Slouched figure -hollow figure -crinkly human skin appearance -emphasizes space and mass -48 inches x 63.2 inches x 22 inches

Forum of Trajan form

-Apollodorus of Damascus was the engineer - Almost the size of all the other imperial forms put together - very extravagant - had a massive entrance way - The place where Trajan was to build was already covered with the forums from previous emperors -so Trajan got Apollodorus of Damascus to move a good portion of the hill that was in his way of building - Ceremonial entrance way that leads into the forum

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii context

-Art historians believe this mosaic is based on ancient Greek painting. -And we have it because of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in '79, which preserved under a layer of volcanic ash, the city of Pompeii. (Including this mosaic.) -This mosaic was found in one of the most elaborately decorated mansions in Pompeii, "House of Faun" -This was found on the floor between two peristyles. -And the mosaic itself is of extraordinary quality. (And so it's not surprising that we find it in such a lavish environment as the House of the Faun.) -The turning point, the moment when the great ruler of Persia turns and flees under the onslaught of the great Greek general Alexander. -Darius, the king of the Persians, has just ordered his troops to retreat. -So there's tremendous tension at this moment because we have this reversal of momentum. -We can feel, still, the momentum that is moving in from the right because we can still see the Persian guards' spears facing towards the Greeks. -But just at that moment, the chariot is being spun around: the tension and the torsion that's required is creating a sense of dynamism. -Darius looks as if he is pleading for the lives of his soldiers. There is a look both of surprise and worry and of seeking compassion. -Alexander is known ultimately for his compassion, at least towards Darius's family. -Alexander is the great Greek general, the founder of an enormous empire, and he unifies Greece. -This was based on a painting that would have been on a wall.

Untitled #228 context

-Artist Cindy Sherman is known to use setting and costumes to transform herself to fit historical figures she is portraying -enjoys using "tacky" looking wigs, makeup, and costumes to make herself appear more fictional -Based Art off many famous Baroque and Renaissance artists -centers herself in the middle -captures photos and makes materials look more valuable and luxurious

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) function

-Artist used a mathematical formula for the proportions. -the piece shows an ideal athletic male form with movement -created during the high classical period. During this time, there was an emphasis put on the ideal man who was shown in heroic nudity. -The body would be that of a young athlete that included chiseled muscles and a naturalistic pose. -The face is generic, displaying no emotion. -for enjoyment: to showcase the beauty of the human body

Acropolis Context

-Athens was one of many Greek city states. -In the 5th century, Athens was the most powerful city state in Greece (Parthenon built in 447-410 BCE). -Athenan citizens had some opportunities to participate in Democracy, which was rare (50,000 Athenians were citizens over about 400,000 total people). -It was said that Athena and Poseidon competed to be Athens mascot. -Poseidon in an attempt to gain support drove his trident into a rock and saltwater from the sea springed out of it (many Athenians thought the rock was the site of the Acropolis). -This demonstrated that Posidon would give the citizens with naval superiority. -In contrast, Athena offered an olive tree. -This showed that under Athena's watch, Athenians would have peace and food. -The primary enemy against the Greeks were the Pursians. -The Greek victory over Persians in the Persian War led to the rebuilding of the Acropolis in 447 BCE. -The Delian League was created after the Persian War, and was an alliance of the Greek city states which came up with ideas and money to protect Greece from Persians. -Perciles, the leader of Athens, embarked on a massive, expansive, building campaign to show the power and wealth of the Greeks. -In order to do this, he tapped into the Delian Leaugue's treasury (without permission) to build the Acropolis. -The statue of Athena in the Acropolis was made out of the money Perciles stole. -It was said that if the Greeks needed the money, they would melt down the gold statue of Athena, which was made with gold and ivory. -Since the sculpture doesn't exist anymore we know someone did just that. -Due to earthquakes the monuments were left in ruins.

The Kiss Stone function

-Attempt to retain the materiality -Reveals the structure of the limestone -Idea of union of male and female figures -Honors the material nature of the rock Left raw -Took sculpture out of the academic realm

Augustus of Prima Porta context

-Augustus claimed to be reestablishing the senate, but in reality, he is just trying to stabilize the Roman government so he could establish himself as Rome's first real emperor -in the previous historical period (the Roman Republic) had an age requirement, an old council of elders, and it was ruled by the senate, but in the Imperial Roman period Augustus was the sole ruler -utilizes the canon of proportions and his statue is reminiscent of Athens during the age of Pericles (5th century BC), Polykleitos' Doryphoros -the Cupid is a significant choice because Caesar Augustus claims his ancestors are: Aeneas (founder of Rome and son of Venus, hence the Cupid) and Julius Caesar -Cupid rides a dolphin which symbolizes Augustus win in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) using naval power over Antony and Cleopatra, a victory making Augustus emperor -named after the Italian town it was discovered in (1863) -after his reign he created 200 years of peace so this statue is a precursor -serenity of peace and even chosen imagery on breastplate (no battle scene) reflect how he recently ended civil wars

Earth's Creation context

-Australian: Alhakere -self taught artist -influenced by natural culture -trained to create ceremonial sand paintings -"high colorist" phase:loosening of compositions -created as part of larger Alhalkere suite -"DreamTime" "Dreaming": hallucinogens that are elders only, communicate with spirits -In the 70's batik making introduced to Utopian women

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii content

-Battle between the Greeks and the Persians. -On the ground, we see the wounded and the dying. -The reflection of one of the Persian soldiers in his own shield. He's looking at himself fallen in battle, perhaps about to die. -The horse that's part of the team leading Darius's chariot. Almost all four hooves are off the ground. As it's being pulled toward the left, its head turns to the right. If we look at the horses or the faces of the figures, we see the turn of the face, the anatomy of the body. -Frenetic quality to this image (fast, energetic, and wild) -Darius looks fearful as he gestures toward Alexander.

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees function

-Bible moralisée contains two texts-the biblical text and the commentary text, which is sometimes called a gloss. -These commentary texts interpreted the biblical text for the thirteenth century reader. -Commentary authors often created comparisons between people and events in the biblical world and people and events in the medieval world. -In the case of the Bible moralisée, the commentary drew parallels between the bad guys of the biblical text and those who were perceived as bad guys in the thirteenth century. -In France Jews and corrupt priests were the bad guys and there are anti-semitic themes throughout the commentary and illustrations. -The format of Bible moralisée manuscripts is unusual because the artist had to create a coherent arrangement for the biblical text, its accompanying commentary text, and an illustration for each.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao context

-Bilbao used to be a busy seaport -because of economic shifts, Bilbao became a wasteland -In 1991, civic leaders started reimagineing the city -Thomas Kren the director of the Solomon Guggenheim Foundation wanted to take a rise on contemporary art and invited Gehry to tour Bilbao -The museum became a part of the Urban revival program -Gehry loved sailing from a young age and was influenced by his experiences in the water -He was also one of the 1st archeticts to sue computer modeling -Frank Gehry and his team used 3D design "CATIA" to calculate the size, shape, and placement of titanium

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees context

-Blanche of Castile had to rule over France after King Louis VIII died of dysentery in 1226 - Her son eventually took over when he came of age in 1234. -Blanche was the ruler before Louis and instructs him just as the monk instructs the scribe -illustrating parallel images of the apocalypse (John's vision, how there is a battle between god and angels and evil and god eventually wins. - a common subject in medieval art -Bible moralises are heavily illustrated bibles commissioned by wealthy patrons that visually and textually interpreted select bible stories for them - made for king Louis IX -taught him morality and religion and reinforced beliefs at the same time through cultural connections and visual interpretation.

Improvisation 28 (second version) form

-Brilliant color used in a radically new way color pops -Black dianol lines that criss-cross with each other and that almost feel like weapons moving through space -Line that is abstractly moving across the surface to create a sense of rhythm, to create a sense of staccato. -Painted what he heard (synesthesia) -no reference to the visible world

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) context

-Bronze melted by Romans -Romans moved into Greece and took artwork to copy it -Athletics were performed in the nude to celebrate the human body -Polykleitos, a sculptor is the best known art theorist of the classical period

Pantheon form

-Building consists of 3 sections -1st section: A portico with granite Corinthian columns -2nd section: A large, rotunda with a domed roof -3rd section: A rectangular room connecting the front and the circular room -Primarily made of bricks and concrete

Seagram Building context

-Concrete hid the structure of the building something Mies wanted to avoid at all costs so Mies used non-structural bronze-toned I-beams to suggest structure instead. These are visible from the outside of the building, and run vertically. This method of construction using an interior reinforced concrete shell to support a larger non-structural edifice has since become commonplace. As designed, the building used 1,500 tons of bronze in its construction - Another interesting feature of the Seagram Building is the window blinds. As was common with International style architects, Mies wanted the building to have a uniform appearance. One aspect of a façade which Mies disliked was the disordered irregularity when window blinds are drawn. people using different windows will draw blinds to different heights making the building appear disorganized. To reduce this disproportionate appearance, Mies specified window blinds which only operated in three positions - fully open, halfway open/closed, or fully closed

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon context

-Created during the Hellenistic Period (c. 200-150 B.C.E.) in Pergamon, modern-day Turkey, 20 miles from the coast -Alexander the Great "Hellenized," or spread Greek influence, from Egypt to the Indus Valley during his reign. - When Alexander the Great died, his four generals inherited his land and reign. - One of the generals saw the hilltop of Pergamon as geographically desirable, and therefore built the city of Pergamon. -In the 1800's, the Prussians wanted to achieve/mimic French and British culture, so they created the Pergamon Museum. - The Pergamon Museum of Berlin recreated the Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon very realistically. (lots of artistic effort by the Museum) - In ancient Pergamon, the altar would've been surrounded by a library of 200,000+ scrolls, a royal palace for the king, and a garrison for soldiers. - The altar was never fully completed because King Prusias II attacked Pergamon in 156 BCE.

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht function

-Created in response to the asassination of Communist leader Karl Liebknecht during an uprising of 1919 -Memorializes the man, without advocating for his ideology -Focuses not on the man himself, but the workers who had put their faith in him -Top section with densely packed figures: gives the impression of multitudes coming to pay their respects, without compromising the individuality of the subjects

Dome of The Rock context

-Due to the significance across all three religions there are disputes on how the shrine was built -One theory is Ummayyad caliph abd al-malik's built the shrine for political reasons - He wanted to counter his rival (Abdallah ibn zubayr) ,who at the time, was using Mecca as propaganda and gaining traction. He believed that the new shrine could be used for the same reason in Jerusalem and block the success of his adversary. -Another theory is that he wanted to control his people without using brute force. He believed that religion brings the people together and building a shrine of this significance would unify the people under his command. -There were lots of uprisings at the time and resistance against his dynasty. (Umayyad Dynasty) -The temple showed his dedication to the faith and a symbol of his power. -The building is not a mosque and the original function and significance of the Dome of the Rock is uncertain. -The Dome of the Rock has been modified several times -In the 16th century Ottoman sultan Süleyman replaced exterior mosaics with coloured ceramic tiles -In the 20th century damaged types and exterior ornaments were replaced and the dome was given a gold layering.

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Contextual issues / History about the work or architect (Historical events, religious beliefs, economic considerations):

-Egyptian temples often represented the beginning of creation -Built by many generations of pharoahs

Old Man's Cloth function

-El Anatsui wanted to educated the general public about the economic and social hardships that African Americans faced during the European imperialization of Africa -He wanted the audience to be aware of Africa's past struggles -He flattened the tops of liquor bottles which relate to the history of alcohol imports from Europe to Asia -wavy folds in the blanket represent the Atlantic by which European ships transported the slaves to Africa -The large scale of the cloth and the bold colors represent a sense of power and royalty -Gold=reference to Ghana's role as a mineing center -bottletops remind us of role alcohol played in West African history

Merovingian looped fibulae context

-Fibulae are brooches (safety pins) that were made popular by Roman military campaigns -Cultural exchanges occurred (barbarians and Romans) copied and shared similar works -Barbarian: non-Roman and illiterate groups traveling throughout Europe during the middle ages -Became very popular in the early Middle Ages and commonly found in barbarian grave sites -Gives the cultural information about barbarians -Found through many different ethnics groups and with trade -Similar cultures tend to have similar artist designs while diverse cultures didn't -Shows that distinct cultures living within larger empires and kingdoms - eagles found on work - used by Imperial Rome and an emblem to Saint John - solder wires onto a metal base and fill the areas those wires created with stone

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) content

-Gazelle Fur on cup spoon saucer -Surrealism -Juxtaposition of two separate objects

Goldfish context

-Goldfish were introduced to Europe from East Asia in the 17th century -Goldfish became a recurring subject in the work of Henri Matisse -This painting belongs to a series that Matisse produced between spring and early summer 1912 This painting differs because the focus is on the fish themselves -When complementary colors are placed next to one another, they appear even brighter This technique was used frequently by the Fauves -Orange present is reminiscent of Matise's fauvist years -Henri Matisse visited Tangier, Morocco He stayed from the end of January until April 1912 Noticed that the locals would day-dream for hours while looking into the bowls of goldfish -Matisse admired the Moroccans' lifestyle he took it as relaxed and contemplative -Matisse look to artists like Nicolas Poussin and Paul Gauguin who painted during their travels -"Gold-fish" defines these creates as ideal inhabitants of an idyllic golden age What Matisse was seeking when he traveled to North America -Matisse was familiar wit the art of Islamic culture, the meanings of gardens, water, and vegetation in slaic art, as well as symbolizing the beauty of divine creation (these were evocations of paradise -Painted this piece at his home near Paris (in Issy-les-Moulineaux) He painted this in is garden conservatory He had move here in September 1909 to escape the pressures of Parisian life -Matisse was drawn to the tank's cylindrical shape -Matisse found the goldfish visually appealing

Hagia Sophia context

-Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-37 Formerly Constantinople, Rome -Commissioned by Emperor Constantine -Showcased his power as the Roman emperor. -As the Roman Emperor, he had a lot of power within the church, one of those powers was to appoint the patriarch of the church. -Hagia Sophia as it is today is the third version of the building because the first two were burned down during riots. -The building of Hagia Sophia put to work many citizens who would have otherwise been rioting. -The current dome is taller than the original dome was because the increase in height helps to better distribute the weight of the dome. -The reason that there aren't any images or large mosaics of biblical scenes is because of the period of opposition to images of God and Jesus. -the other reason that there are no biblical images in Hagia Sophia is because it was turned into a mosque after the sack of Constantinople. -In mosques, the only form of art is Arabic calligraphy from the Quran and geometric patterns

hagia sophia context

-Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-37Formerly Constantinople, Rome -Commissioned by Emporer Constantine -Showcased his power as the Roman emperor. -As the Roman Emperor, he had a lot of power within the church, one of those powers was to appoint the patriarch of the church. -Hagia Sophia as it is today is the third version of the building because the first two were burned down during riots. -The building of Hagia Sophia put to work many citizens who would have otherwise been rioting. -The current dome is taller than the original dome was because the increase in height helps to better distribute the weight of the dome. -The reason that there aren't any images or large mosaics of biblical scenes is because of the period of opposition to images of God and Jesus. -the other reason that there are no biblical images in Hagia Sophia is because it was turned into a mosque after the sack of Constantinople. -In mosques, the only form of art is Arabic calligraphy from the Qu'ran and geometric patterns

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Function(s) / Meaning:

-Hunefer is being judged to see if he will exist in the Afterlife -Anubis is guiding Hunefer through the stages of judgment -The pot being weighed on the judgement scales symbolizes Hunefer's heart -The Egyptians thought the heart symbolized good and evil

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Content / Subject Matter / Symbols:

-Hypostyle Hall -Pylons -Auxillerary buildings -Obelisk

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page context

-Illuminated by the bishop Eadfrith -Made to honor God and St. Cuthbert -Produced in the British Isles between 500-900 CE Time of devastation invasions -793 CE the Vikings pillaged the monastery but the monks were able to keep the Lindisfarne Gospels safe -Made in Italy -Example of Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art -Curly-haired bearded evangelist sits on a red-cushioned stool -Luke holds a quill in his right hand -Feet hover above a tray supported by red legs -Wears purple robe with red -Gold halo = divinity

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page CONTEXT

-Illuminated by the bishop Eadfrith -Made to honor God and St. Cuthbert -Produced in the British Isles between 500-900 CE Time of devastation invasions -793 CE the Vikings pillaged the monastery but the monks were able to keep the Lindisfarne Gospels safe -Made in Italy -Example of Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art -Curly-haired bearded evangelist sits on a red-cushioned stool -Luke holds a quill in his right hand -Feet hover above a tray supported by red legs -Wears purple robe with red -Gold halo = divinity

Seagram Building function

-In line with other international style buildings, the Seagram Building has a grid-like exterior with a 90 degree angular facade. During the construction of the Seagram Building, New York Building codes required fireproof material to cover any structural steel in buildings. However, instead of opting for the traditional concrete option, the architects chose bronze to maintain the building's glass structure, which was a large part of the design. To further maintain this design, the window blinds in this building were specifically designed to open in only three ways: fully open, halfway open, and fully closed. This made the building look more uniform.

Grave stele of Hegeso context

-In the Dipylon cemetery in Athens 410 BCE: end of fifth century BCE (High classical moment) -Resurgence of funerary sculpture in Athens -same time as the sculpture of the Parthenon and other buildings of acropolis -Big time for public sculpture, but moving into private sculpture -during period of democracy the state was the most important, nobles were not, sculpture showed that

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture context

-Inspired by greek architecture, but has differences - Columns made from wood - 3 doors symbolize the Gods - Interior divided into 3 spaces - Inspired Renaissance architects with the use of "Tuscan" columns - Worship of Etruscan Gods and Goddesses originally happened out in nature with ritual spaces, but contact with Greek culture eventually lead to the creation of Etruscan temples - Etruscan temples were generally located in ritualistically sanctified groves open to the sky -Location: Veii near Rome, Italy - 18 kilometers north - 15th-16th century (dated by knowledge of the floor plan)

"The Gates" context

-Internationally recognized for wrapping specially designed fabric in public spaces -Christo and Jeanne-Claude invest so much time, effort, reputation, and money in creating non-collectible artwork -Influenced by Japan and Shinto Religion

Seated Boxer function

-It has been suggested that the statue was attributed with healing powers -Represents the cultural shift of the Hellenistic period -Could have been a votive statue dedicated to a boxer -Some have identified him as the Boxer of Quirnal -Could be made to represent the culture of boxing in Ancient Greece

Seagram Building building's utilitarian function

-It was designed as the headquarters for the Canadian distillers Joseph E. Seagram's & Sons. -This structure, and the International style in which it was built, had enormous influences on American architecture. -It was a style that argued that the functional utility of the building's structural elements when made visible. -A building's structural elements should be visible, Mies thought. Mies would have preferred the steel frame to be visible to all however American building codes required that all structural steel be covered in a fireproof material, usually concrete, because improperly protected steel columns or beams may soften and fail in confined fires.

Pink Panther Context

-Jeff visited his grandparents and saw and ashtray with a girl on it and when you put a cigarette on, her legs move -Jeff designs -sexuality is a diving force in his work -Kong's wanted to present everything that he believed was wrong in American consumer culture -inspired by pop culture

Darkytown Rebellion context

-Kara Walker grew up in Stockton -moved to Georgia for her dad's job and she realized she was black -exposed to Jim Crow laws -Black Mountain is the birthplace of KKK -living in Stone Mountain shaped her art -Her experience with prejudice, prompted her to investigate the realities of slavery in the antebellum south -after searching for a way to visually express the cruel realities of slavery, she found sillouhets

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Function(s) / Meaning:

-King is shown here in his divine form in the afterlife (gods were thought to have skin of gold, sliver bones, and lapis lazuli hair) -Sarcophagus was meant to protect and preserve Pharaoh in afterlife -Crook and Flail are symbols of the king's right to rule Crook: power, following, order Flail: authority, enforcing laws, and whip -Vulture: goddess Nekhbet -Cobra: goddess Wadjet -Back of the Death Mask is covered with a spell from the Book of the Dead Egyptians used Book of the Dead as a road map for afterlife

Self-Portrait as a Soldier content

-Kirchner dressed in a uniform but standing in his studio with an amputated, bloody arm and a nude model behind him -Contrast between the artist's clothing and studio space that we can read a complicated coming of age for an idealistic young artist -Kirchner the soldier stands in his studio surrounded with everything he would need to make art

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building form

-Large Glass Windows -Rounded corner entryway -Bronze colored ground floor -Broad white facade (stretches 12 stories above ground floor) -Windows on the ground floor (these displayed the store's products) were much larger than the windows above it. -The three doors of the main entrance, were placed within a rounded bay on the corner of the site (so that they would be visible from all directions when approaching the building) -Corner entryway and the base section (entire) are differentiated from the spare upper stories by a unified system of extremely ornate decoration -Cast iron ornament contains the same motifs -highly complicated, delicate, organic -Each successive story of the white terra-cotta facade contains identical windows -Overhanging cornice at the very top that signifies the building's ascent, and makes the slightly ser-back attic level different from the broad midsection and the dark cast-iron decoration of the base level -Horizontal importance over vertical importance -Long, uninterrupted lines running under each window from each side of th building towards the entry bay while the decorative base at the bottom and the cornice line at the top flow seamlessly around the corner

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) funciton

-Oppenheim described her creation as "not an illustration of an idea, but the thing itself" -Extend our sensory experiences to fully appreciate the work -Insists we imagine what sipping warm tea from this cup feels like, how the bristles would feel upon our lips -Entirely open to interpretation (in many ways is the whole point of Surrealism)

The Kiss form

-Painting is almost a perfect square -Gold Gold circles rise off the surface of the canvas and catch light Darker gold ground makes it seem as if the figures are being moved into space (the cosmos) -Male: direct of linear -Female: curvilinear circles and ovals

The Burghers of Calais function

-Parallels between occupied Paris in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 -occupied Calais by the English in 1347 -Meant to commemorate the Burghers of Calais who almost sacrificed themeslves - Symbolizes the severity of the occupation/war in Calais/Paris

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Formal elements of the architecture:

-Part of a large complex made up of several buildings -Began with one main precinct and grew into a number of chapels and temples -The plan is axial -One axis went north/south and the other went east/west -134 big decorated sandstone columns -Giant lintels connecting the columns -Contained by big walls -Clerestory lighting

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall form

-Part of a large complex made up of several buildings -Began with one main precinct and grew into a number of chapels and temples -The plan is axial -One axis went north/south and the other went east/west -134 big decorated sandstone columns -Giant lintels connecting the columns -Contained by big walls -Clerestory lighting

Head of a Roman Patrician context

-Patricians -Worked in the senate -Wealthy and educated men who ran the Republic -Roman idealization emphasized distinguishing aspects of the individual -Start of 200 B.C. individuality was increasing -Sculptures were often produced to show the power and wealth of an individual such as a statesman or a military leader -The Roman Empire had representational form of government run by the Senate -Often power was passed from relative to relative and through generations. Sculptures were made of these family members almost as a form of ancestor worship. -Sculptures also express how the Romans viewed male and female roles in their society. -Since art was mainly produced and commissioned for a male audience it is that art reflects a dominantly male view of the world. Which is shown in this Sculpture -"male gaze."

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) form

-Porcelain tea set covered first in glue, then in fur -Tactile yet repulsive

Summer Trees Context

-Professor in Korea -Studied Western Abstract Art -In college, the Korean War occurred and he switched his interest to Asian Art -He saw how the American soldiers came into Korea and he felt urged to preserve traditional Korean styles -Felt strong about Korean identity -Influenced by Chinese Literati painters -started a movement after college to preserve traditional ink painting -Literati- living in the beauty of nature, not materials, not money -Oriental Ink Movement of 1980's/ ink wash painting/literati painting

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Building's Utilitarian Function:

-Religious center for the worship of the god Amun-Re -Also for the worship of gods Mut and Montu

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall building's utilitarina function

-Religious center for the worship of the god Amun-Re -Also for the worship of gods Mut and Montu

Pantheon context

-Representative of the Roman advancenments in architecture -Built on the exact site of twp earlier Pantheon buildings -Commissioned by Emperor Hadrian c. 125 AD -The Pantheon is dedicated to Marcus Agrippa

Dancing at the Louvre context

-Ringgold created a story of a young black girl, Willa Marie Simone, who moved to Paris to pursue acting and modeling -quilting is important because it's connected to storytelling -works combine African American quilting and painting

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus context

-Romans traditionally cremated their dead, however, by the second century C.E., burial had become fashionable. -Artisans have been trying to identify the figure whose sarcophagus this is. It must have been someone wealthy and powerful, because this is an enormous piece of marble. That would have taken a very long time to carve. -In the second and third centuries the empire was not as stable as it was in 100 or 200 years after Augustus. -There was a civil war, there was instability in the empire generally, and it's possible to associate this style with these political and historical changes.

Santa Sabina content

-Rome, Italy atop a hill - Late Antique Europe, 422-432 CE - On site of Saint Sabina who was stoned to death for converting to Christianity -The building was originally a classical Roman administrative building -Ordered interior served to manage large numbers of visitors and to impose the government's authority -Thick columns and classical decor create structural stability -Constantinian architects were the first Roman Christians. they chose the ancient Roman basilica to serve as basis of their new churches -The architects reinvented a formerly governmental space into a religious one -Manipulated the light from the windows so that the space became well-lit -Added mosaics on the walls

santa sabina content

-Rome, Italy atop a hill - Late Antique Europe, 422-432 CE - On site of Saint Sabina who was stoned to death for converting to Christianity -The building was originally a classical Roman administrative building -Ordered interior served to manage large numbers of visitors and to impose the government's authority -Thick columns and classical decor create structural stability -Constantinian architects were the first Roman Christians. they chose the ancient Roman basilica to serve as basis of their new churches -The architects reinvented a formerly governmental space into a religious one -Manipulated the light from the windows so that the space became well-lit -Added mosaics on the walls

Röttgen Pietà form

-Röttgen Pietà painted wood - 34 1/2 inches high -Painted wooden sculpture, but it is damaged, paint is less vibrant, worm holes in Mary's head -most of the Pieta statues of the time were from Germany, and the other surviving works are marble, or other stone, making this wooden sculpture all the more unique

Röttgen Pietà form

-Röttgen Pietà painted wood - 34 1/2 inches high -Painted wooden sculpture, but it is damaged, paint is less vibrant, worm holes in Mary's head -most of the Pieta statues of the time were from Germany, and the other surviving works are marble, or other stone, making this wooden sculpture all the more unique

Santa Sabina function

-Santa Sabina is the oldest extant Roman basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan and architectural style. Its decorations are restored to their original design .-Early Christian church -To respect Sabina, who supposedly died on the location

santa sabina function/meaning

-Santa Sabina is the oldest extant Roman basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan and architectural style. Its decorations are restored to their original design .-Early Christian church -To respect Sabina, who supposedly died on the location

Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) function

-Sculpture highlights whether global trade, colonial economics, and foreign intervention in Pacific island cultures encourage independence among those cultures or actually support dependency -to bring light to how the act of industralized farming disturbs the traditional process of food production -Tuffery's message allows viewer to educate themselves on the fragile ecosystem, and how it affects polenisian culture -to highlight traditional economic exchanges, population health, ecological health, and food soverignity.

The Kiss function

-Sense of spiritual -Intense and eternal kiss -Man gives off a sense of his physical power and the intensity of his desire -See the danger of love and desire (on edge of cliff)

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple function

-Serves as a funerary tomb for the wealthy and the dead are guided by the gods/goddesses of the dead. The sculptural decoration also underscores a connection to the Hellenistic world.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut content

-Several colonnaded Terraces -Large ramps

Shibboleth function

-Shibboleth should be thought of as conceptual art because ideas behind art are more important than art itself -Doris wanted to give a voice to the victims of injustice -meant to show brokenness of places like her home (Colombia) -Crack represents immigrant experience in Europe -encourages viewers to talk about harsh truths and history -racial segragation marks people as 'bitter" (barriers amongst people)

Dome of The Rock function

-Shrine built over the rock, to commemorate and honor the holy events, such as the ascension of Mohammed, that occurred here

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George form

-Size: 2' 3" x 1' 7 3/8" -An encaustic icon painting - image painting (in Greek) -encaustic = a painting technique that uses wax as a medium to carry the color -Uses gold leaf

Röttgen Pietà content

-Spirituality, pure emotion of Mary holding her dead son -Sharp crown of thorns, 3D blood and wounds, making it violent and gruesome -Mary is not looking optimistic like she knows he will rise again; she looks like she had been wronged, she is draped in the typical garb with heavy fabric and she still looks young, but she is suffering -Extremely skinny, ribs visible, body is contorted -this new depiction and way of Christian thought was called "the patient Christ"

Röttgen Pietà content

-Spirituality, pure emotion of Mary holding her dead son -Sharp crown of thorns, 3D blood and wounds, making it violent and gruesome -Mary is not looking optimistic like she knows he will rise again; she looks like she had been wronged, she is draped in the typical garb with heavy fabric and she still looks young, but she is suffering -Extremely skinny, ribs visible, body is contorted -this new depiction and way of Christian thought was called "the patient Christ"

Horn Players Function

-Spotlight/Hommage to African American jazz musicians -Charlie Parker (left) -Dizzy Gillespie (right) -"DOH SHOO BE OBEE" is scat Dizzy performed -"ORINTHOLOGY": Parker's song -"PREE": Parker's dead daughter -"CHAN": Parker's wife

Pink Panther Function

-Statue reminds us of our past -Kitsch is important to some people -Pink Panther lost control with new TV series;not comfortable with fame -Jeff Koons wants to trigger aspect of surprise and wonderment

Grave stele of Hegeso form

-Stele (upright slabs with relief sculptures) (like a modern day grave stone) -5'2" -Marble and paint

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George content

-Subjects are the Virgin, the Christ child, Saint Theodore, Saint George, two angels, God -The Saints: - St. Theodore = on the left - St. George = on the right - positioned at the front of the frame - they stare directly at the viewer - emotionless and erect - their feet are lifted slightly off the ground (divinity) -The Virgin: - in the center of the icon - seated on a throne and elevated - highlighted by Heaven's light -The Christ child: - in the Virgin's lap - not making eye contact with the viewer, like his mother - The Angels: - above and between the Virgin and the soldier saints - looking directly upwards to the hand of God - dressed in all white & have slightly transparent halos - highest in the frame - God: - represented by the hand emerging from the center of the top of the icon - his power seen through the light coming from the hand - Hierarchy of Bodies - Saints → Virgin+Christ → Angels → God

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George content

-Subjects are the Virgin, the Christ child, Saint Theodore, Saint George, two angels, God -The Saints: -St. Theodore = on the left & St. George = on the right -positioned at the front of the frame -they stare directly at the viewer -emotionless and erect -their feet are lifted slightly off the ground (divinity) -The Virgin: -in the center of the icon -seated on a throne and elevated highlighted by Heaven's light -The Christ child: -in the Virgin's lap -not making eye contact with the viewer, like his mother The Angels: -above and between the Virgin and the soldier saints -looking directly upwards to the hand of God -dressed in all white & have slightly transparent halos -highest in the frame God: -represented by the hand emerging from the center of the top of the icon -his power seen through the light coming from the hand -Hierarchy of Bodies -Saints → Virgin+Christ → Angels → God

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Formal elements of the architecture:

-Terraces created for gardens -Built into a cliff

Acropolis Content

-The Acropolis' was built in certain order with the Parthenon, Propylaea, Ethanol and Nike. -This complex was considered a sacred place rather than a defensive one. -The parthenon becomes the symbol of the birth of democracy. -Furthermore the Parthenon was dedicated to Athena (aka Parthenos). -The Parthenon had peristyle columns (wrapped around the site of the building), multiple entrances, a small cella inside (little room, center most room in a temple) and inside the cella was a statue of Athena (made out of solid gold). -The sculptures in the pediment of the Parthanenos show the story of Athena and Poseidon. -On one frieze inside the temple, there is the Panathenaic Procession (the religious procession in honor of the goddess Athena). -In the metopes, there were scenes of Greeks battling the Amazons, Trojans, titans and other mythical creatures. -The enemies were symbolic of the Pursians. There was an older temple meant for Athena, but when the Persian war occured the temple was destroyed. -Instead of rebuilding over the site, the Athenians took a vow that they would never remove the ruins so they could remember it forever. -The Parthenon was also symbolic of the city's wealth and power and a gift to Athena. -The statue of Athena in the Parthenon honors her, and she is accompanied by a tiny statue of Nike. -Nike is there because it represents Athena's victory over Posidon and the victory the Athens will have now that Athena is watching over them. -In the entrance of the Acropolis there is a statue of Nike tying her sandal. -This created a more inviting environment for the public monument and also allowed for people to relate to Nike on a personal level.

Catacomb of Priscilla function

-The Catacomb of Priscilla is an archaeological site on the Via Salaria in Rome, Italy, situated in what was a quarry in Roman times. This quarry was used for Christian burials from the late 2nd century through the 4th century.

House of the Vettii content

-The House of the Vettii covers an area of approximately 1,100 square meters and was considered a standard Roman Townhouse which contained: ● A large centralized reception hall which was flanked by wings and often bounded by bedrooms ● an open colonnaded courtyard which serves as the center of family life, with the kitchen (culina), dining room(s) (triclinium or oecus), and often a small garden (hortus).

The Kaaba context

-The Kaaba is important because it is believed that Abraham and his son Ismail constructed it. - It is symbolic of the journey and triumph of Muhammed. -He was driven out of Mecca (location of kaaba) and when he was the Kaaba was taken over and filled with Icons and other items that diverged from traditional Muslim values. -Upon his return he wiped the Kaaba of idols and returning it to a shrine dedicated to Ibrahim and the Muslim faith. -The stone is thought to have been given to Ibrahim by the Angle Gabriel. -In 632 CE, which was the year Muhammed died, he made his final pilgrimage to the Kaaba and established the tradition.

Pyxis of al-Mughira form

-The Pyxis is 16cm tall and 11cm wide, and made of carved ivory from an elephant tusk -There is inlaid jade and several other precisions stones -Ivory was durable, smooth, elegant, and easily carved -This made it highly desirable for the creation of pyxides (the plural of pyxis) -Highly portable, they were often given as gifts.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus content

-The Romans perpetrating themselves as the good guys: they look more noble and heroic -The Goths, their enemy, look almost character with puffy noses, and cheeks, and wild expressions on their faces. -No sense of space: piled one on top of another (dense carpet of figures) -Roman soldiers are represented as ideal and clothed, while the enemies are ignoble and caricatured -Large tomb with a huge piece of marble carved in a deep relief -Sarcophagus covered with figures, horses, and shields. -Top center is obviously the hero. -He is coming in on his horse. -He's twisting around opening his right arm bringing his horse along with him. -He is off-set against his horse. -He looks almost wild and passionate, but he looks calm. -His body is splayed out. -The drape of his armor creates this radiating sense. -Romans look stern and serious. -Figure at the far left. He's charging into battle. (sense of the seriousness of battle) -Roman soldier who has a captured Goth bound at the wrist. He's holding his chin, he's holding the back of his head. (sense that he's making a decision as whether to be merciful or to slay this prisoner)

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

-The body went in the innermost coffin, covered with a death mask, then put in sarcophagus -Tutankhamun was nine when he became king of Egypt -Ruled after Akhenaten -Tutankhamen shifted the focus of the country's worship back to Amun and returned the religious center back to Thebes -Tutankhamen died at 18 due to unknown causes -Tutankhamun's sarcophagus held three coffins (which held the body of the king) -Howard Carter found the coffin Initially covered with a thick black layer- anointing liquid

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple context

-The dating of the tombs has proved difficult -There are almost no finds like coins that enable archaeologists to date these tombs -A few inscriptions allow us to date some of the tombs at Petra, although at Egra another Nabataean site there are thirty one dated tombs. -Today scholars believe that the tombs were probably constructed when the Nabateans were wealthiest between the second century B.C.E. and the early second century C.E. -Archaeologists and art historians have identified a number styles for the tomb facades but and cannot be used date the tombs. The few surviving inscriptions in Nabataean, Greek, and Latin tell us about the people who were buried in the tombs

Niobides Krater form

-The figures are pretty geometric and there is a lack of realism (no shading and no 3D-effect with the human body). -Furthermore, the figure Apollo strides forward but has a lack of movement in his body. -Thus the vase could be considered having a classical style. -The piece uses Severe Style (a moment in time where the Archaic style was transitioning to the Classical style). -The High classical style begins in 450 BCE. -The Noibid Painter used red-figure painting which shows the bodies as the red part of the clay pot silhouette by a black background. -This technique allows for a lot of detail (ex.= you can see the tension in Apollo's abdomen and face). -Apollo and Artemis are shown as a perfect profile, whereas the children are more frontal or ¾. -The figures on the vase are on different levels showing the illusion of space by creating a foreground and a background (unlike the past vases where everyone was on the same level), but everyone is the same size. -Many Art historians believe the vase shows the influence of greek wall paintings by Polygnotus because of the space. -The reclining soldiers are a huge contrast to the violence of the murders on the other side of the vase (which is a reminder of how the Greeks love to contrast).

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut intended audience

-The god Amun -Priests

The Kaaba content

-The interior of the Kaaba is fitted with a marble and limestone floor. -This black brocade cloth that is hung around the Kabba is known as the Kiswah. -The Kiswah is elegant and coated in elegantly done Calligraphy. -The Calligraphy is of important verses "ayats" from the Quran. -Intense modifications have been done to the Kaaba -The area around it is has been expanded multiple times to compensate for the growing amounts of people participating in the pilgrimage -This was done by the second caliph 'Umar (ruled from 634-44) -In 683 CE the Kaaba was set on fire during a civil war -It broke apart and was reconstructed by Ibn Zubayr -He used wood and stone and followed the original dimensions -Umayyad caliph al-Walid ruled from 705-15 CE ornately decorated the Grand Mosque, that surrounds the Kaaba, with mosaics that surrounds the Kaaba.

The Kaaba function

-The kaaba was a sanctuary in pre-islamic times. -Symbolic of the journey and triumph of Muhammed -Muslims do not worship the Kaaba, but it is Islam's most sacred site because it represents the metaphorical house of God and the oneness of God in Islam. Observant Muslims around the world face toward the Kaaba during their five daily prayers.

Röttgen Pietà function

-The lamentation section of the stations of the Christ, but the scene around it is taken away forcing the viewer to examine emotion -Artistic viewing is like a vision, would have been the object of focus during prayer - Would have been on an altar with other religious art, perhaps depicting the passions of the Christ -This type of sculpture was common in German abbeys

Pyxis of al-Mughira content

-The pyxis is decorated with four eight-lobed medallions -These medallions are surrounded by figures and animals, including falconers, wrestlers, griffons, peacocks, birds, goats and animals to be hunted -Each medallion has princely iconography -Although Islamic art is commonly viewed as an-iconic, human and animal figures play an important role in iconography

Dome of The Rock content

-The rock that is enclosed by the rock is an integral part of the Islamic religion. -In fact, it has great significance to all 3 of the Abrahamic faiths -The Talmud Believed that God created the world out of this rock -It was the site of 2 Jewish temples and very important to the Jewish religion. -It is the location where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac to God -This is the place where Muhammad ascended to God on his night journey

Acropolis Function/Meaning

-The scenes depicted in the metopes of the Parthenon were used to show how civilization beat barbarism and rational thought was better than chaos. -The Acropolis was significant because it showed the power and the wealth of the Greek city states. -In addition, the Acropolis was a place for Athenians to come together.

Acropolis form

-The site is on top a rocky outcropping which overlooks the city and the Aegean Sea with 2 overall entrances into the complex. -The Parthenon combined Doric elements with ionic elements. -The base of the Parthenon is 228 by 101 ft. and the ceiling was about 40 ft. -It had peristyle columns (wrapped around the site of the building) -Cella inside (little room, center most room in a temple). -The Parthenon is a Doric temple because of the massive columns with shallow broad flutes that were vertical lines. -the columns go directly into the temples floor (which is called stylobate) -the top of the capitals were very simple, there is a little flare that rises up to a simple rectangular block (called an abacus) -just above that are triglyphs and metopes. (it does have some Ionic details) -In addition, there are also sculptures that cover the building and there are sculptures in the metopes (scenes of Greeks fighting their enemies). -A frieze ran around the 4 sides of the building (ionic). -The parthenon during its heyday was painted with bright colors (green, blue and red). -The parthenon's perfection was an illusion based on a series of subtle distortions in the architecture (like some of the columns are tilted and unevenly spaced, and the floor inside the building was higher). -Greeks started to realize that human perception was flawed and we had to adjust to it in order to give the visual perception of perfection. -Every stone on the building was cut to fit precisely in place. -The deviations in the columns gave the building a sense of dynamism and an organic feeling. -The Propylaea was 80 meters long by 10 meters wide and it had a lot of Doric details. -Furthermore, it was made out of Pentellic marble. -The building had 5 entrances and 4 were used for pedestrians.

Goldfish form

-The tank's cylindrical shape enabled him to create a succession of rounded contour with he top and bottom of the tank, the surface of the water and the table -Depiction of space creates tension The fish are seen from two different angles simultaneously Front: the goldfish's details (fins, eyes, mouth) are immediately recognizable to the viewer From above: the goldfish are merely suggested by colorful brushstrokes Plants through the transparent glass surface: distorte compared to the 'real' plants in the background -Upper section above the fish tank: resembles a patterned wallpaper coposed of flattened shapes and colors -Table top is tilted upwards, flattering it and making it difficult for viewers to imagine ow the goldfish and flowerpots actually manage to stay put on the table He constructed this juxatoposition of viewpoints and spatial ambiguity by observing Paul Cezanne's still-life paintings -Matisse used his image of nature and tried to reassemble his own pictorial reality -Thinly applied colors -White of canvas shows through

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Meaning / Significance

-The temple rises from the water like civilization -Pylons represent the horizon -The roof is adorned with birds and stars symbolizing the sky -The columns were painted and carved with papyrus, palm, and lotus to symbolize the plants of the Nile at the beginning of creation

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall function

-The temple rises from the water like civilization -Pylons represent the horizon -The roof is adorned with birds and stars symbolizing the sky -The columns were painted and carved with papyrus, palm, and lotus to symbolize the plants of the Nile at the beginning of creation

White Temple and its ziggurat Meaning / Significance:

-The temple was whitewashed inside and outside which made it sparkle/shine in sunlight. -White Temple built for the sky god, Anu. -The White Temple and its ziggurat house god and government in one structure. -The temple is high, which is trying to get closer to heaven, in order to connect to the gods. -Sacred Space -White symbolizes purity (additionally reflective of sky and sun)

The Burghers of Calais context

-The town council of Calais, France rejected it; they wanted a statue of a single, allegorical figure -The English king (in 1347, Hundred Years' War) made the burghers wear sackcloths, barefoot, with nooses around necks, and carry the key to the city of Calais · Burghers promise their lives to the English king so that he'll save their city from occupation during the Hundred Years' War

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii form

-The use of modeling and the use of foreshortening gives the mosaic a sense of naturalism. -Tiny pieces of stone and glass (over a million) -Naturalism of what we see here, which is what the ancient Greeks were known for. -The mosaic is almost empty at the top and is so much weighted down towards the bottom. -The use of light and dark to create a sense of three-dimensional forms. -Foreshortening of the animals-- for instance, of the horses.

Niobides Krater content

-The vase shows a horrible scene of a mortal woman's 14 children being killed by the goddess Artemis and the god Apollo. -Apollo and Artemis are shown using bows and arrows to shoot down the 14 people that are laying on ground. -In the center of the vase (place of honor) is the hero, Herakles, who was part mortal and part god. -He is identifiable because he is holding a club and is wearing lion skin. -He has barely visible incised lines underneath him which is suggesting Herakles is standing on a platform (sculpture). -Furthermore, he is surrounded by warriors who are either reclining or standing and Athena is in front of him. -The subject matter is still uncertain because we do not know the relationship between the two different stories.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus form

-There are some places where the carving is so deep that the forms, the limbs, the heads of horses are almost completely off-set from the background. -There two to three or four layers of figures and forms. -To create drama, the artist used: overlapping and entangled figures, deep carving creating sharp contrasts of light and dark, and an activated surface. -Everything here is moving. -The bottom of the sarcophagus the figures get smaller instead of larger. Which we might expect for the horses along the bottom are smaller. The figures who are slaying or wounded on the bottom are also slightly smaller. -The shields and other elements create canopies that frame individual figures. -Look at the figure who we see in profile. Whose head is framed by two shields. (There is a dark shadow behind him. -The alternation of light and dark that animates the surface. -Where we see the most shadow and the most deep carving is in the hair of the Goths, in their faces, and the smooth surface of the marble is reserved for the Romans, who are left deeply carved.

Self-Portrait as a Soldier context

-This is a masterpiece of psychological drama -In 1905, Kirchner along with other artists (young) from Dresden, founded the German Expressionist group Die Bruke (The Bridge) Kirchner created their manifesto, a woodblock print that was to be widely disseminated as a call to arms The Bruke artists went out to create an entirely new way of being artists (spurred by their confidence and their belief that they lived in an age of great change. Kirchner was a great admirer of the Friedrich Nietzsche (a german philosopher) Friedrich Nietzsch wrote a book Thus Spoke Zarathustra It used the bridge as a metaphor for the connection between barbarism of the past and the modernity of the future. The Brucke artists considered themselves the inheritors of this idea, and created art that looked to the past and the future at once. Another influence on the Die Brucke artists was called "primitive" art (art and ritual objects from ancient cultures or nonestern societies, particularly in Africa and Central Asia. This art was seen as more honest, more direct, and more natural than work produced by artists from industrialized Western European nations Also interest in "folk art" of Europe particularly the art and craft fund among rural populations Important to remember: Germany remained a major colonial power in africa through the First World War "Primitive" aesthetic had a strong impact on Expressionist art Brucke artists were inspired to adopt the "natural" state that they perceived in "primitivism" in their lives and their art Paintings were created outside, in nature, together with the unidealized nudes were hallmarks of the group's work. -Roughly sketched, Long forms, and tampered limbs of the nude model is representative of the style of Kirchner's nudes from this period -Brucke disbanded in 1913, each artist continued to develop individually -This piece dates from one of his most highly regarded periods of artistic production -Everything in Kirchnerś world was interrupted by the First World War -Kirchner volunteered to serve as a driver in the military in order to avoid being drafted into a more dangerous role He was soon declared unfit for service due to issues with his general health, and was sent away to recover. -This piece was painted during that recovery. -During the war, Kirchner suffered with alcoholism and drug abuse For a bit, his hands and feet were paralyzed -Adolf Hitler persecuted artists who painted in a style other than Aryan. -Nazis mocked modernist art in the Degenerate Art (Entartete Kunst) exhibition in 1937. Kircner was mortified: 32 of his works were exhibited and more than 600 of his works were removed from public collections -He committed suicide in 1938.

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii function

-This scene represents the turning point in a battle between the Greeks and the Persians. -Commemorates defeat of Persian King Darius III

Villa Savoye context

-Throughout the 1920's Le Corbusier considered the nature of modern life and architecture's role in the new machine age Famous dictum: "The house should be a machine for living in" is perfectly realized within the forms, layout, materials, and siting of the Villa Savoye -Le Corbusier had been developing his theories on modern architecture throughout the previous decade 1920: founded the journal L'Esprit Nouveau 1923: Vers une architecture book celebrated science, technology, and reason, argued that modern machines coud create higly precise objects not unlike the ideal platonic forms valued by the ancient Greeks He praised on the totems of modernity and marveled at the beauty of their efficiency Argued that beauty lay not only in the newest technology but in ancient works such as the Parthenon -Le Corbusier sought to isolate what he called "type forms" which were universal elements of design that can work together in a system -Le Corbusier devised his Five Points of Architecture which he viewed as a universal system that could be applied to any architectural site The system demand pilotis to raise the building off the ground and allow air to circulate beneath; roof terraces, to bring nature into an urban setting; a free plan that allowed interior space to be distributed t will; a fre facade whole smooth plane could be used for formal experimentation; and ribbon windows, which let in light but also reinforced the planarity of the wall Villa Savoye incorporated these principles and recognized many of the concepts expressed in Vers une Architecture Five Points of architecture: pilotis (columns), roof terrace, open floor plan, horizontal windows, and a free facade

Forum of Trajan context

-Trajan expanded the Roman empire to its greatest borders -The column was made to depict two major defeats of the Dacians for the Romans -Trajan was one of the most highly regarded Roman Emperors -Trajan was best known for his public building program -He was able to build so many things because of the large sum of money he brought home from the war on the Dacians -which is depicted all throughout the forum and is found in detail all around the Column of Trajan

hagia sophia form

-Two floors centered on a giant nave with a great domed ceiling, along with smaller domes -Towering above (high) -Central and Longitudinally planned Basilica -Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

White Temple and its ziggurat Contextual issues / History about the work or architect (Historical events, religious beliefs, economic considerations):

-Uruk is where the first writing emerged from. -Uruk was one of the most important places in Mesopotamia. -Anu Ziggurat was the most important monument in Uruk. -Mudbrick was used for this building and many other projects in the area, due to the rarity of stone. -Laborers may have been motivated by religious beliefs or forced. -Located in the city center of Uruk -Summiarans called temples "waiting rooms", in which they were waiting for the deity. -Anu was the most important Sumerian deity -Theocracy (gov. in which a god is seen as the ruler and officials operate on behalf of the god) -Sumerians sifted through the clay in order to find the purest clay to use for the mudbrick.

The Book From the Sky function

-Uses act of destruction to create a new meaning -Remind that text is used for propaganda purposes like it was during Mao's regime -Asks viewers to move from symbolic representation of words to the characters themselves -subtle references to landscape (books on floor=sea)(posters on walls=landscapes)(banners on ceiling=sky) represented through text -feels that freedom of thought is fragile and must be protected

Las Meninas Content/Symbols/Subject Matter

-Utilizes Illusions of space, depth and perspective -Surface of his canvas is hidden to us, could be a portrait of the little princess, could be a portrait of the King and Queen, who are seen reflected in the mirror -The people in the center are the princess, maids of honor,palace official, chaperone, dog, dwarf (often hired to keep children company), and other attendants -The figures in the painting look at us in a very real way, the glances tell a story -The painting is set in his studio -he paints a pallet which is very mind-blowing because it is shown housing raw paint, the very stuff Velasquez actually created this work with - He was inducted into the Catholic organization the Order of Santiago posthumously by the king, so in the painting, after he died the insignia of the group was painted onto his figure, it is even rumored that the king painted it on himself -groups of two's all male/female pairs highlighting the princess, also use of groups of three on same horizontal plane

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Context

-Vietnam War (1995-1997) -U.S. got involved because we feared communiusm would spread -Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund asked for a reflective, harmonizable, names, and no politcal statement piece of art -21 year old Maya Lin won -Asian descent -Recieved critism -Tremendous intimacy in public space -Immigrant parents

santa sabina context

-Windows made of celenite -Wooden coffered ceiling - similar to the domed ceiling of the Pantheon in Rome -Original paneled, wooden doors are still on the church -Depict Biblical scenes, possibly the first Crucifixion depiction in the upper left panel -Corinthian columns -Like the Pantheon: walls are broken up into entablatures -Visualizes the building's weight and solidity -Nave wall has little visual weight -Simple architecture underlies a strong foundation -Instead of organized columns and entablatures, they were covered in mosaics

The Book From the Sky context

-Xu Bing was very talented in calligraphy and writing as a child -Teachers saw his talent and he was sent to the countryside for propaganda work -Art School: trained in propaganda -Produced "A Book from the Sky" in period when China was flooded with Western literature.(after Mao's death) -Mao considered wood block printed text to be non-elitist form of art -1st regime of propaganda -2nd China opened to receive Western philosophy

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts form

-Zaha Hadid created a dynmaic, complex structure which manipulated the shape/form of the building to make it look assymetraical and curevelier. -main material was concrete with reenforced steel -glass was used to let light to rooms

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts context

-Zara = "queen of curves" -born and grew up in Iraq -moved to London -used computer modeling to design her buildings -trained as archetict -influenced by Islamic archeticture -inspired by minurates -1st woman to design a public building in Italy, dedicated to 21st century -Zaha was stubborn and didn't compromise with clients -Concrete was signifigant because it was perfected by the romans -MAXXI is in the historic city center and that allows visitors to circulate between old and new

White Temple and its ziggurat Content / Subject Matter / Symbols:

-Ziggurat (built raised platform with four sloping sides) -Ziggurat had recessed striped from top to bottom (would have made a pattern in sunlight) -Bright white rectangular temple -Temple was very high (raised/overlooked city) -One steep stairway that led from the ground to a ramp -Wrap around ramp -White Temple tripartite plan -3 Entrances to the White Temple -Inside the White temple, there were staircases -Chambers with wooden shelves inside the Temple -19 tablets of gypsum (found on temple floor) -Bones of lions and leopards (ritually buried objects) -Fire pit (on flat terrace of the White Temple)

White Temple and its ziggurat Formal elements of the architecture:

-Ziggurat was made from mudbrick -Temple Frame= mudbrick with white clay over it -The White Temple was built on top of the Ziggurat. -Flat portion of the ziggurat was coated with bitumen, then brick was laid on top of the bitumen. -White Temple was built on top of the bitumen. -"Bent Axis" (to face alter, you have to turn 90 degrees) -Rectangular temple -Use of whitewash

Merovingian looped fibulae function

-a brooch or a pin for fastening clothing (safety pin) -expensive objects to the commission: the owners wanted these objects to resonate with their identity -buried with the dead: showed their status and who they were as people

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts function

-always looking to innovate -play with geometric forms to look alive -building signifigant because it is modern in a historical center -created by a woman -lights and darks -dynamic -geometric forms

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao content

-building was designed to be an art museum -Gehry was influenced by his experiences with sailing. -his building reflects the fluid, organic curve of a wave or sail (subject matter) -building made of many assymetrical shapes and looks like an abstract scuplture -reflective light of sun resembles the movement of water and the individual titanium plates together, looks like fish scales -have ambition/aspects of Banque style -165 foot atrium

Ionic

-curves -scrolls -decorative feature=base

Pure Land content

-dead see -aliens playing instruments -a tibetan stupa -a lotus flower -Mariko (artist) dressed as New Age Eastern goddess

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture building ultitarian function

-dedicated to the goddess Minerva (Etruscan version of Athena) -demonstrates an Etruscan assimilation of Greek gods -Etruscan versions of Greek gods/goddesses would take on different names -Values of the gods/goddesses would occasionally be adjusted slightly to fit more with Etruscan values/beliefs -Happened when the Etruscans assimilated with the Greeks after a victory against the Persians

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees content

-depicts Blanche of Castile and her son Louis, a beardless youth crowned king. - A cleric and a scribe are depicted underneath them. - Each figure is set against a ground of burnished gold,which is seated beneath a trefoil arch. --Blanche was the ruler before king Louis instructs him just as the monk

Preying Mantra focus

-exocitism -female subjectivity -hybridity -sexism -female body

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts building utilitarian function

-first museum in Italy designed like 21st century arts -complex stair system that lets viewers explore the flowing tube like galleries -describes stairs as flowy ribbons that wrap around the interior -in the 3rd story, there is a cantilliered gallery that jets out into the space

MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts content

-floating above colomns -example of "international style" lines: refrence to constructivionsits of Russia -red lines are symbolic of movement -influeneced by Malveich -combination of natural and artifical light (interior) -monocramatic and geometric interior

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao utilitarian function

-functioning art museum -galleries range of different sizes and shapes making them sutiable for all types of art -range of 19 galleries -3 floors -curved bridges -glass elevators

San Vitale Content

-in San Vitale -Ravenna was originally controlled by goths of different, non-orthodox christian belief -Because of the central plan the focus is on the center rather than the end of the aisle at the altar. -A lot of christian iconography and symbols of christ -unique combination of elements - Justinian wearing purple symbolize royalty -surrounded by court, soldiers, and religous figures Theodora haloes to show divinty and divine origim of power -holding eucharist chalice -appears to be in a ceremony.

San Vitale content

-in San Vitale -Ravenna was originally controlled by goths of different, non-orthodox christian belief -Because of the central plan the focus is on the center rather than the end of the aisle at the altar. -A lot of christian iconography and symbols of christ -unique combination of elements - Justinian wearing purple symbolize royalty -surrounded by court, soldiers, and religous figures Theodora haloes to show divinty and divine origim of power -holding eucharist chalice -appears to be in a ceremony.

The Crossing context

-inspired by Nam June Paik - Viola worked with performance and video art -considered 2nd gen video artist -influenced by Buddhism in Japan, when he visited the country -when he was 9, he was on a boat and he fell into the water -at one point he stopped panicking and accpected the forces and floated, he found it peaceful -this experience made Viola fascinated with water and you can see water elements in a lot of his other works

Great Mosque content

-large hypostyle prayer hall -mihrab -The wall that indicates the direction of Mecca for Muslims' daily prayer time -Mecca = birthplace of islam (in modern-day saudi arabia) -Golden tesserae form bands of calligraphy -Focal point in the prayer hall -Famous horseshoe arched prayer niche -Ribbed dome Above the mihrab -a courtyard with a fountain in the middle -an orange grove -a covered walkway circling the courtyard -Repeating elements (columns, arches, voussoirs) - establishes steady rhythm within structure -This structural repetition suggests the same kind of repetition in prayer -Mosaics, inscriptions from the Quran, and colors line interior - Intricate patterns/designs formed by the tesserae

Darkytown Rebellion content

-lighting -sound -sillhouetes telling different stories -racial uprising scene with racial stereotypes

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) form

-local limestone with internal lining bricks -concrete -tufa -vaults of pumice -dominated by columns and arches -barrel/groin -draining system -hypogeum Predetermined plans

Lying with the Wolf function

-made to encourage women to embrace themselves -wants women to feel empowered and strong -wants women to feel like a "wolf-woman" -Intimate relationship between woman and wolf rooting in: biblical, mythological, and feminist themes -wrinkled and patched paper resembles bed sheets and a pillow -symbolizes "she wolf" and the predatory side of womanhood -natural and spiritual motifs in her work -expresses spiritual and ritualistic feelings -feminine domesticity -spiritual yearning -sexual identity

San Vitale context

-made under rule of Ostrogoths - A place of worship, serves spiritual needs of christianity believers as well as promotes power of ruler. -shows the importance of christianity and power of justinian -funded by a rich banker and architect and built under bishops -depiction of royalty with religion -may show some tension of power as they are now more separated

En la Barberia no se Llora content

-masculine symbols -photograph -Puerto Rican culture -large scale installations -wall art/imagery -street life/cultural clash -"Nuyorican Baroque"

Shibboleth content

-massive crack in the floor -548 feet in length -depth varies -after she filled the crack with concrete, it looks like a scar -crack in the concrete floor at Tate Modern Turbine Hall -"changed the building" instead of adding into it

Lying with the Wolf form

-materials: ink and pencil on paper -simplistic approach -style of precise yet scrambled illustration, that works to attract the viewer and generate interest

Shibboleth context

-members of Doris' family disappeared in Colombia which is why she draws emotions like pain in her art -colombian artist -working abroad made her sympathetic to margenalized people -influenced by her life in colombia -her works are generally composed of common place items -work's show pain, trauma, and loss

En la Barberia no se Llora form

-mixed media -Barber shop location -Kitsch -Bright vivid colors (red green yellow) -checkered pattern floor design -Decorated Barber Chair

cella

-most exclusive and sacred space -little room that contains a chamber where the cult statue is kept

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) content

-naked = celebrates the nature human body, its beauty, and its strength marks this as a Greek sculpture -one of the earliest examples of contrapposto -includes a strong a sense of harmony and counterbalancing: -left arm and right leg = relaxed -right arm and left leg = tensed -the man has with broad shoulders and thick torso and is just generally muscular -used to hold an iron spear -the face isn't individualized -he's made to depict everyone's ideal self

Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) context

-one of New Zealand's best known artists from Pacific descent -college: majored in printmaking -describes art as first language -wasn't able to read or write until about age six -the name "Pisupo lua Afe" is a phrase used to describe the many types of canned foods that are eaten in the islands (including: corned beef) -Tuffery was interested in cattle in New Zealand and Pacific Islands and how they negatively affected the plants, wildlife, landscapes, and waterways of the country.

"The Gates" content

-orange poles with banners hanging on them -they follow Central Park's sidewalks -Shaffron color used to create "a golding ceiling creating warm shadows" -took 6 weeks to install -7,503 vinyln gates -along 23 miles -shape meant to symbolize the Torri Gates in Japan

Augustus of Prima Porta content

-political significance, filled with Roman political ideology -idealized statue of him, very young and attractive -cupid is pulling down his garment at his ankle, symbolizing his own divine lineage -the cuirass, or breastplate depicts the god of the sky and the goddess of the Earth, divine convergence, on its sides there are female personifications of the nations conquered by Rome (specifically by Augustus) -the sun god and sky god (Sol and Caelus) are at the top of the cuirass, and therefore shine down on all these parts of the empire spreading Roman glory and light -his prestige is awarded by the use of elements from Ancient Greece -wearing army garb and has his hand out, not just an orator...he is addressing his troops who will go and conquer -perfect/flawless flake and body, athletic, young -unlike early Hellenistic statue he is very still, calm and stately, with little movement

Preying Mantra function

-snake: reference to Adam and Eve -woman: praying mantis -circles and squares: female and males -yellow and brown: wealth -red: power and danger

Dancing at the Louvre function

-story of a 16 year old Willa Marie Simone, told through text.(black girl who left Georgia to pursue acting and modeling in Paris) -intended as a vechile to rewrite history -draws on own struggle being a woman in art -using a narrative format to rewrite the past and weave together modern art, African culture, and personal biography -ring gold committed to challenging audience -chooses to make room for women -inspire women of color

Earth's Creation form

-synthetic polymer paint on linen placed on canvas -vibrant earth like colors -messy brushstrokes -layered on canvas to paint -reds, greens, blues, and yellows

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht content

-top section: densely packed with figures faces are well modeled and have interesting depth in themselves sense of space is very compressed = hads push to the foreground and are packed into every available corner of space -Middle: fewer details, emphasis on the crowding at the top of the printing plate draws the attention to the specific action of the bening mourner his hands on Liebknecht's chest connect this section to the bottom most level of the composition, the body of the martyred revolutionary -Above the bending mourner, a woman holds her baby up to see over the heads of the people in front of them

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) function/meaning

-used for: entertainment such as gladiators, comedic duels, blood sports, Bestiarii animal hunt, plays, public executions, and to show the wealth & generosity of the Emperor -stone represents Imperial power -concrete made for durability -arc technology meant easy access and exiting -display social status -Rise of Flavian Emperors

Niobides Krater function

-vase is a calyx-krater (basically a large punch bowl that the Greeks used to mix wine and water together.) -The vase shows two different stories that we do not know how they correspond with each other,. -They both show the strength of Gods and Goddesses in Greek culture.

hagia sophia function

. For almost a millennium after its construction, it was the largest cathedral in all of Christendom. It served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the byzantine world. It was also an important site of Muslim worship after Sultan Mehmed 11 conquered Constantinople in 1453 and designated the structure a mosque. It would remain a mosque until being converted into a museum in the 1930s.

Alhambra (Palace) form

1 mile of walls; 30 towers of varying size enclose this city, within a city Almost 26 acres Detailed structures highly ornate spaces patios contrast with the plain walls of the exterior El Mexuar complex geometric tile dadoes: lower wall panels carved stucco panels Comares facade: built on a raised three-stepped platform Carved stucco facade once painted (now only traces are left) Court of Myrtles (focal point of Comares Palace) dark passages past the Comares leads to a patio (covered) around a big courtyard with a pool Comares Tower (Alhambra's largest tower) has the Salon de Comares (Hall of Ambassadors: throne room) has the most diverse decorative and architecture (in the Alhambra) Double arched windows (illuminate the room and show amazing views) Lavish walls with tiles laid in geometric patterns Remaining surfaces have detailed carved stucco motifs Organized in bands and panels of curvilinear patterns and calligraphy - Palacio de los Leones (independent building) next to the Comares Palace fountain with hydraulic system made of a marble basin on the backs of 12 carved stone lions (at intersection of 2 water channels) arched patio surrounds courtyard (shows stucco carvings upheld by many slim columns) two pavilions (decorated) stand out into the courtyard which shows off the royal spaces behind (the two pavilions) Sala de los Reyes elongated space divided into sections with many arches leads to a vaulted muqarnas ceiling has paintings on the ceilings represent courtly life Two other halls: Sala de las Dos Hermanas and the Hall of Abencerrajes residential apartments (rooms on the second floor) have large domed room with carved and painted stucco (in muqarnas forms with star motifs) - Palacio del Partal (aka Pórtico) - Ornamental elements - water (reflection) -stucco decoration (carved) - calligraphy - muqarna

Alhambra (Palace) century

1354-1391 CE

Birth of Venus date

1484-1486 CE

Adam and Eve date

1504 CE

Adam and Eve century

1504 CE.

School of Athens date

1509-1511

School of Athens century

1509-1511 CE.

Mosque of Selim II date

1568-1575 CE

Palazzo Rucellai period

15th century

Palazzo Rucellai period/culture

15th century

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane date

1638-1646 CE

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco date

16th Century CE; facade: 1568-1584 CE; fresco and stucco figures: 1676-1679 CE

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon date

175 BCE

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz date

1750 ce

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby date

1763-1765

The Swing context

1766: People of France were living better than population Wealthy and lavish living Women were major patrons of the arts Art was seen as a wealthy escape from issues that France was facing Art became exclusive to the rich Art served as an attractive way for nobles to express themselves 1767, French Rococo, considered one of the masterpieces of the Rococo period.

The Swing date

1767 CE

The Oath of the Horatii date

1784 ce.

Self-Portrait date

1790 CE

La Grande Odalisque date

1814 CE

Liberty Leading the People date

1830 CE

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) date

1836 ce

Still Life in Studio date

1837 CE

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) date

1840 ce

Olympia date

1863 CE

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line date

1877 ce

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) date

1882 ce

The Burghers of Calais date

1884-1895 CE

Starry Night date

1889 CE

The Coiffure date

1890-1891 CE

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? date

1897-1898 ce

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building date

1899-1903

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Period/Culture:

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut period

18th Dynasty, New Kingdom

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Period/Culture:

18th and 19th century Dynasties, New Kingdom

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall period

18th and 19th century Dynasties, New Kingdom

The Portuguese date

1911

Goldfish date

1912

Improvisation 28 (second version) date

1912

Self-Portrait as a Soldier date

1915

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow date

1930

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) date

1936 ce

Fallingwater date

1936-1939

Seagram Building date

1954-1958

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Period / Culture:

19th Dynasty, New Kingdom

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Date/Century:

2550-2940 BCE.

Seated Scribe Date / Century:

2620-2500 BCE.

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Date / Century:

2700 BCE.

Second style of Roman Wall painting

2nd style: wall paintings of architecture or landscapes

triglyphs

3 column reliefs

Hellenistic period

323 B.C.E.- C.E. -begins with death of Alexander the Great, Greek empire starts to decline -expression on faces, emotion, motion, movement, energy, turbulant, action, drama

Anavysos Kouros date

3500BCE-300CE

third style of roman wall paintings

3rd: monochromatic ,flat planes of color

Acropolis date

447-410 BCE

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) date

450-440 BCE

Niobides Krater date

460-450 BCE

Tomb of the Triclinium date

480-470 BCE

Roman Republic

509-27 B.C.E. -period when romans overthrew Etruscan king (considered him a tyrant)

Sarcophagus of the Spouses date

520 BCE

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) date/century

720-705 BCE

Palazzo Rucellai context

A few years after Medici Palace was completed, one of the other wealthiest families in Florence, built a palace Alberti was a humanist, wrote an important book on architecture, and a book on painting Alberti looked back to Vitruvivus' ancient work Alberti had studied Roman architecture emphasis on measure and harmony Giovanni Ruccellai came from a wealthy Florentine family of wool manufacturers Rucellai expressed his loyalty to the Medici family and was referencing the Medici Palace in the Palazzo Rucellai The building was never finished -About two thirds of what Alberti intended is there -unfinished in the right side -would have been a third entrance Structure was remodeled on the inside (joining many pre-existing independent structures) Loggia may have been built to commemorate a wedding between a member of the Medici family and the Rucellai family Now it is no longer an open loggia, now it has a glass covering and is actually a shoe store

Palazzo Rucellai context

A few years after Medici Palace was completed, one of the other wealthiest families in Florence, built a palace Alberti was a humanist, wrote an important book on architecture, and a book on painting Alberti looked back to Vitruvivus' ancient work Alberti had studied Roman architecture emphasis on measure and harmony Giovanni Ruccellai came from a wealthy Florentine family of wool manufacturers Rucellai expressed his loyalty to the Medici family and was referencing the Medici Palace in the Palazzo Rucellai The building was never finished About two thirds of what Alberti intended is there unfinished in the right side would have been a third entrance Structure was remodeled on the inside (joining many pre-existing independent structures) Loggia may have been built to commemorate a wedding between a member of the Medici family and the Rucellai family Now it is no longer an open loggia, now it has a glass covering and is actually a shoe store

Entombment of Christ form

A large altar painting four rondels two frescoes on the wall that abuts the facade and a painting in the dome (that no longer survives) Christ's torso is massive seems to be carried with no effort at all by the attendant figure in blue just to his left figure below Christ, who is carrying most of his weight is balanced on his tippy toes Exaggeration in the length of his neck and torso In the center we see a gesture of a figure holding up a cloth and some hands holding up one of the hands of Christ Gestures occupy the center of the composition Iconography is different than traditional depictions of the Lamentation or the Deposition Christ's body recalls Michelangelo's figure of Christ in the Pieta, but here the composition takes the form of a circle, which means that our eye never really comes to rest Some of the figures are positioned in unnatural poses and they are set in a complex group without a clear focal point- unlike the structured pyramidal groups of the High Renaissance The figures are highly stylized and there is a strong rejection of the rational spaces of Renaissance paintings Mannerism expressed a different kind of spirituality than the Renaissance, which was so heavily focused on naturalism. Mannerism, on the other hand, was more interested in artificiality. Artist is on the right looking very paranoid Mannerism: emphasizes forms by elongating and contorting them instead of suing naturalism

Hunters in the Snow content

A world locked in winter that is full of life Hunters and their dogs Ice skating peasants A wheeling crow Busied preparations for the cold weather Snow covered landscape Lower left corner: trio of hunters and their pack of dogs return from a hunt Beside the hunters: an inn Rust-colored bricks Bright yellow fire in front Left side: Land slopes down and to the right Beyond the foreground, the landscape drops sharply Middle ground and background: depicts natural and man made world A person carrying a load of sticks over a bridge Figures ice skating on a frozen pond Snow-covered roofs of houses Innumerable tiny bare trees In the distance far on the right side: grey and snowy mountains' peaks seem to touch the sky Right side: Uninterrupted view across the snow valley Men trudge through snow wearily Low spirits: Only one of them carries back a "trophy"- a small fox Trail of rabbit tracks: prey escaped them Figures in front of the inn are preparing a fire for the singeing of a pig People take please in the frozen lake Ice skating Hockey Curling

Venus of Urbino function

Acts as an influential prototype for depictions of the female nude in European art. Provides insight into the social practices intertwining: marriage, sexuality, and female beauty in Renaissance Italy Bed cushions signaling her passion and inflamed desire Installation in the ducal guardaroba meant that it was intended for private viewing Green curtain flug back, mimics the custom of keeping portraits with explicit content, covered with silk cloths Most likely represents a generic and idealized female beauty Could be to commemorate the 1534 wedding of duke Guidobaldo to Giulia de Varano Marriage devices: Sleeping dog = symbolizes martials fidelity; bouquet of roses = associated with Venus and the constancy of love, as is the ytle plant prominent silhouette in the back window; Oblong horizontal format resembles earlier fifteenth century panels found on the underside lid of Florentine cassoni Expensive pearl earrings, ring, and bracelet may relate to the practice of bestowing such jewellery on brides Attendants gathering a lavish blue and gold dress from the two large cassoni in the background = alluding to dowry goods but also Venetain engagement ceremonies when fancy dresses were worn Focal point = woman's pelvis

Alhambra (Palace) context

Alhambra is an abbreviation of "Qal' at al-Hamra" (red fort) Built by the Nasrid Dynasty- the last Muslims to rule Spain Muhammad I founded the Nasrid Dynasty and began the construction of the Alhambra (his court complex) (on Sabika hill) Most celebrated structures are three original royal palaces (they were all built during the 14th century) Comares Palace the Palace of the Lions Partal Palace El Mexuar was built by Ismail I He intended it as a throne room The palaces were expanded in the 1300's and it then became a reception and a meeting hall Formal enough for receiving dignitaries Comares facade Behind El Mexuar Palacio de los Leones was once connected to the Comares after Granada fell (to Christians) Built by Muhammad V Sala de los Mocárabes might have been used as an antechamber name from a carved system of brackets (muqarnas: hold up vaulted ceiling) Sala de los Reyes images were first painted on tanned sheepskins use colors and details attached to the ceiling (not painted on) Palacio del Partal has it's alternate name Portico because the portico, which was formed by a five-arched arcade (at one end of a large pool) one of the oldest palace structures in the Alhambra complex Generalife one of the best preserved Nasrid estates "Jannat" means paradise has water channels, fountains, and greenery long narrow patio has a water channel has a palace elaborate vegetable gardens: made this a great retreat for the rulers of Granada Gardens, water fountains, canals, and pools are a theme in Musilim architecture Taken over by Christians in 1492

La Grande Odalisque content

Although Ingres's commitment to fluid line and elegant postures was grounded in his Neoclassical training, he treated a number of Romantic themes, such as odalisque, almost Mannerist fashion. A 19th century French construction of what the public imagined the erotic orient to look like. Here a languid nude is set in a sumptu- ous interior. At first glance this nude seems to follow in the tradition of the Great Venetian masters, see for instance, Titian's Venus of Urbino of 1538 (left). But upon closer examination, it becomes clear that this is no classical setting. Instead, Ingres has created a cool aloof eroticism accentuated by its exotic context. The peacock fan, the turban, the enormous pearls, the hookah (a pipe for hashish or perhaps opium), and of course, the title of the painting, all refer us to the French conception of the Orient. Careful—the word "Orient" does not refer here to the Far East so much as the Near East or even North Africa. Elongated woman's back, widened her hip, and her tiny boneless feet are anatomically incorrect by aesthetically pleasing.

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation form

Arena Chapel houses lots of narrative scenes in between those scenes are trompe l'oeil (faux marble panels) Arena Chapel organization Three registers begin at top and moves downward (tells a continuous story) Arena: A panel painting is inserted where Giotto painted God (not fresco) painted in a more conservative and less earthly style Arena: Illusionism Arena: Sense of space Arena and Lamentation: Naturalism Lamentation: all of the emphasis on figures and simple background Lamentation: landscape draws our attention down to Mary and Christ (because of rocky slope) Lamentation: Two faceless figures help create an illusion of space Lamentation: Foreshortened and individuality in the angels Chiaroscuro- use of light and shadow Frescos are arranged in a narrative order

Venus of Urbino context

Art historians can not figure out who the woman is Maybe a goddess, or a young bride, or an idealized female body, or a courtesan, or a mistress Titan worked with prestigious clients Popes, Kings, Emperor Charles V, rulers of northern Italian court cities Much of the original impasto is lost Would have hung alongside other sexualized paintings that showcased nude female bodies Could be Guidobaldo's mistress because Titan evidently used the same model for several other portraits for the dukes of Urbino Based on Giorgioone's Sleeping Venus (a naked woman reclining as if asleep in a sunny meadow) One of Titan's innovations: involves the liberation of the nude, once hidden furniture, to a subject for an independent easel painting. Venus became a fashionable subject for artists to paint on cassoni (the large wedding chests containing trousseau and stored in a newly-wed couple's nuptial chamber. Brides often sported blonde hair spread loosely over the shoulder and interlaced with golden filaments and fitted with a fancy tiara. Hand covering below her waist, involves an allusion to ancient Greek and Roman sculptures Overt sensuality of this painting was very influential in art history Titian manipulated the proportions of the body to make the figure especially elegant

David Context

Bargello was used for judicial purposes Now the Bargello is a museum David is one of the most important sculptures of the early Renaissance -Important because it was the first free standing nude sculpture (since classical antiquity) Lost-wax casting had been used throughout the Medieval period (but not at this scale) This sculpture was very important to the city of Florence Seen in the 1460's om the courtyard of the Medici Palace -Medici Palace had a large entrance way -axes that allowed you to see directly to the garden Florentine people had many associations for David -King David from the Bible (defeated his enemy despite being the underdog. Florentines feel identified with David because they defeated their enemy the Duke of Milan, like David) -Goliath takes on role of Duke of Milan -Milan (military and autocracy) was stronger than Florence (mercantile and republic) Medici were run out of town and David was taken to the Signoria (town hall) and made a public sculpture David wears a soft hat contrasting with Goliath's helmet of war

David context

Bargello was used for judicial purposes Now the Bargello is a museum David is one of the most important sculptures of the early Renaissance Important because it was the first free standing nude sculpture (since classical antiquity) Lost-wax casting had been used throughout the Medieval period (but not at this scale) This sculpture was very important to the city of Florence Seen in the 1460's om the courtyard of the Medici Palace Medici Palace had a large entrance way axes that allowed you to see directly to the garden Florentine people had many associations for David King David from the Bible (defeated his enemy despite being the underdog. Florentines feel identified with David because they defeated their enemy the Duke of Milan, like David) Goliath takes on role of Duke of Milan Milan (military and autocracy) was stronger than Florence (mercantile and republic) Medici were run out of town and David was taken to the Signoria (town hall) and made a public sculpture David wears a soft hat contrasting with Goliath's helmet of war

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Formal elements of the architecture:

Bedrock Cut limestone Limestone casing Red granite Almost perfect pyramids Pyramid of Khafre looks the tallest (it's on higher ground) Largest pyramid= Pyramid of Khufu Second largest pyramid= Pyramid of Khafre Smallest of the pyramids= Pyramid of Menkaure Great Sphinx= carved into bedrock of the plateau Sphinx was originally brightly painted Temple in front of Sphinx, has granite pillars and two sanctuaries Khafre's valley temple was made of megalithic blocks with granite and white calcite polished floors Khafre's pyramid white washed (reflective)

Monticello function

Began as a Palladian two-story pavilion,after re-imagining it gives the impression of a symmetrical single-story brick home under an austere Doric entablature. The New Republic of America adopts the Greeek ideal of liberty and democracy in the light of reason and in reaction to the repressive monarchy

The Palace at VersaillesContextual issues / History about the work or architect (Historical events, religious beliefs, economic considerations):

Begun in 1661, completed ~1682 Louis XIV's Staff Louis le Vau: chief architect to the King Built the Grand Façade and the King and Queen's apartments Built the park's Orangerie and Menagerie Adopted the Italian-style 'invisible' roof hidden by a trophy-adorned balustrade Balustrade: a railing supported by ornamental parapets André le Nôtre: landscape designer of the gardens Charles le Brun: interior decorator and painter Jean-Baptiste Colbert: Principal advisor to the King Collaborated with Louis XIV to organize art and architecture to serve the French state. Pierre Puget: Sculptor; his works are in the King's Gardens

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) form

Bench that lines the wall -Pietra serena - grayish green stone -articulates the decorative elements on the walls -articulates the walls Very close to a centrally planned space (Brunelleschi made it more rectangular) -strong sense of geometry and order Classicism fluted pilasters long walls hemispherical dome with oculus in the center -windows piercing its sides dome on pendentives -triangular spaces (dome rests on) Soundels terracotta Rational space small barrel vaults on either side of the central dome

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) form

Bench that lines the wall Pietra serena grayish green stone articulates the decorative elements on the walls articulates the walls Very close to a centrally planned space (Brunelleschi made it more rectangular) strong sense of geometry and order Classicism fluted pilasters long walls hemispherical dome with oculus in the center windows piercing its sides dome on pendentives triangular spaces (dome rests on) Soundels terracotta Rational space small barrel vaults on either side of the central dome

Palazzo Rucellai function

Benches on the ground floor -invitation for the citizens of the city to come and rest Loggia would have protected people as they walked through Even the palace is seen a kind of civic good Beautify city Possibly reflected Giovanni Rucellai's pretensions for his family

Palazzo Rucellai function

Benches on the ground floor invitation for the citizens of the city to come and rest Loggia would have protected people as they walked through Even the palace is seen a kind of civic good Beautify city Possibly reflected Giovanni Rucellai's pretensions for his family

Folio from a Qur'an form

Bifolium (two page spread) Main text is written in brown ink Short vowels (u, a, and i) are marked with red cricels positioned above, next to, or below the consonants, depending on the vowel Text of each sura (chapter) is divided into verses by triangles made up of five gold circles (located at the end of each verse) Title of each sura (chapter) is written in gold ink and surrounded by a rectangle filled with undulating golden vine Rounded palmette (extends into the margin of the folio) Dimensions of each page were calculated before the parchment paper was cut and the text was carefully situated relative to the edges of the pages Parchment paper or vellum is larger than a normal piece of paper has nine lines of calligraphy Geometric planning Wider pages than tall Text block height to width ratio = 2:3 Width of text-block is approximately equal to the height of the page Height of each line of text was derived from the first letter of the alphabet which was derived from the width of the nib of the reed pen used by the calligraphers to write the text From there, each line was divided into a set number of "interlines" The spaces between non-connecting characters within a word are as wide as the spaces that separate different words Done on Kufic Script To write: a wide reed pen was dipped in ink Principles of Kufic: preference for strokes short straight vertical lines and long horizontal lines horizontal baseline

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 form

Black and white Man wearing light-colored or white tied to a pole by his hands (behind his back) He is blindfolded The landscape has some depth and the scene is dark There is a firing squad behind the central figure facing similarly bound people (also tied to poles) On the central figure's right side → there is a body contorted on the floor → likely dead There are rifle barrels pointed at the central figure coming out from the right side of the painting The people holding them are occluded

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco primary building materials

Brick, Marble, Fresco, Stucco

Santa Sabina primary building materials

Brick, stone, wood

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) context

Campin was a very successful painter in Tournai (Northern Europe) Had assistants, apprentices, and a large workshop Tournai (part of Burgundian Netherlands) Very wealthy place where luxury goods were produced (new found prosperity) Increase of interest in commissioning paintings as aids in prayers (home use) Paintings were generally commissioned, but in Tournai it was a trade oriented culture. (makes sense that artists would paint and hope to have purchasers) The donors are shown kneeling which makes them easily recognizable as donors "Hortus Conclusus" (latin) means closed garden Northern Renaissance artists used small details, texture, and light key in door: shine and shadow Center-Annunciation is a great example of Northern Renaissance painting drapery (Gabriel and Mary) sharp folds and thick fabric This would have been viewed differently from how we view it now We spend a few minutes and keep walking Back then it would have been viewed at for longer than a few minutes Painting is hundreds of years old Many symbols have to do with idea of God and Mary's virginity Brunelleschi developed linear perspective in Italy Renaissance has an interest in naturalism Realism is expressed differently in each city, country, and continent St. Augustine "the cross of the lord was the devil's mouse trap, the bait by which he was caught was the lord's death."

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation Date/Century:

Chapel: c.1303 CE; Fresco: c.1305 CE

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation century

Chapel: c.1303 CE; Fresco: c.1305 CE

Chartres Cathedral location

Chartres, France

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco content

Church Name of patron Name of Jesus (IHS) on ceiling Focus on the Altar removal of the aisles as a space for traffic Space for individual chapels on the sides, but emphasis is on the great space Huge explosive ceiling with frescoes Far end: name of Jesus in a starburst made of gilded bronze Heaven depicted with ambiguous borders Cherubs and angels Figures falling out of sky and into shade Damned are cast into hell and the save rise heaven ward A last judgement Church has a dome over the intersection of the large nave and transept Very dark interior Focus on altar in the center

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane context

Church itself is based on an oval Trinitarian Order was dedicated to ransoming Christains, that had been taken in war or by pirates Trinitarians had very little money Most of the church is made out of very inexpensive materials Stucco: soft cement that is easy to carve Importance of geometry Trinitaris focus their devotion on the Holy Trinity When you stand in center of church and look up, you don't see the windows and it looks as though light is pouring down to the earthly below from this spiritual divine miraculous source Idea that a divine geometry underlies what seems like a kind of chaos of the earthly Idea of God as the divine geometer Just before church was built, Johannes Kepler wrote about how the universe was structured by the laws of geometry A recent art historical study sees a relationship between the complex lobing of the church and the medieval use of the mandorla, That is a kind of full-body halo in which Christ is often represented

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line artist

Claude Monet

Hagia Sophia location

Constantinople (Istanbul)

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza function

Contained information about the lords of Tenochtitlan, the tribute paid to the Aztecs, and an account of life "from year to year" Corroborated other information we have about the capital city and its origins Division of the city into four parts was intended to mirror the organization of the universe, believed to be four parts aligned with the four cardinal directions Eagle and cactus = relate to the narrative surrounding the capital's establishment Cactus upon which the eagle rests also symbolizes = the place name of Tenochtitlan War shield indicated that the Mexica did not settle peacefully in the Valley of Mexico Simple structure above the eagle likely symbolizes: a temple Different types of plants that dpt the city's four quadrants allude to: the agricultural fertility associated with the city. Tenoch's speech scroll and woven mat convey his high status Reed has a cord wound around it and a fire drill appears above it notes that: the year 2-Reed was the first year of a mew 52-year cycle (the time during which new fire was drilled to begin the new cycle and signal the completion of the previous 52-year cycle) Military power of the Aztecs emphasized by showing two soldiers in hierarchic scale (tower over the men they defeat) Burning temples paired with specific hills note that Colhuacan and Tenayuca were defeated This scene of conquest alludes to early Axtec military victories, which aided them in building their power, even prior to their first official tlatoani came to power

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Primary building materials used in construction

Cut limestone White limestone Paint

House of the Vettii main media

Cut stone and fresco

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Formal qualities of this work:

Cylindrical shaped Figures stand "erect" Broad shoulders (sense of frontality) Inscribed on back Meant to be seen from the front Hair parted down the center of the head Hair falls in braids or wavelets that frame the beard, in men (formal) Fine incisizing at the bottom of the man's skirt Curving figures Flattened V-shaped torso= geometric patterning (not natural) Large eyes (made from inlaid shell)(pupils made from black limestone) Incisized eyebrows Skirt extends out and attaches to the figures forearms (creates a wide unexpected look) Static Symmetrical

Great Mosque building's utilatarian function

Demonstrates the presence and stability of the transplanted Umayyads in Cordoba built mosque in cordoba on the site of a christian church (built by the visigoths) This appropriation of a christian site made a statement about the existence of Islam in the region & the power of the new rulers Place of worship Followers pray towards the mihrab (which faces mecca) Represents a combination of cultures & religions Exemplifies Islamic design and variety of color on mosaics

Great Mosque context

Demonstration of multi-cultural influence on their art Ancient roman columns in hypostyle prayer hall were recycled from the original christian church on site The building was expanded over 200 years (even after becoming a mosque) Began as a roman temple Temple was converted to a church by visigoths - who seized cordoba in 572 CE Umayyad conquerors converted church to a mosque Completely rebuilt by the descendants of the exiled Umayyads Umayyads First Islamic dynasty who had originally ruled from their capital Damascus in present-day syria from 661 to 750 7th & 8th centuries period of vastly increasing wealth economic prosperity resulted in significant financial corruption with caliphs Provincial rulers establish independent dynasties

The Oath of the Horatii content

Depiction of a Roman Myth Three brothers swear on their swords to their father Women sits to the right grieving Figures are placed in a columned hall (Neoclassical) The three Horatii sons salute their father who holds their swords as they prepare to protect Rome from the Curiatii of Alba Longa.

The Swing content

Depiction of a fine lady swinging above her lover and a bishop Scene = dense garden with flowers and cupid statues A playful rococo painting, the girl is being pushed on the swing by a suitor, while her lover is hiding in the bushes looking up her skirt with her legs spread. It is indicative of the rococo in its emphasis of movement with both the swing and the man taking action to look up his lover's dress. bright colors, the painterly brushwork, and the light hearted subject matter.

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 context

Disasters of war was created from 1810-1820 82 images meant to protest against the French occupation of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon tricked the king of Spain into letting his troops cross the border → then he usurped the king and put his brother on the throne There was an uprising and a lot of Spaniards died The French were pushed out after the Peninsular war → very bloody conflict Also satirizing Spanish socio-economy → which caused people to live in poverty Their new monarch was also a tyrant and would not institute political reform Process of making the images Etch the plate → cover the metal plate with wax, carve out the shapes, dip in acid so that the acid goes into the incisions, melt off the wax and the incisions remain Drypoint scratch lines on the surface with a stylus → create a less even line Then the artist pours ink on the plate and wipes it off so that it only remains in the spots where the acid burned or the artist etched Moist paper is put on the plate → run through a press Goya Worked as a painter for the French and Spanish royalty His work was so controversial Prints intended to install Spanish nationalism

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis form

Does not have large bands of calligraphy Filled with figures, animals, and decorative patterning The only part that is not completely covered are the bottom few inches of the walls of the inside of the basin The floor of the basin is completely covered The floor very abstract with sea animals very complex and interconnected designs (similar to tile work) eels in silver Above the base, there is a continuous band of animals that parade around the inner wall Above the band of animals, there is a wide frieze of men on horseback interspersed by animals as well as medallions, figures that are rulers, as well as coats of arms Two rulers who sit frontally and both hold goblets Figures in between seem to be hunting but also scenes of battle Limbs and a decapitated head (violence) Basin is brass and has areas of silver, gold, and black paste Largest frieze is on exterior Four figures in roundels each on horseback Two are hunting One is drawing his bow Last is processing or holding a club Figures on either side of the roundels, sometimes four and sometimes five, all in procession towards the royal figures Figures doing interesting things One is holding a leopard by a leash Another seems to raise a goblet in one hand and a vessel in the other Figures densely packed Very bottom band, roundels with Fleur-de-lis Very complicated iconography Rich imagery unicorn elephant leopard camel antelope Movement and energy in the decorative forms and figures A small amount of Arabic inscription = signature of the artist (just under the rim)

David artist

Donatello

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz funciton

Done by Miguel Cabrera. c. 1750 C.E. Oil on canvas. Spanish Colonies of Americas (Mexico) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a Creole woman who became a nun in 1669, published books that were widely read, wrote poetry & theatrical pieces, instrumental in educating females in male-dominated world so she had to impersonate a man so she could continue to study. Admiration artwork, painted 55 years after her death to demonstrate strength & education of this literary figure.

Shibboleth artist

Doris Salcedo

Adam and Eve context

Durer was very conscientious He was one of the first artist to study nature and the details of the human body Durer employed merchants to sell this far and wide across Europe and it made its way to India He spent four years working on this print Forest is German dark woods of the devils and spooks of Grimm's fairy tales Colorful, tropical parrots were collectors items in Germany and they were also symbols in art

Adam and Eve form

Durer was very conscientious He was one of the first artist to study nature and the details of the human body Durer employed merchants to sell this far and wide across Europe and it made its way to India He spent four years working on this print Forest is German dark woods of the devils and spooks of Grimm's fairy tales Colorful, tropical parrots were collectors items in Germany and they were also symbols in art

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby context

During the Enlightenment, and meant to showcase a moment that captures the discoveries and vibrant learning atmosphere of the era The Enlightenment was a philosophical shift into a more secular, scientific way of thought. It deviated from the traditional and religious models on life and the universe that had been practiced during the Middle Ages. Of course, scientists and inventors were essential to the Enlightenment; however, artists and writers were also important to spread Enlightenment ideas and inspire rational thinking Joseph Wright of Derby actually became the unofficial artist of the Enlightenment Lived all his life in Derby, England, and spent much time discussing and learning about science Especially known for his usage of chiaroscuro

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover form

Each miniature has a golden-leaf background Created during the Gothic Period In the image of Moses and Aaron come before Pharaoh, Pharaoh looks more like a French King rather than an Egyptian Pharaoh Long flowing body Small architectural details Patterned background Stylistically an example of Jewish and Gothic(Christian) Art Book pages made of vellum with gold leaf

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis period

Early Byzantine Europe

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis period/culture

Early Byzantine Europe

San Vitale Period/Culture

Early Byzantine Europe

San Vitale period

Early Byzantine Europe

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George period

Early Byzantine Europe

Santa Sabina building's utaliatarian function

Early Christian church -To respect Sabina, who supposedly died on the location - Roman Emperor from the 300s and Christian convert - Martyr for Christianity -To impress the viewer and inspire them to follow Christianity

David period

Early Renaissance

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page PERIOD/CULTURE

Early medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis century

Early sixth century ce.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis date/century

Early sixth century ce.

Fallingwater patron

Edgar J. Kaufmann

Olympia architect

Edouard Manet

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane content

Engaged columns alternating with niches Curving rectangular panels and arches Dome Lobed entablature Arches

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 period

Enlightenment

The Swing form

Epitome of Rococo Rococo style- "The pursuit of happiness and the pursuit of love" Lightheartedness (subject and technique) Realism and Naturalism Emphasis on the natural background Intentional use of soft colors Ornate details (layers in her dress) Strong use of lines (eyes directed towards the woman) Lighting = woman bathed in sunlight

Self-Portrait as a Soldier artist

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Self-Portrait with Saskia media

Etching

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 media

Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing.

Entombment of Christ function

Exaggeration in the length of his neck and torso that seems to be a kind of rejection of the clarity of High Renaissance naturalism Often seen as an exemplar of the new mannerist style, built on the naturalism of the High Renaissance, but introducing elegance The gestures in the center, create an extraordinary sense of elegance an elegance that we also see in that earlier Botticelli To depict the carrying of Jesus' lifeless body

The Swing Function

Expressing the optissims of the Enlightenment and the escapist pursuit of please and celebration of love and a reaction to the heavy Baroque Classicism of Versailles Fragonard painted this for a wealthy patron who wanted to keep this in his private collection for decoration. Likely the man in the bottom left. Shows a woman on a swing while her lover and a bishop stand below

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) location

Florence, Italy

Electronic Superhighway period

Fluxus/Dada movement

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao artist

Frank Gehry

Fallingwater architect

Frank Lloyd Wright

Tomb of the Triclinium form

Fresco painting Females had a light skin tone Males had a darker skin tone Figures are stiff and are not realistic

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes form

Frescoes take up the entirety of the vault Ignudi (nude youths) sit in fictive architectire around the frescoes, and they are acoomplanied by prophets and sibyls (ancient seers who, according to tradition, foretold the coming of Christ) in the spandrels. In the four corners of the room, in the pendentives, there are scenes depicting the Salvation of Israel The Deluge Michelangelo has used the physical space of the water and the sky to separate four distinct parts of the narrative. Right side: a cluster of people seek sanctuary from the raon under makeshift shelter Left side: even more people climb up the side of a mountain to escape the rising water. Centrally: a small boat is about to capsize because of the unending downpour Background: a team of men work on building the ark- the only hope of salvation The use of small, tightly grouped figures undermines the emotional content and makes the story harder to follow Delphic Sibyl: circular compostion of the body, which echoes the contours of her fictive architectural setting, adds to the sense of the sculptural weight of the figure Powerful arms Heft of her body imposing Both her left elbow and knee come into the viewer's space Grace and harmony of porportion Libyan Sibyl: In a contored position that would be nearly impossible for an atual person to hold Excuted with a sprezzatura (a deceptive ease) Watchful expression Last Judgement: Christ in the top center Either side of Christ are saints and Old Testament figures Below Christ, there is a separation of the blessed from the damned Christ's left: the damned who are going to hell Christ's right: the blessed who are going to heaven Christ as a powerful judge who's facing towards the damned smiting them Christ seems to be pointing to his cross wounds Mary crouches beside him (powerless) and looks down toward the blessed, seems to give over to Christ the damned Christ's right: Blessed rise up to heaven from their graves pulled by angels who seem to assist them in their ascent to heaven Below Christ, angels blowing their trumpetd awakening the dead from their graves The angels are clearly male and powerful Their heads are too small for their bodies In blowing their trumpets they look almost as though they are going to explode with the power that that takes Spirtis emerge from the Earth Emphasis on the human body The damned are being delivered on a boat Oarsmen kicking the damned off his boat demons are helping with their pitchforks and they are harvesting new souls for hell Angels punching and throwing the damned into hell One figure has a devil pulling at him from below, but his psychological intensity gives him the name, "Damned Man" Christ has a huge torso that is completely out of scale with his head and with his height Bartholomew holds a knife and he is on a cloud The skin he holds has a self portrait of Michelangelo for the face

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Building's Utilitarian Function:

Funerary place of burial for kings and an entry point into the afterlife Tomb for pharaohs Sphinx protects the pyramids Pyramids are tombs, not temples

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Funerary sarcophagus containing mummy of King Tut Crook Flail Vulture (Nekhbet) Cobra (Wadjet) Isis and Nephthys (goddesses) Death mask - False beard - Striped Headdress Pharaoh

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Funerary sarcophagus containing mummy of King Tut Crook Flail Vulture (Nekhbet) Cobra (Wadjet) Isis and Nephthys (goddesses) Death mask False beard Striped Headdress Pharaoh

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Artist / Architect

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation context

Giotto di Bondone is best known for the frescos he painted in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel. The frescos were commissioned by a wealthy banker named Enrico Scrovegni. It is called the Arena Chapel because of its location next to an Ancient Roman arena. Giotto was a usurer and this sin weighed heavily on him. (usurer: when a banker charges interest) Being a Catholic, banker was a good career from the financial aspect, but would send you to Hell (belief system) Enrico was very worried about going to Hell, so he built the Chapel (in hope that his soul would go to heaven) Lamentation: comes from word lament, to grieve Lamentation: Mary Magdalene was a Jesus' feet because she had once anointed his feet The two figures with no faces showing is very naturalistic on Giotto's part (demonstrates his breakaway from the Medieval period) Goitto was probably Cimabue's student and learned chiaroscuro from him. Above the main door is the Last Judgement (leave with a feeling of needing to be a good person because Jesus is watching)

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation context

Giotto di Bondone is best known for the frescos he painted in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel. The frescos were commissioned by a wealthy banker named Enrico Scrovegni. It is called the Arena Chapel because of its location next to an Ancient Roman arena. Giotto was a usurer and this sin weighed heavily on him. (usurer: when a banker charges interest) Being a Catholic, banker was a good career from the financial aspect, but would send you to Hell (belief system) Enrico was very worried about going to Hell, so he built the Chapel (in hope that his soul would go to heaven) Lamentation: comes from word lament, to grieve Lamentation: Mary Magdalene was a Jesus' feet because she had once anointed his feet The two figures with no faces showing is very naturalistic on Giotto's part (demonstrates his breakaway from the Medieval period) Goitto was probably Cimabue's student and learned chiaroscuro from him. Above the main door is the Last Judgement (leave with a feeling of needing to be a good person because Jesus is watching)

Palazzo Rucellai intended audience

Giovanni Rucellai and his family

Stadia II period

Global Modernism

Palette of King Narmer Media:

Greywack

Venus of Urbino patron

Guidobaldo II della Rovere, duke of Urbino

The Kiss Artist

Gustav Klimt

The Stone Breakers artist

Gustave Courbet

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Media:

Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover context

Haggadah: The book used to tell the story of Passover Usually includes prayers and readings and sometimes images that helped create a vivid picture of the history of Passover Haggadah: means "narration" in Hebrew Would have been quite expensive to produce and was owned by a wealthy Jewish family Second commandment in Judaism forbids the making of "graven images", but haggadots were exempt from this rule Haggadots were many times seen as educational instead of religious Christian art in Europe influenced the artists Artistic cross-cultural borrowing occurred in Europe

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple content

Hellenistic and Near Eastern architecture -Their architecture reflects the diverse and different cultures with which the Nabateans traded, interacted -Many of the tombs contain niches -No human remains have ever been found in any of the tombs, and the exact funerary practices of the Nabataeans remain unknown -The treasury was exceptional for its figurative detail and Hellenistic architectural orders -City built along a caravan route. -On the upper level, Amazons and Victories stand flanking a central female figure (on the tholos), who is probably Isis-Tyche, a combination of the Egyptian Goddess, Isis, and Tyche, the Greek Goddess of good fortune. -The lower level features the Greek twin gods, Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, who protected travelers and the dead on their journeys. -There are other details from the artistic traditions of the Hellenistic world, including eagles, the symbols of royal Ptolemies, vines, vegetat -the tomb also features rosettes, a design originally associated with the ancient Near East.

The Arnolfini Portrait context

Historians are not certain what this truly is: Double portrait? Wedding portrait Memorial portrait: woman on right passed away the previous year Male giving authority to woman in legal affairs Greeting visitors in mirror Brugge was a thriving town in the early 15th century (economically) Period when symboims was extremely important Dogs are common symbols of paintings of couples Oranges= one of the items the Arnolifini's imported Bedrooms were rooms where visitors came (not private space in the 15th century) Frayed out was fashionable Woman probably not pregnant, just a fashion of the time Light= typical of Northern Renaissance Lack of human anatomy and rational prospectively correct space tells us that we are not in the Italian Renaissance. We are in the Northern Renaissance because of the texture, use of oil paint and attention to detail

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees media

Illuminated manuscript (ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum)

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover Media:

Illuminated manuscript (pigments and gold leaf on vellum)

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover media

Illuminated manuscript (pigments and gold leaf on vellum)

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis main media

Illuminated manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum)

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis media

Illuminated manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum)

Birth of Venus function

Important because it is perhaps one of the first almost life sized representations of a female nude that is fully mythological in its subject matter Venus covering her body was a gesture of modesty, not a gesture of shame like Eve Figures represent Botticelli's incredibly sophisticated understanding of the human body Possibly a connection between classical mythology to certain Christian ideas via a philosophy called Neoplatonism Celebration of beauty and love -can be thought about in a secular context and a Christian context Maybe made for a wedding due to Botticelli's emphasis on sensual and erotic beauty

Birth of Venus function

Important because it is perhaps one of the first almost life sized representations of a female nude that is fully mythological in its subject matter Venus covering her body was a gesture of modesty, not a gesture of shame like Eve Figures represent Botticelli's incredibly sophisticated understanding of the human body Possibly a connection between classical mythology to certain Christian ideas via a philosophy called Neoplatonism Celebration of beauty and love can be thought about in a secular context and a Christian context Maybe made for a wedding due to Botticelli's emphasis on sensual and erotic beauty

The Bayeux Tapestry context

In 1066: William invaded and conquered England He became the first Norman King of England The end that is missing, is thought to show the coronation of William as King of England Made within a generation of Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons Odo was the half brother of William (Duke of Normandy) Was displayed at Bayeux Cathedral (late Middle Ages) Needlework suggests that Anglo Saxon embroiders produced the tapestry During this time, Anglo-Saxon needlework was valued Guys on horses are winners

Pyxis of al-Mughira function

In Al-Andalus, ivory objects, including Pyxides were bestowed upon members of the royal family Specifically sons, wives and daughters on important or memorable occasions, such as a marriage, birth or coming of age Later they were given as Caliphal gifts to important allies, such as the Berbers, who are the indigenous peoples of North Africa, many of whom converted to Islam and swore their allegiance to the Umayyad Caliphs in Spain. The practical function was to carry perfumes and other cosmetics

David form

In the Bargello in Florence (in a huge vaulted room) Contrapposto sense of movement Bronze, largely copper, with a little bit of tin hollow Lost-wax casting Goliath's sword has notches out of it

Entombment of Christ context

In the church of Santa Felicita in Florence There is a small chapel inside belonged to the Capponi family acquired it in the 1520's their hired Pontormo to produce its decorative cycle Pontormo seems to have removed all the stage props that are traditional in paintings like this left us instead with the human body and capacios cloth and one cloud, that and a little bit of steep ground are the only hints that place these figures Moved away from the Renaissance no illusion of space no linear perspective or atmospheric perspective no bodies that seem to be weighted on the ground Pontormo plays with human anatomy something that had been so important for Renaissance artists Mannerism is the style that emerges after the HIgh Renaissance in the 1520's High Renaissance painting looked to nature as its source Mannerism and Pontormo seemed to be using art itself as its source highly self-referential Pontormo is not interested in stability or balance, which were important artistic elements in the Renaissance This painting rejects so many of the traditions of the Renaissance, its also building on those traditions Gestures are very hard to interpret The beginnings of the Reformation in Northern Europe, but also a new context here in Florence: the dismantling of the Republic and the consolidation of Medici rule, which will lead to the Medicis becoming the Dukes of Florence Art historians are all over the map regarding the subject of the painting Martin Luther had called into question the notion of transubstantiation (the miracle that takes place at every mass, when bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ) Showing Christ's body being lowered onto the table of the altar in a confirmation of that miracle Two figures that look out are angels and they have removed Christ from Mary's lap and are going to elevate his body toward heaven, towards God the father (who once appeared in the dome above in a pose, perhaps that indicated his welcoming of Christ's body) The figures would be close to a well-known subject called the Throne of Mercy where God holds the crucified Christ If that is true, we are asked to not look at the painting in isolation, but in a relationship with the fresco that would have been above it Historical circumstances may have had an influence on the Mannerist style that influenced the painting: The Protestant Reformation The rule of the Medici and the dissolution of the Florentine republic

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco context

In the midst of Rome Very close to the Pantheon and 10 minutes from the Forum Founded as the mother church of the Jesuit Order in the mid to late 1500s after the death of Saint Ignatious of Loyola, its founder IHS is sometimes read in Latinm sometimes in Greek as an interpretation of the letters of Jesus' name Alexander Farnese was an enormously rich powerful and art-loving cardinal Council of Trent wanted to direct this in simplicity/called for the interiors to become more spare Looks ornamental because it's the materials themself It was a common practice to rebuild the new Christ In Rome out of its ancient "pagan past" Ceiling with frescoes and Jesus' name in a starburst relate closely to Berini's great apse decoration in Saint Peter's (existed in Rome in the early Baroque period) See a similarly burst of light (in that case from from the Holy Spirit) Goes from the earthly to the heavenly from the secular from us standing here to the sacred (from matter to spirit) Coming together of architectural space, of painting, of sculpture, of stained glass, of gilding of color During Renaissance and Medieval art, ambiguity was just out of the question Everything had to be clear We don't know if we are looking at shading up there or painting of a shape Joining of the spiritual and earthly realm that happens in Baroque so often

Seagram Building content

International style of architecture - thought that a house should be a "machine for living" - clean space and white lines - the internal structure is a skeleton system that holds the building up from within - no ornamentation, no paint applied to the exterior - a depiction of "less is more" (this is important because this comes to be rejected by pop art) - reflection of the minimalist movement in painting - interplay of verticle and horizontal lines

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) period

Isfahan, Iran

Dome of The Rock period

Islamic, Umayyad

Last Supper function

Judas Iscariot is identified because he reaches to a plate beside Christ and because he hold tightly onto a purse containing his reward for identifying Christ to the authorities (the following day) Peter sits next to Judas and holds a knife in his right hand (foreshadows that Peter will sever the ear of a soldier as he attempts to protect Christ from his arrest) Ideal geometric forms refer to the renaissance interest in Neoplatonism (element of the humanist revival that reconciles aspects of Greek philosophy with Christian theology.) Geometry was used by the Greeks to express heavenly perfection -Was used by Leonardo to celebrate Christ as the embodiment of heaven on earth. The beautiful landscape outside of the windows often has been interpreted as a paradise that can only be reached through Christ. The number three is often a reference to the HOly Trinity in Catholic art The number four is important in the classical tradition (Plato's four virtues) Simple architecture to amplify the spirituality Window and arching pediment suggest a halo Crowding of figures -uses the table as a barrier to separate the spiritual realm from the viewer's earthly world

Last Supper function

Judas Iscariot is identified because he reaches to a plate beside Christ and because he hold tightly onto a purse containing his reward for identifying Christ to the authorities (the following day) Peter sits next to Judas and holds a knife in his right hand (foreshadows that Peter will sever the ear of a soldier as he attempts to protect Christ from his arrest) Ideal geometric forms refer to the renaissance interest in Neoplatonism (element of the humanist revival that reconciles aspects of Greek philosophy with Christian theology.) Geometry was used by the Greeks to express heavenly perfection Was used by Leonardo to celebrate Christ as the embodiment of heaven on earth. The beautiful landscape outside of the windows often has been interpreted as a paradise that can only be reached through Christ. The number three is often a reference to the HOly Trinity in Catholic art The number four is important in the classical tradition (Plato's four virtues) Simple architecture to amplify the spirituality Window and arching pediment suggest a halo Crowding of figures uses the table as a barrier to separate the spiritual realm from the viewer's earthly world

San Vitale intended audience

Justinian and theodora never came to Ravenna, so this confirmed their right to rule without their presence

San Vitale intended audience

Justinian and theodora never came to Ravenna, so this confirmed their right to rule without their presence.

Darkytown Rebellion artist

Kara Walker

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Function(s) / Meaning:

King is shown here in his divine form in the afterlife (gods were thought to have skin of gold, sliver bones, and lapis lazuli hair) Sarcophagus was meant to protect and preserve Pharaoh in afterlife Crook and Flail are symbols of the king's right to rule Crook: power, following, order Flail: authority, enforcing laws, and whip Vulture: goddess Nekhbet Cobra: goddess Wadjet Back of the Death Mask is covered with a spell from the Book of the Dead Egyptians used Book of the Dead as a road map for afterlife

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes content

Lamassu figures Inscription of gates: the Gates of All Nations Artificial terraces Portico Hypostyle hall The king's guard(immortals) were carved into stairs

Villa Savoye architect

Le Corbusier

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) function

Left- Wall garden (late medieval and renaissance art) refers to Mary's virginity Center: Shiny reflective pot is a symbol of the Virgin Mary's purity Small figure holding cross (seems to be flying down with sun rays through the round window) heading towards Mary and the Holy Spirit unusual: we normally expect a dove as a symbol of the Holy Spirit Moment in which God is made flesh (one world ends and another begins) To aid private devotion Painting celebrating Christ's arrival, also hints at Christ's death Objects around Joseph reference Christ's passing wood on the floor and an axe reference to the cross Jesus died on or the holes Joseph is putting in the wood, is a reference to the holes from the nails in Jesus' hands and feet

The Oath of the Horatii context

Legend of Horatii Conflict between Rome and city of Alba Instead of declaring war, they sent 3 representatives to settle dispute 3 brothers of the Horatti Typical for battles to be won as men remain standing Held moral value in Roman culture Sacrifice for the defense of your city is a noble case Time of Painting France was on the verge of its Revolution and the end of the monarchy David picked up on the independent ideas resurfacing all over the world (revolutionary thinking) 1785, 10' x 14' Inspired by Roman tradition where rather than all out wars they would elect people to duke it out to settle the dispute. Neoclassicism

Palazzo Rucellai architect

Leon Battista Alberti

Last Supper artist

Leonardo da Vinci

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art form

Lithograph (printing from a stone or smooth metal plate to produce mass images.

The Code of Hammurabi Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Located in the Louvre in Paris One of the most popular artworks to look at (in the Louvre) Nearly 4,000 years old Shamash is the sun god and god of justice Largely intact When it was discovered, it was broken in 3 parts This sculpture informs us about Babylonial culture family life what was important to them agriculture The cuneiform was written in Akkadian, which was used for government decrees

Birth of Venus form

Located in the Uffizi in Florence Sway of Venus Complex intertwining of figures on the left Flat canvas (2D) even though we see a deep space -emphasis on pattern -flowers strewn on the left side of the canvas (very close to foreground) -right side: flowers, except now they are part of dress worn by the attendant and part of the cloth she carries -Alteration of light and dark in the scallop shell, seems to push the back forward -little v's that refer to the waves of the sea -all figures occupy the same plane -one figure isn't behind another or deeper in space, so it reads very flatly Drapery wrapping around the figure of the nymph on the right Figures are weightless, they don't stand firmly on the ground Venus forms a serpentine shape Venus' golden hair highlighted with actual lines of gold -blows in the wind -surrounded the curve of her body -brought down in front of her to cover her modestly Gold also appears in the foliage to the upper right and can be seen in the trunks of the trees that form the grove at the right Venus tilts her head slightly

Birth of Venus form

Located in the Uffizi in Florence Sway of Venus Complex intertwining of figures on the left Flat canvas (2D) even though we see a deep space emphasis on pattern flowers strewn on the left side of the canvas (very close to foreground) right side: flowers, except now they are part of dress worn by the attendant and part of the cloth she carries Alteration of light and dark in the scallop shell, seems to push the back forward little v's that refer to the waves of the sea all figures occupy the same plane one figure isn't behind another or deeper in space, so it reads very flatly Drapery wrapping around the figure of the nymph on the right Figures are weightless, they don't stand firmly on the ground Venus forms a serpentine shape Venus' golden hair highlighted with actual lines of gold blows in the wind surrounded the curve of her body brought down in front of her to cover her modestly Gold also appears in the foliage to the upper right and can be seen in the trunks of the trees that form the grove at the right Venus tilts her head slightly

Last Supper context

Location: Maria delle Grazie, Milan Two events: -Christ says, "One of you will betray me." -Christ blesses the bread and wine, "Take, eat; this is my body." "Drink from it all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for the forgiveness of sins." It is in terrible condition Soon after it was completed, it began deteriorating. There have been seven documented attempts to repair During WW2 the Allies bombed Milan -The wall with the painting survived -The "Last Supper" remaned exposed to the elements only with a tarp for several months until a team od -restores began working to preserve and restore the painting restorers covered the painting with a thick layer of shellac (kind of resin) 50,000 hours spent on the conservation project 17.5 percent of the surface lost 40 percent of the surface painted during the seen previous restorations

Last Supper context

Location: Maria delle Grazie, Milan Two events: Christ says, "One of you will betray me." Christ blesses the bread and wine, "Take, eat; this is my body." "Drink from it all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for the forgiveness of sins." It is in terrible condition Soon after it was completed, it began deteriorating. There have been seven documented attempts to repair During WW2 the Allies bombed Milan The wall with the painting survived The "Last Supper" remaned exposed to the elements only with a tarp for several months until a team od restores began working to preserve and restore the painting restorers covered the painting with a thick layer of shellac (kind of resin) 50,000 hours spent on the conservation project 17.5 percent of the surface lost 40 percent of the surface painted during the seen previous restorations

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building context

Louis Sullivan's Carson, Pirie, Scott building -A department store that was constructed in two stages in 1899 and 1903-04. -Hallmarks of Sullivan's design aesthetic: highly complicated, delicate, organic -Sullivan analyzed the poble of high-rise commercial architecture and argued with his famous phrase: "form must ever follow function" (a building's design must reflect the social purpose of a particular space -Sullivan illustrated this thought by explaining a perfect tripartite skyscraper -First: base level with a ground floor for businesses that require easy public access, ligt, and open space -Additionally, there should be a second story publicly accessible by stairways -The floors should be followed by an infinite number of stories for offices, designed to look the same (because they serve the same purpose) -Lastly, the building should be topped with an attic storey and distinct cornice line to mark its endpoint and set it apart from the other buildings within the cityscape. -Sullivan said that a skyscraper must be tall and that the design should provide emphasis on momentum -Some critics felt that the lower section of the building was uncomfortable and disruptive to the typical planar style -Sullivan was fascinated with bridges

Allegory of Law and Grace context

Lucas Cranach created this image in consultation with Martin Luther. The image outlines salvation in the Protestant tradition. The Law and the Gospel is the single most influential image of the Lutheran Reformation The Reformation was initiated in Martin Luther in 1517 It was originally an attempt to reform the Catholic Church Reform quickly became rebellion, as people began to question the power and practices of the Catholic Church (which had been the only church in western Europe, up until Luther) Main difference between Catholics and followers of Luther: the question of how to get to heaven, and what role, if any, religious art could play. Catholic Church insisted that believers could take action to vouchsafe their salvation by doing good deeds, including making financial donations and paying for elaborate art to decorate Christain churches Luther insisted that salvation was in God's hands, and all the believer had to do was to open up and have faith As people became disillusioned with Catholic teaching, they grew angry about the ways the Catholic Church became rich in money, art, and power When reform became impossible and rebellion was the only option, furious, frustrated believers directed their anger at works of art, an easy and powerful target Other reformers followed Luther's example and staged rebellions against the Catholic Church. Some reformers took a strong position against religious art, forbidding it entirely. Luther however was more moderate, and believed that some religious art was acceptable provided it taught the right lessons, and this is where The Law and the Gospel comes in. Luther despised and rejected the Catholic idea that good deeds, what he called "good works," could play any role in salvation Luther's idea of law is multifaceted and bears a complex relationship to his idea of gospel Law paves the way to salvation by preparing the way for grace Not a simple contrast of Christianity and Judaism Concerns two aspects of the relationship between humanity and God, a relationship based on human action on the one hand, and divine power on the other

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall location

Luxor Egypt

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut location

Luxor, Egypt

Seated Scribe Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Male holding a papyrus scroll Tummy chub showing (human like) Calm/relaxed facial expression Seated on base (broken because of time) Short hair Thin lips Lifelike Painted Relatively small Sculpture Kilt Pronounced cheekbones

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis artist/architect

Mamluck artisans/Muhammad ibn al- Zain

Augustus of Prima Porta media

Marble

Monticello form

Marble Greek looking portico goes into a crucifix-like building There is a dome in the middle (closer to the entrance), but it is not massive There is marble fencing around the roof → assuming that it goes all the way around Long, rectangular windows are on the walls Everything is symmetrical around the central axis line of the door (vertical axis)

Grave stele of Hegeso media

Marble and paint

Peplos Kore media

Marble and paint

George Washington content

Marble sculpture of George Washington 1784, the Governor of Virginia, Benjamin Harrison V, asked Thomas Jefferson, a Virginian who was then in Paris as the American Minister to France, to select an appropriate artist to sculpt Washington. Jefferson decided to commission Jean-Antoine Houdon. Main reason a foreigner painted

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle form

Marie and the cherub are the only ones who look out at the viewer Rubens asserts Marie's successful role as a wife and mother by establishing a dominant vertical axis through the center of the composition from Juno, with her exposed, full breasts, through Marie's portati to the chubby cherub directly below Theme of peace

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle patron

Marie de' Medici

Madonna and Child with Two Angels form

Mary's hands clasped in prayer She and Christ appear lost in thought curls in Christ's hair Delicate swirl of transparent/translucent fabric that move around Mary's face and shoulders -lines and curves as it winds down her neck Modeling of Mary's form -bulky and solidity of her body to the careful folds of drapery around her lap Located in the Uffizi Humanist Angel in foreground -supports the Christ child and turns around and looks up at as with a really playful smile Angel in back -only the lower half of his face peeking out below Christ's arm Simple circle halo above Mary's and Christ's faces Frame of window becomes the frame of painting Real landscape seen through window -used atmospheric perspective Naturalism Sensuality -delicate features

Madonna and Child with Two Angels form

Mary's hands clasped in prayer She and Christ appear lost in thought curls in Christ's hair Delicate swirl of transparent/translucent fabric that move around Mary's face and shoulders lines and curves as it winds down her neck Modeling of Mary's form bulky and solidity of her body to the careful folds of drapery around her lap Located in the Uffizi Humanist Angel in foreground supports the Christ child and turns around and looks up at as with a really playful smile Angel in back only the lower half of his face peeking out below Christ's arm Simple circle halo above Mary's and Christ's faces Frame of window becomes the frame of painting Real landscape seen through window used atmospheric perspective Naturalism Sensuality delicate features

Isenheim Altarpiece artist

Matthias Grunewald

Vietnam Veterans Memorial artist

Maya Lin

Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra; TheDisasters of War, plate 15 function

Meant to protest the French occupation and the brutality against the Spanish people "Y no hay remedio" belongs to the first group of plates Show conflicts between French troops and civilians → consequences Showing that war brings out the inhuman in people

The Kaaba location

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Media - White marble, carved out with a chisel Genre - Kinetic art Golden arrow pointing "at her heart", tilting downwards "Rays of sun" behind them; holy light of God St. Teresa herself Accompanied by a "high ranking" angel floating with wings on his back Her body is contorted as though she is about to moan (textually accurate), twisting feet and hands Rays of sunlight in the background (gold) Rocks surrounding the base of the sculpture, supporting it and allowing it to buffer the main part Expressive folds of clothing, which were not uncommon for his style A "fabulous illusion of architecture—a coffered barrel vault, doorway and columns"

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Formal qualities of this work:

Medium: Oil on canvas. Size: 69.9 x 90.8 cm. Composition: A few objects in the foreground, but overall fairly empty. All central figures in the middle ground (the obvious "focal ground" of the painting) The background consists mostly of a separate room, architectural features, and paintings. One clear area of emphasis is the cluttered mantlepiece, positioned strategically between (and a little above) the couple. Verticals lines are found the in the edges of the paintings and in the columns. Curved lines are seen most prominently in the arch between rooms.

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) building's utilitarian function

Meeting room for Santa Croce monks A personal family chapel

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) context

Meret Oppenheim Basel-born artist 22 at the time She had been in Paris for four years when one day she was at a cafe with Pablo Picasso and Dora Maar Oppenheim was wearing a brass bracelet covered in fur, when Picasso and Maar said, "Almost anything could be covered in fur!" Oppenheim's tea got cold and jokingly she asked the waiter for more fur At this point, she was inspired She then left the cafe and went to a store to buy the cup, saucer, and spoon used in this piece -Oppenheim's piece was created at a moment when sculpted objects and assemblages had become prominent features of Surrealist art practice. -In 1937: Herbert Read (British art critic) emphasized that all Surrealist objects were representative of an idea and Salvador Dali described some of them as, "objects with symbolic function" -There are many different interpretations Whitney Chadwick: linked to the Surrealist's love of alchemical transformation by turning cool, smooth ceramic and metal into something warm and britsley Many scholars have noted the fetishistic qualities of the fur-lined set- as the fur imbues these functional, hand-held objects with sexual connotations -Oppenheim stresses the physicality of this piece, reinforcing the way we can readily imagine the feeling of fur while drinking from the cup, and using the saucer and spoon. -Interpretation of this piece has been complicated Oppenheim submitted the finished version to Breton for an exhibit of Surrealist objects at the CHarles Ratton Gallery in Paris in 1936 Breton title the piece Le Déjeuner en fourrure (even though Oppenheim preferred a non-descriptive title) This title is a play on two 9th century works (Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and Venus in Furs); with these references, Breton forces an explicit sexualized meaning onto this piece The original inspiration for this piece was supposed to be a way to keep her tea warm, and not necessarily as overtly sexual -The early praise for this piece had a negative effect on Oppenhei's early career It was purchased by The Museum of Modern Art Visitors declared it the "quintessential" Surrealist object and that is how it has been viewed ever since -She spent more than a decade out of the artistic limelight and destroyed a lot of the work she produced during that period She later remerged, but felt as if it was her duty "to take it (freedom)' because nobody will give it out

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes context

Michelangelo began to work on the frescies for Pope Julius II in 1508 Replacing a blue ceiling eith dotted stars Originally, the pope asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling with a geometric ornament and place the twelves apostels in spandrels around the decoration. Michelangelo propsed instead to paint the Old Testament scenes now found on the vault, divided by the fictive architecture that he uses to organize the composition The first frescoes Michelangelo painted contain multiple figures, much smaller in size, engaged in complex narratives. The Deluge is a painting this can best be exemplified by In 1510, Michelangelo took a yearlong break from paiting the Sistine Chapel. Frescoes painted after this break are characteristically different from the ones he painted before it, and are emblematic of what we think of when we envision the Sistine Chapel paitings. One example: The Creation of Adam The narratives have been pared down to only the essebtial figures depicted on a monumental scale Becuase of these changes, Michelangelo is able to convey a strong sense of emotionality that can be percieved from the floor of the chapel. Some people believe that the figures of sibyls and prophets in the spandrels surrounding the vault, are based on the Belvedere Torso (ancient sculpture that was then, and remains, in the Vatican's collection) Delphic Sibyl: reminiscent of David More than 20 years after Michelangelo finished painting the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, he was asked to do another fresco, this time on the altar wall. The Last Judgement was an old subject in art history, from the New Testament from the Book of Revelation ANgels with long golden trumpets is in the Book of Revelation Michelangelo has interest in the physicality and musculature of the body Michelangelo looks at human body as full of symbolic value He's willing to distort the body for the power of the painting itself Saints are always identifided by their attributes

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes context

Michelangelo began to work on the frescies for Pope Julius II in 1508 Replacing a blue ceiling eith dotted stars Originally, the pope asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling with a geometric ornament and place the twelves apostels in spandrels around the decoration. Michelangelo propsed instead to paint the Old Testament scenes now found on the vault, divided by the fictive architecture that he uses to organize the composition The first frescoes Michelangelo painted contain multiple figures, much smaller in size, engaged in complex narratives. The Deluge is a painting this can best be exemplified by In 1510, Michelangelo took a yearlong break from paiting the Sistine Chapel. Frescoes painted after this break are characteristically different from the ones he painted before it, and are emblematic of what we think of when we envision the Sistine Chapel paitings. One example: The Creation of Adam The narratives have been pared down to only the essebtial figures depicted on a monumental scale Becuase of these changes, Michelangelo is able to convey a strong sense of emotionality that can be percieved from the floor of the chapel. Some people believe that the figures of sibyls and prophets in the spandrels surrounding the vault, are based on the Belvedere Torso (ancient sculpture that was then, and remains, in the Vatican's collection) Delphic Sibyl: reminiscent of David More than 20 years after Michelangelo finished painting the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, he was asked to do another fresco, this time on the altar wall. The Last Judgement was an old subject in art history, from the New Testament from the Book of Revelation Angels with long golden trumpets is in the Book of Revelation Michelangelo has interest in the physicality and musculature of the body Michelangelo looks at human body as full of symbolic value He's willing to distort the body for the power of the painting itself Saints are always identifided by their attributes

Seagram Building architect

Mies van der Rohe

Peplos Kore function

Might be a goddess -Either Artemis or Athena Might be an offering to the goddess Athena

Calling of Saint Matthew content

Moment just before the moment of transition that is Saint Matthew's spiritual awakening Caravaggio painted a passage from the Gospel of Matthew Hairline halo above Christ's head Main figures: Christ and Matthew Christ standing behind St. Peter (looking towards the table and we see his face) points to Matthew Matthew sitting down at table and pointing to himself with left hand. His right hand is reaching out to the money Tax collectors looking at the money that they have collected Set in a tavern in a bar Figure on upper left: examining the coins Figure closest to us on the left is counting the, with his right hand Figure on the corner of the table leans and looks out at something outside the space of the painting Figure right next to Matthew has his arm on his shoulder

Anavysos Kouros function

Monumental sculpture of the ideal man More natural and life like than Kouros sculptures from past Gravemarker for the son(Kroisos) of an aristocratic family -Son died in war Not a portrait but a perfected body Gravemarker for a dead soldier

Great Mosque form

Mosque - place of Islamic worship 620x460 feet geometric design creates sense of space imported fruit trees spolia maqsura(screened area in front where local ruler worshipped) hypostyle prayer hall repurposed materials marble, granite, onyx, jasper, porphyry, stone masonry minaret

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza context

Nahuas was the ethnic group to whom the Axtecs belonged Viceroy Mendoza intended to send the Codex to the Spanish King, Emperor Charles V of Spain It never made it to Spain; French pirates acquired the Codex and it ended up in France Acquired by Andre Thevet (cosmographer of King Henry II of France) and Thevet included his name on several pages (including at the top of the Codex Mendoza's frontispiece Tenochtitlan was established in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico (1325) City was made of canals (similar to Venice, Italy) and was divided into four quarters Aztec myth: Patron deity told the Aztec's ancestors to leave their ancestral home of Aztlan and look for a place where they saw an eagle atop a cactus growing from a rock. The Patron deity informed them that when they saw this sign, they should settle and build their city. Aztecs observed the sign in the middle of Lake texcoco (and then established their capital on an island in the lake) Cactus is a nopal (a prickly pear cactus) which in Nahuatl is nochtli. Cactus grows from a stone or tetl. Paired together, form te-noch to connote the place of the prickly pear cactus, or Tenochtitlan Men in quadrants are the men who led the Aztecs to this island location Tenoch died in 1363 and the first Axtec tlatoani, or speaker (the ruler), was elected in 1375 by a council of elders For the Aztecs, the New Fire ceremony occurred every 52 years- a complete cycle of the solar calendar and it assured that the sun would rise again Just prior to the beginning of a ew cycle, new fire was drilled in the body of a sacrificial victim After his point, the fire was distributed among people to light their homes

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes content

Narrative begins at the altar and is divided into three sections. First: Michelangelo tells the story of The Creation of Heavens and Earth Next: The Creation of Adam and Eve and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden Third: story of Noah and the Great Flood Altar wall: Last Judgement High altar of the Sistine Chapel where the pope led madd and this is still the room where the college of cardinals selects the next pope Michelangelo brought a strong sculptural element to the painted figures on the Sistine Chapel The outer scenes show the prophets and sibyls that foretell the coming of Christ The scenes from the central panel show the Temptation of Adam and Eve and their Expulsion from Eden indicating the need for Christ's sacrfice in the New Testament The scenes along the central panel represent episodes from Genesis in the Old Testament The figures recall the strength, beauty, and idealism of classical sculpture

The Oath of the Horatii function

Neoclassical works emphasize personal sacrifice for the nation and exemplum virtutis of the figures' virtue and courage. Show 3 sons taking an oath to their father The Oath of the Horatii provides an idealized story which illustrates the nobility of putting civic duty before personal preference. Enlightenment values:nobility of work and the simple life (Rousseau); reason and moral integrity (not hedonism and luxury)(Voltaire); and edification/content (not escape/fantasy) (Diderot) -French Revolution: adopts the Greek idea of liberty and democracy in the light of reason and in reaction to the repressive monarchy ("man is born free and everywhere he is in chains") Painting used to promote the revolutionary ideals and highest virtues of revolution

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Period / Culture:

New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty; post Amarna period

Hunters in the Snow patron

Niclaes Jongelinck (wealthy Anterp banker)

Isenheim Altarpiece sculptor

Nicolas of Hangenau

Adam and Eve period

Northern Renaissance

Isenheim Altarpiece period

Northern Renaissance

Hunters in the Snow context

Not an image from reality There is no such landscape in the Netherlands Bruegel combined images from his surroundings with a chain of jagged mountains reminiscent of the Alps He saw on a journey to Italy in the 1550's Hunting rights and hunting dogs were associated with artostocracry in the Northern Renaissance Identity of hunters is not very clear Peasants inhabit a majority of the painting Singeing of a pig: traditional December activity Part of a long tradition in Northern European art of portering the months of the year and the activities that occurred during each month Part of a set of the seasons 5 survive including this one Best known for his intimate, sensitive, and sometimes comical scenes of peasant life Well traveled and worldly artist

Self-Portrait context

Not many female artists during this time Le Brun worked for the crown of France specifically for Marie Antoinette This was around the French Revolution so as a painter for the crown she was forced to leave France Due to her work, Le Brun became very rich for her very detailed and beautiful depictions of the royal family There was an emphasis on color and beauty in this time period and that is what she depicted 1790, Oil on canvas. Vigée most known for her paintings of Marie-Antoinette. Rococo. She was one of the few women admitted to France's Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture

Venus of Urbino content

Nude seductive woman reclining in bed Woman stares outward from an elegant bedroom Woman has a curvaceous physique Woman set against a matrix of rectilinear forms: bed, wall partition, window, column, chest, wall hangings, and gridded pavement. Woman has ivory skin and bit of pink flushed at her cheeks, hands, knees, and feet Woman set against pearly sheets Hairstyle as the type for an engaged young woman Attendants gathering a lavish blue and gold dress from the two large cassoni in the background

The Arnolfini Portrait media

Oil on wood

Fruit and Insects Media

Oil on wood.

King Menkaura and Queen Period / Culture:

Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) form

Only about 2 feet tall Annunciation (central scene) looks as if it's taking place in the living room of someone who lived in this area of Northern Europe (in the 1400s) Annunciation was painted first possibly on spec (hopes that someone would come and want to purchase it) (Left) Donor was added, and then after he got married his wife was added along with the gatekeeper. small details door: traces of rust, shadow, shine, key in door background: Flemish city, people on horses, houses use of texture and light (Center) thick cloth that cover the bodies of Gabriel and Mary Everything in this painting would have brought the viewer from physical objects to spiritual ideas Everything in the painting has a meaning Realism candlesticks and candle shadow behind the basin (2 different light sources) Space is not mathematically accurate (according to rules of linear perspective) floor is way too steep top and side of table are the same thin and elongated bench (Right) Joseph surrounded by tools objects that are to Joseph's right and outside the window are mouse traps open doorway shadow on wall is oddly shaped Shutters on ceiling have nails, rust, and stain marks Through window the flourishing city can be seen mechants, people walking, products for sale Painted with oil on panel Made of wood crafted

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) context

Originally used as a chapter house (meeting room for the monks of Santa Croce) Completed after Brunelleschi's death Terracotta would have been made by Luca della Robbua perfected the ability to fire at high enough temperature to vitrify (used modern glazes) Circles, rectangles, squares, and pietra serena stone are typical features of Brunelleschi's architecture Pazzi Chapel shows careful attention to geometry in its plan and construction which echoes the great buildings of Ancient Rome

Mosque of Selim II form

Ottoman mosque architecture: elegant stacked domes reach to the heavens towering slendering minarets visually stunning and architecturally significant The mosque: nearly square prayer hall approached through a porticoed courtyard, making the central block of the complex rectangular approach to the north facade of the mosque is dramatic aligned gaest of the outer precinct wall and forecourt focus the eye upwards towards the dome, which could also been seen from a distance ethereal dome seems weightless floats above the prayer hall all of the architectural features are subordinated to this grand dome dome rests on eight muqarnas-corbelled squinches that are in turn supported by eight large piers muqarnas: are the faceted decorative forms that alternately protrude and recess in this case, the broad base of the dome above and the slender piers below steps outward as it rises, creating a corbelled effect, and allows for a more open space below squinches: the architectural support, decorated by the muqarnas, transition from the dome to the eight piers allow the round base of the dome to join octagon formed by the piers complex system of exterior buttresses support the east and west piers and do most of the work to hold up the massive weight of the dome these buttresses are artfully hidden among the exterior porticos and galleries in the interior, galleries fill the spaces in between the walls and piers. The Qibla wall (wall that faces Mecca) projects outward further emphasizing the openness of the interior space Placement of the muzzin's platform, under the center of the dome is very unusual. Brillant polychrome Iznik tiles Epitome of Ottoman decoration Motifs include iconography such as saz leaves and Chinese clouds Unified and open plan of the mosque Exterior is elegant architectural shell vital to the overall composition Placement of the pencil minarets at the four corners of the prayer hall focus attention on the volume of the Dome Polychrome exterior is composed of stone mixed with brick Dome has an octagonal shape Centrally planned Open and airy interior

Fruit and Insects Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Parallel to the growth of the Dutch industry and science of botany Flowers became newly appreciated simply for their beauty and fragrance Desirable status symbols for the wealthy However this work speaks to fruits and insects Composite of the studies (combined into this composition) Grapes = blood of Christ Animals = naturalism Corn, Squash, Chestnuts Also Wheat = Eucharist (christian symbolic value) Attention to detail (particularly leaves and flowers) Less symmetrical and much more lively Curves (a sense of movement) Less formalized and orderly Possessed energy and creativity A sense of illusion and realism (the painting seem real) Butterfly that is about to land but perhaps has second thought because there is a salamander or a small lizard

The Arnolfini Portrait form

Passion of Christ mirror -scenes are painted on the back pieces of glass panels that are set into the wooden frame -roundels around mirror -about half an inch Attention to detail and texture -hair of the dog (individual mini strokes) -small cuts in the woman's green robe (frayed out) Oil paint -applied multiple, thin layers of glazes of thinned out oil painting -each layer is translucent -stacking layers creates rich colors Subtle light created -shadow Elongated figures Cramped base of room

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle artist

Peter Paul Rubens

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall patron

Pharaohs

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Patron (if any):

Pharoahs

Church of Sainte-Foy context

Pilgrims went to receive a blessing; their visitation = demonstration of piety Located in Conques, France on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain Many churches on the pilgrimage route had a similar or identical layout to manage throughout The church was also an abbey: it was part of a monastery where monks lived, prayed, and worked...not all of the original monastery remains. A church had stood on the spot since the 600s; the Church of Sainte-Foy was built from 1050-1130. Originally displayed in a monastery in Agen First mentioned in written history in 1010 by Bernard of Angers He worried it would inspire Idolatry because of its extreme preciousness and expensiveness - The monks at Conques conspired and stole it to draw visitors to the small town of Conques - Reliquary itself was highly valued: precious metals and gems, ancient headpiece - But also contained the bones of Southern France's favorite martyr Sainte Foy, a 12-year-old French, Christian convert lived in Southern France under the Roman Empire in 200 CE - Killed at age 12 for refusing to worship pagan gods

Alhambra (Palace) function

Place to reflect "red fort" = Qal'at al-Hambra Important because it was built by the last Muslims to rule Spain Lions= symbol of caliph/king

Self-Portrait with Saskia context

Play acting was not unusual for Rembrandt who only twice represented himself in the manner that was most popular at the time, as a contemporary Amsterdam gentleman Rembrandt produced more self-portraits than any artist before him, preferred to show himself in a variety of different imagined roles Soldier in old fashioned armor, a ragged beggar, a stylish Renaissance courtier, an exotically clad Oriental leader, and even Saint Paul Rembrandt most likely met Saskia while working for her cousin Hendrick Uylenburgh, an art dealer who had a workshop in Amsterdam. The two married on June 22, 1634 and were together for 13 years (until Saskia died) Only etching that Rembrandt ever made of Saskia and himself together Not uncommon for Rembrandt to use his wife as a model Etching: printmaking process in which a metal plate (usually copper) is coated with a waxy, acid-resistant material Artist draws through this ground with an etching needle to expose the metal Plate is then dipped in acid, which "bites" into the exposed metal leaving behind lines in the plate Artists control the shallow, fine, deep, or heavy lines by monitoring the time in which the plate stays in the acid After coating is removed, the plate is inked then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper to male the print Typically an artist can produce 100 excellent impressions from a single plate Rembrandt is regarded as the greatest practitioner of etching in the history of art and the first to popularize this technique as a major form of artistic expression His work in this medium spans nearly his entire career with 300 etchings to his name A lot of variety in the works Typically Rembrandt used a soft ground that allowed him to draw "freely" on his plate (most early etchers used a hard ground) and many if his early etchings have the immediacy and spontaneity of a rapid sketch He developed a very individualized style that set him apart from his contemporaries His highly experimental nature, led him to explore the effects of using different types, weights, and colors of paper for printing his works Also known for his practice of varying the degree to which he etched a plate Theory that Rembrandt may have sketched Saskia first and then added himself in the front Notion supported by the lines of her dress which appear to continue under his overcoat Rembrandt often created multiple stages of a single image This etching exists in three states

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle content

Portrait of a young woman in a jeweled dress with a stiff lace collar Confident gaze Marie de' Medici (daughter of the Grandduke of Tuscany) Ancient gods of marriage and love: Hymen (left) and Amor/Cupid (right) Hover in midair and present the portrait to Henry IV the king of France Hymen holds a falling torch in his left hand Cupid/Amor extols the virtues of the Medici princess Cupid's arrow has hit its mark King is smitten King gazes up in gratitude Left hand extended as he expresses his delight in his bride-to-be King and Queen Olympian gods: Jupiter and Juno look down with approval hands touching in a gesture of martial union Jupiter's eagle: top left corner Looks away and clenches its lightning bolts in its talons Juno's tamed peacock looks as the couple, while his mate cranes her head to look at the portrait A pink silk ribbon binds them together Peahen perches on Juno's chariot (directly above a golden relief of Cupid who balanced a yoke-shaped garland on his shoulders as he dances on the wings of a proud eagle) Behind Henry: Personification of France Wearing a blue silk garment embroidered with gold fleur-de-lys and an elaborate plumed helmet encircled by a gold crown Gently touches Henry's shoulder and whispers in his ear, assuring him that a match with the Medici princess is good for his kingdom France urges henry to turn away from the field of battle (evident in the burning town in the background) Henry listens and his helmet and shield lie at his feet

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Meaning / Significance:

Pyramid of Khufu= burial sight for King Khufu Pyramid of Khafre = burial sight for King Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure= burial sight for King Menkaure Great Sphinx= symbol of royal power Shape of the pyramids was a solar reference. Pyramids= place of regeneration for deceased ruler Temple in front of the Sphinx's sanctuaries connected to the setting and rising sun Mastabas were smaller tombs for important court members Sphinx is a depiction of a lion and the head of a Pharaoh (maybe King Khafre) Cobra on Sphinx: represents rebirth and references Osarius

Folio from a Qur'an context

Qur'an = sacred text of Islam consists of the divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic means "recitation" has 144 chapters (textual format) organized from longest to shortest manuscripts in the Qur'an are known as Arabic is read from right to left Vowels were added to the Quran not normally used in the Arabic language, to avoid misreadings Rounded palmette allows readers to quickly locate the beginning of each sura Images of human and animal forms were considered inappropriate for sacred objects and monuments Artists relied on vegetal and geometric motifs when decorating mosques and manuscripts Vellum was very expensive A training of each scribe included memorizing and producing the proportions of each pen stroke Calligraphic style used by early scribes of the Qur'an is known as Kufic Scribes had some freedom in composing a page They could emphasize individual words and balance the widths of lines by elongating certain letters horizontally (technique known as mashq) Adjust spacing Split words

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) period

Romanticism

Calling of Saint Matthew location

Rome (Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi Church)

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Formal qualities of this work:

Sarcophagus had 3 coffins Two outer coffins made of wood and covered in gold with many precious stones Lapis Lazuli Turquoise Inner coffin made of solid gold Death mask rested on shoulders of mummy (inside innermost coffin) Made of two sheets of gold

The Palace at VersaillesContent / Subject Matter / Symbols:

Satellite city to the East of the Palace at Versailles Housed court and government officials, military and guard detachments, courtiers, servants City's 3 main avenues' axes converged on Louis XIV's bedchamber He could keep an eye on all the highest-ranking officials in his regime King's bedroom was an informal audience chamber Extremely detailed, ornate interior Top architects and decorators designed wall paintings, beds, doorknobs in French Baroque style Hall of Mirrors (Galerie des Glaces) Originally had furniture: gold and silver chairs, bedazzled trees Walls inlaid with mirrors Mirrors create illusion, the hallmark of the Baroque style Used for Louis XIV's many festivals Gardens Visible from Hall of Mirrors: central axis lined with trees, terraces, pools, and lakes Designed by André le Nôtre, who transformed a forest into the park/gardens Formal gardens serve as a transition from the ordered, man-made palace to the natural gardens Manicured shrubs, highly designed space Changes depending on time of day, season, and location: it's an experience

A Philosopher giving a lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby content

Scientists, note-taker, and kids surrounding a central orrery An orrery is a mechanical model of the solar system, depicting the orbits and relative relationships of the planets and sun Each person depicted is meant to be a specific, real person, but we do not know who they are The philosopher in red that is giving the lecture is believed to be modeled after Isaac Newton, yet another theory states that it is in fact a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham Strong internal light source representing the sun, also symbolizing the Enlightenment and the new search for reason and rational thinking Painting also features women and children gathered around the orrery This likely is meant to suggest that these groups were also being given these opportunities for rational learning and higher education

Rebellious Silence artist

Shirin Neshat

The Arnolfini Portrait function

Shoes being off = reference to a sacred event happening Single candle might be a reference to God's presence Artist's signature makes us feel like here was in the room with the people we see Dogs = symbols of loyalty Fruit on windowsill= sign of wealth because oranges were expensive in Flanders Bedroom = symbol of wealth carpet = taste and wealth

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) function

Sideview: Lamassu becomes passive and acts as just passing by, when you are allowed into the city Frontal view: Lamassu seems stationary and intimidating Lammassus are guardian figures that protected the city's gates and the gates of a citadel Expressed the power of the Assyrian King Lamassus stood between arches (buildings) Ringlets across lamassus' bodies represented fur Cuneiform under Lamassu and around legs: declares power of king and threatens damnation

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Small Plaque Family scene Couple dominates Left: Akehenaten holding oldest daughter tenderly Right: Nefertiti holding middle daughter and youngest daughter is on her shoulder, playing with her earring Oldest and middle daughter pointing towards opposite parents Sun disk Cobra Rays of light with hands at the ends of the rays (except for the rays by the king and queen: there are hands and ankhs- egyptian sign of life) Nerfetiti has a fancier throne than Akhenaten

Self-Portrait with Saskia form

Small etching Figures presented in half-length, seated around a table before a plain background Rembrandt dominates the image Brim of his hat, casts a dark shadow over his eyes Saskia is rendered on a small scale and sits behind Rembrandt Rembrandt's figure is more deeply bitten than Saskia's figure technique that suggests that the artist is closer to us and places an emphasis on him Saskia's figure is more lightly etched Effect that she is seated further away and plays a less important role

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation content

Small private chapel that was connected to a palace owned by the Scrovegni family. Lots of narrative scenes Ceiling: star studded blue sky with images of Christ, Mary, and other Saints and figures Enrico is in the chapel on the wall over the entrance where Giotto painted The Last Judgement He is kneeling handing the Chapel to Virgin Mary. (three Mary's. Virgin Mary is in the middle) On the side of the blessed (Christ's right) (the damned are on Christ's left side) Apex of the triumphal arch on opposite wall: God calling Gabriel telling him to find Mary and announce that she will carry Jesus Lamentation: Jesus has been crucified and has been taken off the cross, and now is mourned by his followers and his mom. Mary holding Jesus (dead son) on her lap Christ is on left Top right: tree Mary's right knee is raised to prop him up, she leans over him, her body is twisted, her arms are around Jesus Mary Magdalene with red hair at Jesus' feet Two figures with no faces showing, only their backs Mourning angels (in pain/agony) Throughout the Chapel we see an old testament scenes being paired with New Testament scenes The Arrest of Christ/Kiss of Judas shows intense drama. 40 narratives are on the wall panels Shows divine figures acting in humanistic ways

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation content

Small private chapel that was connected to a palace owned by the Scrovegni family. Lots of narrative scenes Ceiling: star studded blue sky with images of Christ, Mary, and other Saints and figures Enrico is in the chapel on the wall over the entrance where Giotto painted The Last Judgement He is kneeling handing the Chapel to Virgin Mary. (three Mary's. Virgin Mary is in the middle) On the side of the blessed (Christ's right) (the damned are on Christ's left side) Apex of the triumphal arch on opposite wall: God calling Gabriel telling him to find Mary and announce that she will carry Jesus Lamentation: Jesus has been crucified and has been taken off the cross, and now is mourned by his followers and his mom. Mary holding Jesus (dead son) on her lap Christ is on left Top right: tree Mary's right knee is raised to prop him up, she leans over him, her body is twisted, her arms are around Jesus Mary Magdalene with red hair at Jesus' feet Two figures with no faces showing, only their backs Mourning angels (in pain/agony) Throughout the Chapel we see an old testament scenes being paired with New Testament scenes The Arrest of Christ/Kiss of Judas shows intense drama. 40 narratives are on the wall panels Shows divine figures acting in humanistic ways

Hunters in the Snow form

Snow covered landscape recedes dramatically to a row of jagged mountains in the distance All under a blue-grey sky Tree branches in the foreground fan out Largest figures: hunters and their dogs (take up the lower left quarter of the image) Figure closest to us: leans forward slightly Each man has his head cast downward (pose reminiscent of defeat) Dogs appear downtrodden Several with heads lowered (drooping ears exaggerate this) Idyllic Hunters' bodies pint is to the center of the painting Emphasis on the landscape as opposed to the activities depicted Tone of painting mixed hunters appear: melancholic people in valley: playful

King Menkaura and Queen Formal qualities of this work:

Square base Carved from Greywacke or Schist (smooth dark stone) Originally painted red: around the king's ears and mouth yellow: on the queen's face High relief (subtraction method) Paint was used to emphasize certain body parts Idealistic form of King Menkaure

Isenheim Altarpiece context

St. Anthony was a patron saint of those suffering from skin diseases Isenheim is a village about 15 miles south of Colmar. The pig who accompanies St. Anthony led to Anthony's adoption as a patron saint of swineherds, totally unrelated to his reputation for healing and as the patron of basket-weavers, brush-makers and gravediggers. He first lived as an anchorite, a type of religious hermit, in an empty sepulchre. At the Isenheim hospital, the Antoine monks devoted themselves to the care of the sick and dying peasants Many of them suffering from the effects of ergotism A disease caused by consuming rye grain infected with fungus Ergotism (popularly known as St. Anthony's fire, caused hallucinations, skin infection, and attacked the central nervous system, eventually leading to death Grunewald had a vision for his altarpiece that the hallucinogen LSD was eventually isolated from the same strain of fungus Sculpted wooden altars were popular in Germany at the time

The Code of Hammurabi Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Stele Cuneiform King Hammurabi faces Shamash (god) King= standing Shamash= sitting and has a horned crown More than 300 laws legal precedents: give an example of an action and announce consequence for that action

Great Mosque primary building materials

Stone masonry

Monticello context

Studied at William and Mary → was interested in the campus's architecture But he was never formally trained as an artist Jefferson hated Britain, so he tried to stay as far away from British architecture as possible He was a Francophile → so he loved France 1768, one of the earliest proponents of neoclassical architecture in the United States. Jefferson believed that the Wren-Baroque aesthetic common in colonial Virginia was too British for a North American audience. Based partly on the "Hôtel de Salm"

La Grande Odalisque context

Studying under Jacques-Louis David for four years, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres developed a Neoclassical approach that changed little as his career unfolded. Known for his extraordinary drawing skills, Ingres believed that line, not color, conveyed the expressive content in an image. He did not share his colleagues' enthusiasm for battle scenes, preferring to depict revelatory moments and inti- mate confrontations that rarely included movement or violence, and his early work was criticized for stylistic and historical idiosyn- crasies. Ingres despised the more fashionable work of the Romantics such as Eugene Delacroix, and was despondent when his work was poorly received in the Salons. Inspired by Orientalism, Ingres painted a series of odalisques that were originally panned for their exaggerated anatomy and depiction of odd accessories, but were later hailed as Romantic masterpieces. When he exhibited the painting, Ingres was lambasted for his total disregard for anatomical realism, despite his attention to the surface qualities of the woman's skin and to the lush fabric. Although Ingres championed the values of Neoclassicism, many of his portraits stray from neoclassical values, particularly the emphasis on a figure's proportion. The woman's arms seem to lack bones, and her back appears spineless. The anatomical distortions of the odalisque continue to fascinate art fans. Some reviewers have gone as far as to test the "three vertebrae too many" accusation made by critics of his day. After testing a series of models, they have concluded that the odalisque in fact has five vertebrae too many, not three.

Standard of Ur Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Symbol of War and Peace (like the U.S. dollar). The 4 enemies that are shown on the battle side are symbolic of more than just more people. The art piece is about war and celebration and shows two different stories during an early civilization.

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Media

Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay

Madonna and Child with Two Angels media

Tempera on wood

Great Mosque function

Temple- church- mosque originally fo rroman gods- Janus Visigoth who made into church. rebuilt by umayyad - first islamic dynasty Made for royalty, high-standing officials,and people of cordoba for religious needs.

Date/Century Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall :

Temple: 1550 BCE; Hall: 1250 BCE

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes function

The Deluge confronts the viewer with the desperation of those about to perish in the flood and makes one question God's justice in wiping out the entire population of the earth, save Noah and his family, because of the sins of the wicked. Imposing figure of God in the three frescoes illustrating the separation of darkness from light and the power throughout his body, and his dramatic gesticultaions help to tell the story of Genesis without the addition of extraneous detail. It turned into a vertitable academy for young painters Last Judgement: Christ is a powerful judge One couple is being helped to ascent into heaven pn the strength of their prayer represented by the rosary beads Angels blowing their trumpets, in order to wake the dead Oarsman = Charon swining his great oar to kick off the damned Damned Man seems to realize that he is going to spend eternoty in hell Hand covering one eye as if he can not bear to see his fate His other eye open as this is a moment of recognition Early work: we see figures with bodies that are elegant and noble and have a sense of dignity Altar wall: the figures look intentionally ugly and intentionally awkard; wrong porportions, heads are too small for their bodies, overdrawn muscles Bartholomew's loose grip on the skin expresses Michelangelo's concern for the fate of his own soul Served as a gethering place for cardinals of the Catholic Church to gather in order to elect a new pope

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation intended audience

The Scrovegni Family

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Content/Symbols/Subject Matter

The arquebus is a firearm with a long barrel created by the Spanish in the mid-fifteenth century. It was the first gun to rest on the shoulder when being fired and was at the forefront of military weapon technology at the time. Shadows, to create depth and highlight on the figure Powerful, deep colors. The dress of the angel was an Andean invention that combined contemporary European fashion and the typical dress of indigenous noblemen.The excess of textile indicates the high social status of Asiel.

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

The body went in the innermost coffin, covered with a death mask, then put in sarcophagus Tutankhamun was nine when he became king of Egypt Ruled after Akhenaten Tutankhamen shifted the focus of the country's worship back to Amun and returned the religious center back to Thebes Tutankhamen died at 18 due to unknown causes Tutankhamun's sarcophagus held three coffins (which held the body of the king) Howard Carter found the coffin Initially covered with a thick black layer- anointing liquid

Dome of The Rock building utilitarian function

The design is a clear parallel to the form the Early Christian and Byzantine martyrium. The use of this specific design may have been used to rival and even outshine the Christian domes. The Christian domes are also structurally very sound and long lasting. The dimensions of the Dome of the Rock are almost identical to the dimensions of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Many say that the ambulatories were built to diverge from the Mecca pilgrimage tradition and transition the direction of prayer and pilgrimage to Jerusalem The ambulatories were spacious and built in a way that left room for the Tawaf to be carried out. The Tawaf is the circumvention of the Kaaba in Mecca and it illustrates the unity and harmony of worshippers moving as one under god.

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Function(s) / Meaning:

The elongated plumed hat is a symbol of Inca nobility, as feathers were reserved for nobles and religious ceremonies in pre-Hispanic society The broad-brim hat on which the feathers are planted was in style in France and Holland around 1630 During the first half of the eighteenth century, when Asiel Timor Dei was painted, the use of gold and silver became prohibited in the clothing of nobility. The military was, however, exempt from this rule The angels with guns personify at once the military, aristocracy, and sacred beings, and were adorned with the most lavish attire. Francisco de Ávila, a priest in Peru who studied native customs, described the second coming of Christ as an event during which an army of well-attired angels with feathered hats would descend from the heavens

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple form

The entire city has been carved into the rock face -The ability of ancient people to carve such a large building still confuses engineers -facade is 24.9 meters wide and 38.77 meters high -The style most clearly embodies the Hellenistic style and reflects the influence of Alexandria, the -greatest city in the Eastern Mediterranean at this time. -Its architecture features a broken pediment and central circular building on the upper level -This architectural element originated in Alexandria. -Ornate Corinthian columns are used throughout -Above the broken pediments, the bases of two obelisks appear and stretch upwards into the rock

School of Athens context

The mathematicians, philosophers and scientists all lived at different times, but here they are gathered together under one roof. Plato and Aristotle have been enormously important to Western thinking generally, and in different ways, their different philosophies were incorporated into Christianity. For Plato, this otherworldly reality is the ultimate reality, and the seat of all truth, beauty, justice, and wisdom. Aristotle's Ethics (the book that he holds) "emphasized the relationships, justice, friendship, and government of the human world and the need to study it." Pythagoras believed that the world (including the movement of the planets and stars) operated according to mathematical laws. These mathematical laws were related to ideas of musical and cosmic harmony, and thus (for the Christians who interpreted him in the Renaissance) to God. Pythagoras taught that each of the planets produced a note as it moved, based on its distance from the earth. Together, the movement of all the planets was perfect harmony -- "the harmony of the spheres." Ptolemy tried to mathematically explain the movements of the planets (which was not easy since some of them appear to move backwards!). His theory of how they all moved around the earth remained the authority until Copernicus and Kepler figured out (in the late 16th century) that the earth was not at the center of the universe, and that the planets moved in orbits the shape of ellipses not in circles.

Woman Holding a Balance Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

The origins of this work has been traditionally linked to Pieter de Hooch, whose Gold Weigher matches Vermeer's work very closely. Since neither of the paintings is dated, critics have hypothesized who influenced who on the basis of style. "Owing to the intimate nature of Vermeer's art, there has been an inclination to link the painter's family members to the figures of his paintings" in this case his wife "Vermeer was required to undergo a fixed period of training with a master painter who belonged to the Guild of Saint Luke, the powerful trade organization which regulated the commerce of painters and artisans" reminder of the changes taking place in the 17C artists now painting for the merchant class as opposed to for the church 1664 was the year before the Second Anglo-Dutch War much of the lead up to the war happened in 1664

Palette of King Narmer Function(s) / Meaning:

The palette of King Narmer is a monumental version of a type of daily use item commonly found in the predynastic period—palettes were generally flat, minimally decorated stone objects used for grinding and mixing minerals for cosmetics. Dark eyeliner was an essential aspect of life in the sun-drenched region; like the dark streaks placed under the eyes of modern athletes, black cosmetic around the eyes served to reduce glare. Basic cosmetic palettes were among the typical grave goods found during this early era.decorated palettes were used in temple ceremonies, perhaps to grind or mix makeup to be ritually applied to the image of the god. Later temple ritual included elaborate daily ceremonies involving the anointing and dressing of divine images; these palettes likely indicate an early incarnation of this process.

Dome of The Rock form

The structure is comprised of 2 ambulatories and octagonal exterior wall and encloses the wall. It is built of stone masonry, wooden roof, and is decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome. The mosaics do not depict any representations of the human or animal form The mosaics are decorating the shrine with Arabic script and vegetal patterns

Birth of Venus context

The subject was highly unusual for the 15th century Beginning in 15th century, artists begin to experiment with heroic male nudity within a biblical context Nudity in Christian art was often an expression of something traumatic -Christ almost nude on the cross -sinful being led into hell Venus is born from the sea. -Can be born fully grown Botticelli has an understanding of human anatomy

King Menkaura and Queen Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

This statue was originally located in Giza This statue was never actually finished; there is no inscription and some areas are missing the final polish. Found in King Menkaure's memorial temple courtyard. We are unsure who the Queen is maybe Queen Khamerernebty maybe the goddess Hathor The Egyptians had a very strong social structure; Pharaoh was at the top Menkaure was the son of King Khafre Hathor was: connected to the wife of the living king and the mother of the future king and she was a protector of her father Re/Ra (sungod) Menkaure was known as egalitarian ruler (ruled with wife)

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Function(s) / Meaning:

This would have been an alter in someone's home, where they would have seen Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and they close relationship to Aten God is present as sundisk Small cobra in the sun= represents Aten as the supreme deity Aten is giving life to Nefertiti and Akhenaten Nefertiti's throne is symbolic of upper and lower Egypt

Monticello architect

Thomas Jefferson

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) building utilitarian function

To bring people to prayer away from busy streets. Unite the community (umma) The mosque's location in the heart of the city makes it a center for gathering and transportation and is therefore much more than a mere space for prayer Commercial activity

Church of Sainte-Foy function

To commemorate Sainte Foy as a Christian martyr and saint To inspire veneration and an increased faith in Christianity To host pilgrims on their journey to Santiago de Compostela in Spain To bless its visitors, demonstrate their piety, and help them be saved on Judgment day

The Palace at Versailles Building's Utilitarian Function

To emphasize and demonstrate Louis XIV's Importance To host parties and military agreements To compare Louis XIV's competence and wisdom with that of the ancient Greeks and Romans, especially Apollo, the Sun God. Residential palace for Louis XIV and successive French monarchs, from 1682-1789 (Revolution began) Demonstrated the shift in the French government's power from the Noble families (aristocracy) to the King, Louis XIV To embody and define the French Baroque style, and establish Louis XIV's dominance over the arts and architecture of the 1600s. To symbolize the power and prestige of Absolute Monarchy.

The Palace at VersaillesMeaning / Significance:

To emphasize and demonstrate Louis XIV's Importance, To host parties and military agreements. Also, To compare Louis XIV's competence and wisdom with that of the ancient Greeks and Romans, especially Apollo, the Sun God. And a Residential palace for Louis XIV and successive French monarchs, from 1682-1789 (Revolution began)

Las Meninas Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

To fight the unattractive qualities from the royal family's inbreeding he compensated by painting them in elaborate clothes, demonstrating wealth and distracting from flaws - Velazquez was the court artist, "the first painter to the king" he was responsible for art instillation in the palace, and he also was commissioned to do several portraits of the royal family -Not a typical portrait, which demonstrated ethereal perfection, wealth, and command, this scene is more chaotic/informal, making commentary on the false nature of portraiture of royalty -Combines genre scene with royal portrait - Specific names of figures: King Philip IV of Spain, princess- the Infanta Margaret Theresa, attendants-María Agustina Sarmiento de Sotomayor, doña Isabel de Velasco, dwarves- Maria Barbola and Nicolas Pertusato

George Washington function

To honor George Washington

The Palace at Versailles Intended Audience (Who was admitted inside the structure?):

To host parties and military agreements for the important.

Church of Sainte-Foy Building's utilitarian function

To host pilgrims on their journey to Santiago de Compostela in Spain To bless its visitors, demonstrate their piety, and help them be saved on Judgment day To inspire (or scare) Christians into behaving in a holy manner that would ultimately lead them to Heaven Reminder to both pilgrims and monks/clergymen There was a lot of misuse of church offices at the time amongst clergymen (even though it was a sin) To venerate Christ, and commemorate his sacrifice on the cross as a second chance for mankind's salvation

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Function(s) / Meaning:

To provide a satirical commentary on the wealth-based marriage practices of the aristocrats at the time To appeal to the middle class, this is done by making fun of the wealthy To draw distinctions between the inherited ideals of the aristocrats of the 18th century and the actual actions/lifestyles they lived by To criticize conspicuous consumption

Allegory of Law and Grace content

Two nude male figures appear on either side of a tree Green and living on the "Gospel" side to the viewer's right Barren and dying on the "law" side to the viewer's left Six columns of Bible citations appear at the bottom of the panel Lutheran

School of Athens content

Two thinkers in the very center Aristotle on the right Plato on the left, pointing up Plato holds his book called the Timaeus The mathematicians, philosophers and scientists all lived at different times, but here they are gathered together under one roof. Debate between Plato and Aristotle with other great Classical thinkers around (and Raphael)

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) form

Unibrow Almond shaped eyes Double horns that come towards center 2 front legs stauntly placed Carved out of monolithic stone (single piece) Lamassus were gateway figures Walls around Lamassus were decorated with relief sculptures, showing different scenes of royal power being demonstrated Crown decorated with rosettes Ring of feathers on top of the crown Incised wavy hair peeking out under crown Ears of a bull with elaborate earrings Cheeks have ringlets Downward spirals on beard Beard interrupted by a series of horizontal lines Wings form decorative pattern Under the Lamassu and around the legs: cuneiform inscriptions Veins Muscles Swelling Abdomen Bones

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Architect:

Unknown, built by pharoahs

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall architect

Unknown, built by pharoahs

The Code of Hammurabi Function(s) / Meaning:

Used to justify King Hammurabi's rule This represented divine laws, which showed that all authority of King Hammarbi came directly from Shamash Legal precedents are a reference to the biblical "eye for an eye" Stele is a reminder that Mesopotamia was so advanced for a civilization 4,000 years ago Shamash is depicted as having a scepter and a ring to King Hammarbi, which represents power

Seated Scribe Formal qualities of this work:

Verastic (Very realistic) Very frontal Meant to be seen from front Almost complete symmetry (exception of his hands; the right hand originally held a brush/pen and the left hand currently holds a rolled piece of papyrus that the man is writing on) White kilt Hair and rims of the man's eyes are accentuated with black Skin= rich red brown color Carved with delicacy Long and elegant fingers Inscribed fingernails Naturalistic Painted limestone Wooden dowel nipples Eyes are made of two different types of stone (crystal) Indentation carved to represent pupil

Standard of Ur Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Very expensive object found with other expensive things in a royal tomb.Came from the city-state of Ur (present day Iraq). Ur was one of the greatest early civilizations. This art piece was discovered during Leonard Wooley's excavation where he also found 16 royal tombs (found in the largest tomb). It was found above the right shoulder of a man in the Royal Cemetary of Ur. The pretty pieces of shell in the art, shows us the long distance trade that this culture was involved in. Made with blue lapis lazuli found from the mines in Afghanistan. Red stone would have come from India. Shells would have come from the Persian gulf (south of Ur). "Standard" is a flag that is often brought into battle. It was originally thought that the structure was on a pole and brought into battle, but we have no idea what it was used for. The structure tells us so much, but also tells us so little.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane form

Walls move in and out, they undulate Everything is about movement in this church Viewers' eyes drawn up to dome Dome is not a perfect hemisphere; it's an oval Church based on a careful geometric structure Two triangles that share one side Within each of those triangles, are circles Those circles are inscribed with an oval That oval is the primary shape of the floor plan and the dome above Two triangles for a diamond The two end points define the ends of the lobes On one side: the apse On the other side: the entrance Marvelous lobed entablature Above the entablature: arches that stretch and deform as they span this complicated shape Above the arches: Dome Hexagons, octagons, crosses, and at very center is another oval At the very top: we see a dove within a triangle Forms of classical architecture Attached columns, coffers with rosettes, an entablature, a dome Exterior: Four large columns stand in front of a surface that undulates inward and then outward and then inward again Concave, convex, concave undulation Above the large columns: we see three concave spaces Central space projects outward because of the medallion held aloft by the angels in the center Entablature Cornice above entablature

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis function

Washing hands at ceremonies Was used to baptize the children of the royal family of France for centuries even though it was not originally a French object Fleur-de-lis are a symbol of the royal family of France Artist signed it six times

Calling of Saint Matthew context

We know about Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio's life because of police records He had a bad temper and could be violent He was frequently arrested and imprisoned for assault Has mild offenses like carrying weapons without permission Involved in violent fights He killed a man over a bet and spent the last few years of his life on the run from the police Idea of capturing the moment of spiritual awakening, a moment of conversion qaas something that interested Baroque artists Art of High Renaissance creates a sense of the divine by making figures ideally beautiful Carvaggio's figures are earthbound look like common people Caevaggio is most known for his intense naturalism and he creates the sharp contrast between light and shadow The way that Christ reaches forward to Matthew mimics the way that God reaches out to Adam in the Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling Hand derived from Adam's hand Christ is the second Adam Peter stands between Christ and man (founder of the church) Carvaggio created three paintings about St. Matthew for the Contarelli Chapel in Rome Caravaggio draws inspirations from his own world, placing the biblical scene in modern reality

Palazzo Rucellai content

We see the revival of ancient Roman architecture We see more classical elements here than in the Medici Palace Benches on ground floor Loggia

Alhambra (Palace) primary building materials

Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding

Alhambra (Palace) primary builiding materials

Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist:

Worshippers were not allowed in temples, only elite members of society and priests. Worshippers would pay to have figures made of themselves and then set up in a temple or a shrine before an image of a god. These statues/figures are different from Egyptian culture, because in Egyptian culture the focus and depictions are always of the Pharaoh, while in this case it is of worshippers. The different heights reflect the hierarchy of scale. Part of a devotional practice

Fruit and Insects Artist / Architect

_Rachel Ruysch.

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Date / Century

_c. 1743 ce.

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis content

abstract pattern of sea animals on bottom, interconnected design continuous band of narrative around the basin man on horseback, animals, coat of arms bodies of warriors show violence, Mongols with swords shown exterior has figures circling and hunting circle border has ppl in a procession with royal figures

Great Mosque of Djenné period

ancient europe/islamic african

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Formal qualities of this work:

androgynous, stunningly attired, arquebus. Contrary to the aggressive face of Gheyn's soldier, the face of the angel is serene. The figure is graceful and almost looks like a dancer. The extended lines of the angel's body recall the Mannerist style still preferred in the Americas in the seventeenth century

Romans perfected the __________- Also called " _________ _________"

arch "Roman Arch" (has a keystone in the middle)

Monticello primary builidng materials

brick, wood, glass, stone

Church of Sainte-Foy century

c. 1050-1130 ce

Röttgen Pietà century

c. 1300-1325 ce

Röttgen Pietà context

c. 1300-25, late gothic period of middle ages, which was very dramatic -Saints like St. Francis of Assisi, Bridget of Sweden, St. Bernardino of Siena And Hildegard of Bingen -Originally depictions of Christ on the cross would demonstrate the Christus triumphans, like in the Lindisfarne Gospels -Greco Crucifixion came after this in the artistic evolution and it showed suffering but Christs legs are together so as no to be immodest or too humanized Principle, where his suffering is not apparent, but in this period divinity showed in a different, and more human way, belief that connection to god could be achieved through emotion -clearly reflects mysticism of the time, not caring about previous issues with iconoclasm during middles ages, as it is a holly object that would have been prayed to

Röttgen Pietà context

c. 1300-25, late gothic period of middle ages, which was very dramatic -Saints like St. Francis of Assisi, Bridget of Sweden, St. Bernardino of Siena And Hildegard of Bingen -Originally depictions of Christ on the cross would demonstrate the Christus triumphans, like in the Lindisfarne Gospels -Greco Crucifixion came after this in the artistic evolution and it showed suffering but Christs legs are together so as no to be immodest or too humanized Principle, where his suffering is not apparent, but in this period divinity showed in a different, and more human way, belief that connection to god could be achieved through emotion -clearly reflects mysticism of the time, not caring about previous issues with iconoclasm during middles ages, as it is a holly object that would have been prayed to

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover date

c. 1320 CE

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover date/century

c. 1320 ce

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis century

c. 1320-1340 ce

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) century

c. 1429-1461 CE

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) date

c. 1429-1461 CE

The Arnolfini Portrait century

c. 1434 CE

The Arnolfini Portrait date/century

c. 1434 CE

David century

c. 1440-1460 CE. (15th century)

Palazzo Rucellai century

c. 1450 CE

Madonna and Child with Two Angels century

c. 1465 CE (15th Century)

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut date

c. 1473-1458 BCE

Birth of Venus century

c. 1484-1486 CE.

Last Supper century

c. 1494-1498 CE

Last Supper date/century

c. 1494-1498 CE

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Date / Century

c. 1647-1652 ce.

Las Meninas Date / Century

c. 1656 ce.

Santa Sabina Date/ Century

c. 422-432 ce.

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) date

c. 700 ce

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page century

c. 700 ce.

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page DATE/CENTURY

c. 700 ce.

Great Mosque century

c. 785-786 ce

Folio from a Qur'an date

c. eighth to ninth century

House of the Vettii date

c. second century BCE; rebuilt c.62-79 CE

Isenheim Altarpiece century

c.1512-1516 CE.

San Vitale date/century

c.526-547ce

Necropolis

city of the dead -tombs were built underground

Niobides Krater media

clay red-figure technique

peristyle

columns that wrap around outside

4th style of Roman wall paintings

combination of all styles, wider range of themes

The Coiffure media

drypaint and aquatint

Great Mosque architect

during Umayyad empire

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George period/culture

early byzantine europe

Augustus of Prima Porta date

early first century CE

Merovingian looped fibulae period/culture

early medival europe

Isenheim Altarpiece content

enormous moveable altarpiece essentially a box of statues covered by folding wings

Chartes Cathedral Content

everything about the church was chosen by architects in the effort to create "heaven on Earth" one of the best examples of Gothic cathedrals new focuses on more airy, open spaces; thinner walls, and geometry people used the perfect proportions of geometry to try to simulate and bring to mind the balance, harmony, and beauty of the world that God had created part of the old Romanesque cathedral remains intact on the west-facing facade--it is easy to tell which part because the walls are much thicker, with small windows, and is organized according to the golden ratio jamb figures the relief figures that are carved into either side of the portals/doorways kings and queens of the Old Testament each is attached to a column carved in Gothic style representations of spiritual beings--not naturalistic in any way they seem to levitate, with no real weight to their bodies stretched out vertically meant to represent gatekeepers: they "watch" the people in a kindly and calm way as they enter the church, reminding people of the ever-present eyes of God huge Gothic emphasis on stained glass large windows were made possible by the use of flying buttresses, which supported the weight of the walls and allowed them to be much thinner and taller

Self-Portrait as a Soldier period

expressionism

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes primary building materials

fresco

Monticello intended audience

home to live in

Mosque of Selim II period

islamic

Chartres Cathedral primary building materials

limestone stained glass

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art media

lithograph

Vitruvius

man who wrote about Etruscan style and buildings

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus main media

marble

Winged Victory of Samothrace media

marble

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) media

marble and bronze

George Washington media

marble sculpture

Merovingian looped fibulae date/century

mid-sixth century ce

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii media

mosaic

Improvisation 28 (second version) media

oil on canvas

Liberty Leading the People media

oil on canvas

Olympia media

oil on canvas

Self-Portrait as a Soldier media

oil on canvas

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) media

oil on canvas

Starry Night media

oil on canvas

The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) media

oil on canvas

The Portuguese media

oil on canvas

The Stone Breakers media

oil on canvas

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) media

oil on canvas

Venus of Urbino media

oil on canvas

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? media

oil on canvas

Entombment of Christ media

oil on wood

Hunters in the Snow media

oil on wood

Isenheim Altarpiece media

oil on wood

The Arnolfini Portrait media

oil on wood

Chartres Cathedral Function

one of the most authentic and complete works of religious architecture of the early 13th century. It was the destination of a pilgrimage dedicated to the Virgin Mary, among the most popular in all medieval Western Christianity.

Woman Holding a Balance Formal qualities of this work:

pinky is the vanishing point center of the painting is the center of the balance compositional control in the way that color is handled gold from curtain on the inner painting frame and the pearls and dress soft swirled painting style common in baroque generally muted colors save his favorite blue and gold

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) intended audience

place of worship within community

Starry Night period

post-impressionism and modern art

Preying Mantra period

postmodernism, colonialism, and 3rd wave feminsim

Dome of The Rock intended function

public

The Kaaba intended audience

public not allowed inside

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art period

realism

Olympia period

realism

The Horse in Motion period

realism

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) period

realism

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) content

rectangular chapel attached to the church of Santa Croce

Palazzo Rucellai form

reference to the Medici Palace -organization of the facade into three primary stories delicate masonry geometry lightness sense of the cerebral Pilasters interrupted by elaborate entablature Friezes -filled with decorative patterns Rounded arches Had four floors -first: where the family conducted their business -second:where they received guests -third: family's private apartment -fourth: hidden which had few windows and in invisible from the street Between ground floor and first floor: Medici device of a diamond ring with three feathers coming out of it Between second and third: Device of the Rucellai family of a sail that appears to be blowing in the wind Ground floor has a sense of weightness (comes from a diamond pattern) three sets of pilasters -each with different capitals Differentiations of column orders (least decorated lowest tier and most decorated at the highest tier) -Bottom: variations of Tuscan traditions -Above that: Ionic -On top of that: Corinthian Loggia -caddy cornered to the Palazzo -open space -rounded arches -columns with Corinthian capitals and pilasters on the interior wall

Palazzo Rucellai form

reference to the Medici Palace organization of the facade into three primary stories delicate masonry geometry lightness sense of the cerebral Pilasters interrupted by elaborate entablature Friezes filled with decorative patterns Rounded arches Had four floors first: where the family conducted their business second:where they received guests third: family's private apartment fourth: hidden which had few windows and in invisible from the street Between ground floor and first floor: Medici device of a diamond ring with three feathers coming out of it Between second and third: Device of the Rucellai family of a sail that appears to be blowing in the wind Ground floor has a sense of weightness (comes from a diamond pattern) three sets of pilasters each with different capitals Differentiations of column orders (least decorated lowest tier and most decorated at the highest tier) Bottom: variations of Tuscan traditions Above that: Ionic On top of that: Corinthian Loggia caddy cornered to the Palazzo open space rounded arches columns with Corinthian capitals and pilasters on the interior wall

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco location

rome italy

Entablature

roof line to area above capital

Alhambra (Palace) intended audience

royal family and ruler servants

canon

rulebook for art

Woman Holding a Balance Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

scene of everyday life but lots of symbolism woman is dressed in fine clothing she's part of the upper merchant class in Holland during the 17th C this class was increasingly buying more art "the scale and subject of which is very much like this painting" typical cap made of linen worn by women at home fur trimmed jacket meaning it's cold out / in stands in front of table on the wall opposite her is a window letting light in !!! golden curtains also a mirror right hand has a very fine balance nothing on the balance as if she is waiting for the balance to come to a rest on the table in front of her there are a number of boxes

hagia sophia intended audience

secluded to certain figures

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George date/century

sixth or seventh century ce.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao patron

solomon guggenheim foundation

"The Gates" media

steel, vinyl, and fabric (mixed media installation)

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) media

stone and concrete

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) location

stone brick wood

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane primary building techniques

stone stucco

Birth of Venus content

subject matter: pagan Venus goddess of love covering her body floats on a seashell an almost life sized, full length, nude female Zephyrs: the "west wind" Left: Venus blown by the west wind Zephyr and we see his body entwined with the body of Chloris Right: An attendant who is ready to wrap the newborn goddess.

Chartres Cathedral from

the formal plan of the Church is a Latin cross with three aisles, a short transept, and an ambulatory the high nave is supported by double flying buttresses three part elevation of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory uses pointed arches and ribbed vaults inside the body of the church, which is very typically Gothic everything was meant to move the eye upward the radiating chapels, which in a Romanesque church would have been separate spaces of their own behind the altar, were integrated into the larger area of the church, which allowed for light to permeate all parts of the church Gothic unified space based on a cruciform basilica plan, with a transept intersecting the nave being added after the fire transept provided an extra entrance/exit, which was good for the flow of people in total, Chartres has nine portals ( doors) the nave is the widest in France and is 121 feet high

Alhambra (Palace) architect

unknown

Allegory of Law and Grace patron

unknown

Birth of Venus patron

unknown

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza period

unknown

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover artist

unknown

David patron

unknown, possibly a member of the Medici family

Nike was the goddess of what?

victory

Mosque of Selim II intended audience

visitors were allowed made for Suleiman the Magnificent

tufa

volcanic stone

Chartres Cathedral building's utiltarian fucntion

was a hugely popular pilgrimage site the dimensions of the church were constructed in order to facilitate the easy flow of large numbers of people aisles surrounding the nave and behind the altar meant that people could walk all the way around the church, see the relic, and exit, without ever having to walk in front of the altar people in the Middle Ages embarked on pilgrimages in order to gain health, divine goodwill, or to ensure their place in heaven during the afterlife many components, such as the guardian jamb-figures and the stories told in the stained glass, were constructed to aid in the pilgrims' journey; the jamb figures reminded the pilgrims of the ever-present merciful (yet nonetheless judging) eyes of God and the angels, and the stories in the stained glass were didactic, telling scenes from the Old and New Testament--helpful, for many at the time were illiterate Chartres was a breakthrough for Gothic architecture because it was the first cathedral in which the flying buttresses determined the overall exterior aesthetic plan of the building--previously, architects attempted to conceal or camouflage the flying buttresses into the larger walls of the cathedrals, by the flying buttresses of Chartres had to be so extensive in order to support the extraordinarily tall nave that this just wasn't an option

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover patron

wealthy Jewish family

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture primary media

wood, mud brick, tufa (volcanic rock)

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht media

woodcut

Allegory of Law and Grace media

woodcut and letterpress

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel) content

· Mountains lake, trees, clouds, blue skies, tiny human figures · All from the vantage point of the mountaintop village Guadalupe (that looks over the Valley of Mexico)

George Washington date

1788-1792 CE

Rebellious Silence form

-black and white -ink on photograph

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade Artist / Architect

Circle of the González Family

The Burghers of Calais patron

City of Calais

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Intended Audience (Who was admitted inside the structure?):

Pharoahs and priests

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) form

- Gothic style: dates from the late medieval period - Enemorous bullying on a concrete bed (not medieval tradition) - Concerned with ventilation

Great Mosque intended audience

Made for royalty, high-standing officials,and people of cordoba for religious needs.

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover location

Made is Spain; now in British Library

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover period

Made is Spain; now in British Library

Preying Mantra form

-collage combined with painting on mylar -mylar:plastic material that is translucent and malleable -mutu loved to use fragments from fashion magazines, and other resources in her collages

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes building's utilitarian function

Seats for festivals May have been built to hold a sacred connection to Mithra

Untitled #228 content

-holding decapitated head -fake feet and tummy -no emotions in gaze -appears mask/statue like -Head tilted slightly to her left -posed photograph of artist (Cindy Sherman)

Sunflower Seeds content

"sunflower seeds" covering floor

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis period

(Mamluk) Islamic

The Kiss Stone content

-Arms continue all the way around -Hands clasp each other and hold the other firmly -Two figures Separated -Figure on right: woman Arched line = breasts she is slightly thinner than the man -Singular mouths and lips -Primitive -Archaic

Electronic Superhighway function

-2 ideas: interstate highway system and TV's -connected the 2 ideas -spectator is a participant -wants to show how interconnected technology will soon truly make us -reflects the way that he as an immigrant, sees the nation -United despite diveristy( gives overwhelming feeling) -goal: connect viewers and unites them -neon lights reference glowing motel and restraint signs

The Crossing content

-2 videos playing simultaneously -both have same calm man -1) engulfed in flames on left -2) drenched in water on right -man throughout the video raises his hands from the sides of his body -fire and water are symbolic of rebirth, cleansing, transformation, destruction, (reference to Buddhism)

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Form

-246 feet 9 inches long -58,000 names -2 identical slabs of black granite -granite gives off a mirror effect while viewing the art -You look at names and see yourself -dedicated to honor the Vietnam War Veterans -Connects dead and living

Great Mosque of Djenné content

-3 minarets - Earthen roof - Qibla faces Mecca -Terracotta lids cover holes on the roof -Timber poles poke out of the mosque called torons for decoration and climbing the mosque for replastering -stairs symbolize transition from everyday life of the marketplace to a sacred place.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao form

-33,000 extremely thin sheets of titanium to cover his work -titanium gives off a shimmering gold and silver surface look, and can show movement because of reflective properties -titanium is resistant to corrosion and light

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon form

-35.64 by 33.4 meters - White marble remains; would've been painted brilliantly in its age - High relief sculpture creates great drama, shadow, and contrast - More prominent gods and figures are in higher relief - Not symmetrical -Stood on top on the Pergamene acropolis and aligned with a pre-existing temple of Athena -Looks over vast landscape

Electronic Superhighway form

-366 tv monitors -50 DVD players -3,750 feet of cable -575 feet of multi colored neon tubing -very busy composition -creates a sycadelic affect

Electronic Superhighway content

-49 channel closed circuit video installations combined to make outline of U.S. -neon colors -screen reflects -firmly defined states -flashing images -audio clips

Catacomb of Priscilla context

-5th century -Underground, in the north of Rome -The oldest part of the catacombs -Closest to the entrance of Priscilla's villa -Place where the earliest Christians were buried -Some Christians would come here to practice their faith covertly -Christ represented as the Good Shepherd -Central figure of shallow domed ceiling -Isaac about to be killed by Abraham -Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his own son foreshadowed God's willingness to sacrifice Christ -References to miracles Christ performed throughout his life

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) content

-615 feet long and 157 feet wide -four stories -capacity for 50,000 spectators -80 arches, 76 numbered (corresponded to tickets)

Seated Boxer media

-Bronze -Sculpture

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Building's Utilitarian Function:

-A garden for the god, Amun -Religious events

Acropolis Utilitarian Function

-A public complex used as a civil center, where festivals, religious practices and other communal events took place. -A building, called the Propylaea was a gateway or entryway to the specific space. -It was originally meant to be a place for banqueting and a gallery for art. -The Parthenon was used as a storehouse and a treasury. -There were also Temples meant for Nike and Athena

Fallingwater function

-A response to the European Modernist design that Wright had in part inspired Wright had set out to beat the Europeans at their own game, using elements of their idiom -Most important contribution to Modern Architecture is the "acceptance of Modern architecture itself" -Organic architecture: there soul be harmony between human habitation and the natural world

Contrapposto

-A style of Greek sculpture where people are depicted standing and leaning so that the person's weight is being put on opposite leg -relaxed, natural

Head of a Roman Patrician function

-A veristic sculpture that accurately depicts a patrician -Admire the age of the elderly (in this case, an old patrician) -Symbolizes the virtues of wisdom, determination, experience, valor and strength that all Roman Republicans hoped to obtain

Fallingwater context

-A personal milestone for Frank Lloyd Wright, because it marked a turning point in his career American architect -The mid 1930's were among the darkest years for architecture and architects in American history The country' financial system had collapsed with the failure of hundreds of banks Almost no private homes were built Many of the architectural project started in the 1920's were haunted due to a lack of funds -Wright and his wife Olgivanna were trying to keep their home and studio in Taliesin, WIsconsin out of foreclosure -The Wright devised an architectural apprenticeship program that became known as "fellowship" Wright made his first trip to the site on Bear Run, Pennsylvania in December 1934 -Story that Wright waited 9 months until he was forced to draw up the plans It is said that this process took about 2 hours -Wright's concept of Organic Architecture stems from his Transcendentalist background Belief that human life is part of nature -Wright was influenced by every conceivable architectural style -The Kaufmanns loved Wright's proposal to suspend the house over the waterfall But Edgar Kaufmann Sr. sent a copy of Wright's blueprints to an engineer, who deemed the ground unstable and did not recommend that he proceed with the house Wright was not happy with the client's lack of faith, but permitted an increase in the number and diameter of the structures steel reinforcements Kaufmann agreed to proceed The engineer's warnings later proved valid, an issue that "haunted" Wright for the rest of his life -Wright is famous for pushing th architectural envelope for dramatic effect -In the balconies: due to the lack of proper support cracks began appearing in the balcony floors soon after they were poured Over the years, crack have been repaired as the cantilevers continued to sag By 2001, some of the 15 food cantilevers had fallen more than 7 inches In order to avoid a complete collapse, an ingenious system was devised using tensioned cables to correct the problem and stabilize Wright's masterwork

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture meaning and signifigance

-Around 600 B.C.E, the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout Etruria, most likely as a result of Greek influence. -While the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with Greek culture, Etruscan religious architecture was marked differently in material and design. -These colorful structures typically had stone foundations but their wood, mud-brick, and terra cotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements. -Greek temples still survive today in parts of Greece and southern Italy since they were constructed of stone and marble. -Etruscan temples were built mostly with ephemeral materials and have largely vanished. -Built for the goddess Minerva.

Forum of Trajan primary building materials

-Brick -concrete -marble

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple building utilatarian function

-Buried their dead in the tombs cut out of the sandstone cliffs. - 500 royal tombs in the rock, but no human remains found - burial practices are unknown. -This was a functioning city, and had all the necessary facilities to be one -The main buildings are the Temple, Treasury, and the tombs -The city was a major trading hub because of its central position in the cradle of early civilization - The prominence of the tombs in the landscape led early explorers and scholars to see Petra as a large necropolis -Petra was a well-developed metropolis with all of the trappings of a Hellenistic city

Winged Victory of Samothrace context

-Called "Nike of Samothrace" because it was found on the island in the north of the Aegean which is called Samothrace. -Found in a sanctuary in the harbor that actually faces in such a way that the predominant wind that blows off the coast, actually seems to be enlivening her drapery. -She was a messenger goddess, who spread the news of victory. -Originally would have been seen as part of a temple complex at Samothrace and on a stone ship in an outdoor environment. -The dramatic sense of movement distinguishes the Nike of Samothrace as a work from the Hellenistic period of Greek art. -When you viewed it from the original location, you saw it from a ¾ view.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Primary building materials used in construction

-Carved sandstone into rock on a cliff

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut primary building materials

-Carved sandstone into rock on a cliff

Hagia Sophia utilatiar funciton

-Cathedral -Mosque -Museum -est. 1934-Commissioned by Emperor Constantine -Showcased his power as the Roman emperor.

Hagia Sophia Building Utilatarian Function

-Cathedral -Mosque -Museum -est. 1934-Commissioned by Emporer Constantine -Showcased his power as the Roman emperor.

San Vitale form

-Central plan -ambulatory- hall that goes around -reused brick exterior -octagon shape -many windows for lighting (mosaics inside) -massive column for support -repetition of apse like shapes create movement -very decorated -classical tradition, drapery and vivid colors

Untitled #228 form

-Cindy searing heavy makeup -stands in carpet of green grass and flowers -drapery intertwined around her body -strong, vivid colors -patters in backstop drapery -shiny texture on drapery

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page form

-Codex is a bound book made from sheets of paper or parchment -Designed and recorded with the use of ink pigments and gold vellum -Tiny red dots that envelop words -Gold vellum -The letters "NIAM" of "quoniam" -Negative space as four letters -Shapes create words -Symbols are assigned for the other three evangelists Matthew is a man Mark is a lion John is a eagle

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Function

-Created to mark the grave of a rich, unidentified Roman -scholars believe that the sarcophagus belongs to the splayed out focal point-man in the carvings -Depicts a battle between Romans and barbarians

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall primiary building materials

-Cut sandstone and mud bricks

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow function

-Demonstrated his commitment to relational opposites, asymmetry, and pure planes of color. -Mondrian composed this painting as a harmony of contrasts that signify both balance and the tension of dynamic forces. -Mondrian viewed his black lines not as outlines, but as planes of pigment in their own right; an idea seen in the horizontal black plane on the lower right of the painting that stops just short of the canvas edge -Mondrian eradicates the entire notion of illusionistic depth predicated on a figure in front of a background. -He achieves a harmonious tension by his asymmetrical placement of primary colors that balance the blocks of white paint. -Mondrian has a desire for a universal truth wit the intimately persona experience of the artist

Head of a Roman Patrician content

-Description: wrinkled and toothless, with sagging jowls -The face of a Roman aristocrat stares at us across the ages -Physical traits meant to convey seriousness of mind and the virtue of a public career by demonstrating the way the subject literally wears the marks of his endeavors -This Veristic portrait of an unknown Roman patrician depicts carefully sculpted detail in the face, especially wrinkles and changes in texture -Instead of trying to make their subject appear perfect and youthful patrician portraits from the ancient Roman Republic aimed to highlight distinctive facial features -wrinkles and other signs of ageing on this portrait in particular serve to point out his admirable qualities of experience, seriousness, and determination -From Otricoli, Italy; now housed in the Palazzo Torlonia in Rome, Italy

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis context

-Early Byzantine (330-726 BCE) - The capital is moved to Constantinople - Christianity becomes the official religion - Emphasis on flatness and mystery - Used the church to back the authority of the emperor - Like most of the early byzantine art. - Sinful nature of making graven images

Santa Sabina Utilatarian Function

-Early Christian church -To respect Sabina, who supposedly died on the location - Roman Emperor from the 300s and Christian convert - Martyr for Christianity -To impress the viewer and inspire them to follow Christianity

Merovingian looped fibulae form

-Early Medieval Europe -Mid-sixth century C.E. 4" high -Material: silver gilt-worked in filigree with inlaid garnet and other stones -decorated with garnets, amethyst, and colored glass -Ends of fibulae: the shape of Eagle heads -the main body of the brooch is a little fish

The Kaaba building utilitarian function

-Every Muslim faces the direction of the Kaaba and Mecca when they are praying and they pray five times a day. -It establishes the universal direction of prayer for all Muslims. -It is also the location where the Muslim population takes a very important religious pilgrimage. Hundreds of Thousands of Muslims travel to Mecca and circumvent the Kaaba five times. -Most Muslims hope they can take this pilgrimage once in their lives and it is one of the five pillars of Islam.

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page content

-Example of Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art -A series of repetitive knots and spirals -Ribbons contain abstract animal forms that twist -blue, pink, orange, red, green -Snake-like creatures -Centrally located cross -Animal life -One knot enclosed in a rectangle unravels into a blue heron's chest Feline presses off this appendage acrobatically to turn its body 90º -Spiraled forms -Swirling vortexes

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page CONTENT

-Example of Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art -A series of repetitive knots and spirals -Ribbons contain abstract animal forms that twist -blue, pink, orange, red, green -Snake-like creatures -Centrally located cross -Animal life -One knot enclosed in a rectangle unravels into a blue heron's chest Feline presses off this appendage acrobatically to turn its body 90º -Spiraled forms -Swirling vortexes

Merovingian looped fibulae context

-Fibulae are brooches (safety pins) that were made popular by Roman military campaigns -Cultural exchanges occurred (barbarians and Romans) copied and shared similar works -Barbarian: non-Roman and illiterate groups traveling throughout Europe during the middle ages -Became very popular in the early Middle Ages and commonly found in barbarian grave sites -Gives the cultural information about barbarians -Found through many different ethnics groups and with trade -Similar cultures tend to have similar artist designs while diverse cultures didn't -Shows that distinct cultures living within larger empires and kingdoms - eagles found on work - used by Imperial Rome and an emblem to Saint John - solder wires onto a metal base and fill the areas those wires created with stone

The Book From the Sky form

-Hans printed characters from wood letterpress type -Xu Bing invented over 1,000 new Chinese characters

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Meaning / Significance:

-Hatshepsut said the temple was "a garden for my father, Amun" -The design mimicked the pattern of the cliffs behind the temple

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut function

-Hatshepsut said the temple was "a garden for my father, Amun" -The design mimicked the pattern of the cliffs behind the temple

Grave stele of Hegeso content

-Hegeso, a young woman seated in a chair being attended by her maid -The woman does not touch the floor at all -servant holds a jewelry box, and Hegeso hold and looks at a necklace -now we cant see the necklace because it was painted on the stele and has worn off -might represent a dowry drapery -elaborate forms and swirls -very close to her body -She does not touch the ground -her foot is on a pedestal -Composition of the drapery -Inscription on top says Hegeso, daughter of Proxenos

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

-Hunefer -Judges -Heiroglyphics -Gods -Anubis -Horus -Osiris is sitting on a throne -Isis -Nephthys

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall content

-Hypostyle Hall -Pylons -Auxillerary buildings -Obelisk

Augustus of Prima Porta form

-Imperial Roman, Early first century C.E., 20 B.C.E -Marble -found in the villa of Livia (his wife), at Primaporta -free standing, sculpture in the round -bas-relief carving on the breastplate -standing contrapposto -most likely a copy of a bronze sculpture, many copies would have been made

Improvisation 28 (second version) context

-Improvisation is the name of a kind of musical composition Kandinsky is composing with form, but this is still rooted in stories of the bible and of his particular historical moment Trying to associate painting with music To suggest that like music, painting can signify, mean things, without representing anything concrete Synesthesia is something that Kandinksky was very interested in (idea of crossing of the senses) -He might have wanted us to hear something -Kandinsky was very influenced by Arnold Schonberg (a turn of the century composer) Jettisoning the familiar Western harmonies to create a new kind of difficult atonal music for the beginning of the twentieth century -1912: two years before the first world war begins and early twentieth century Russian history is filled with political chaos -Kandinsky was concerned that if we could recognize things too clearly that our minds would take over the interpretation and we would close off our emotional ability to respond to the pure color and form -Kandinsky was deeply influenced by biblical imagery -Kandinsky was interested in the idea of the horse and the rider -Utopia: idea that we could wash away the old world, a world that was about to destroyed not only by the Russian Revolution, but also by the First World War Kandinsky was convinced that he could help lead that in the visual realm -Many artists in the early twentieth century, had sense that the artist could pay an important role in the new civilization that was going to emerge in the twentieth century -Kandinsky was originally a lawyer Left practice and started taking art classes -Kandisnky thought the world needed changing -He was frustrated with the se of scientific discoveries for destructive purposes

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht form

-In the style of a lamentation -Composition divided the sheet into 3 horizontal sections

Niobides Krater context

-It is said that a mortal woman named Niobid had 14 children (7 girls and 7 boys). -She bragged about her children being more beautiful and numerous than the children of the greek goddess Leto (which was a bad idea). -Leto's children turned out to be the god Apollo (association with music and the sun) and the goddess Artemis (association with hunting). -Both of the children wanted revenge for their mother so they killed Niobid's 14 children. -One prominent theory of why Herakles is in the scene is that, it is a sculpture of him and Greek soldiers are coming to honor him and ask for protection before they go into battle. -At the end of the Archaic period (490 BCE) the Greeks battled the Persians and against all odds the Greeks won (the Battle at Marathon).

Seated Boxer context

-It was created during the Hellenistic period (100BCE) -Which was the last phase of ancient Greek art right after alexander the great and before the Romans took over -During this time Greek art was expanded to include a variety of art -Breaking away from the traditional idealized, heroic, male nude -The seated boxer embodies the culture shift of the Hellenistic period -Still holding onto the pre Hellenistic ideas his body is idealized with perfect muscle, but in contrast, his posture and face show humanity

Standard of Ur form

-It is small in size, but beautifully decorated. -Can easily be carried. -One long side seems to represent a scene of peace and prosperity. -divided into 3 registers. -framed with pretty pieces of shell(shows us the long distance trade that this culture was involved in). -Made with blue lapis lazuli, red stone and the shells. -In the 3 registers you can see jobs people did and the social class organization. -The most important figures (most important, wealthiest people towards the top and then the common labors at the bottom). -Down at the bottom, there are human figures carrying heavy bags to what seems to be a destination and animals. -In the middle, you can see people leading animals more clearly identifiable animals (bulls, rams, sheep and goats). Animals could have used for sacrifice or could have been used for taxation for the kingdom. -At the top, the largest person resembles the king (wears different clothing, head hits the top frame and his chair has an animal leg on it). -Lots of the figures on the top register are holding a cup (joining the king is liberation) (drinking wine or beer). -There is some celebration going on (either religious ceremony or a festivity). -The secondary figures in the top register are larger than the servants that are around them. 2 figures at the far end are entertainment. -On the other side of the structure it is a different story. -Divided again by 3 registers. -We see scenes of violence and warfare. there are 4 chariots that are pulled by male donkeys. -Behind the charitets you can see trampled bodies of the enemies. -There is a lot of detail for the enemies (you can see the wounds and blood of the person). -You can also see the specific engineering of the chariots in the picture. -Bottom panel has a form of naturalism. -The horse seems to be walking then trotting then galloping on the bottom scene. -The middle register shows a line of soldiers ready for battle (helmets the soldiers are wearing have been found in the royal tombs). -Get a sense of order from the line of soldiers. In the middle of the register there is a battle taking place and the soldiers are slaying the enemy. -In the far right, the soldiers are being captured by the enemys. -In the top register, the king is again the largest person in the frame. -On the left there is a chariot and soldiers and on the right other soldiers are bringing prisoners of war to the king. -Everyone has one eye becasue it was considered to be a perfect convention for the figures (perfect profiles) and shoulders are squared. Scale is 21.59 x 49.5 x 12 cm. -The original wooden frame with the shells, red limestone and lapis lazuli had decayed and 2 main panels been crushed together because of the weight of the soil.

Hagia Sophia content

-Longitudinal and Centrally planned Basilica -The dome is on top of a square -this is called pendentive -Two half domes come from that square -Four pencil Minarets -the place from which Muslims would be called to prayer when Hagia Sophia was a mosque was The Sultan's Lodge -The private and elevated balcony from which the Sultan would worship -It was secluded because only certain people were allowed to talk to and interact with the Sultan. -Arabic Calligraphy- The highest form of Islamic art

hagia sophia content

-Longitudinal and Centrally planned Basilica -The dome is on top of a square -this is called pendentive -Two half domes come from that square -Four pencil Minarets -the place from which Muslims would be called to prayer when Hagia Sophia was a mosque was The Sultan's Lodge -The private and elevated balcony from which the Sultan would worship -It was secluded because only certain people were allowed to talk to and interact with the Sultan. -Arabic Calligraphy-The highest form of Islamic art

Great Mosque of Djenné form

-Made from cylindrical adobe (mud brick) -made by hand with contribution from the whole society-- complex organization of society -"rectilinear and partly enclosed by a wall" -Supported by massive pillars -Topping the conical pillars are ostrich eggs - Contains a mihrab

The Kiss content

-Man kissing a female -Bodies are not present Covered in gold cloaks -Female: full frontal but horizontal (woman is passive while she receives this kiss) Gently touches the man's fingers as he holds her head and his neck reaches out and around -Both male and female are crowned Male head: wreath of leaves Female head: stars of the heavens

House of the Vettii context

-Many wealthy families of Pompeii fled to other Roman cities after Earthquake of Pompeii in 62 CE, creating a new upper class -The owners, Conviva and Restitutus, were both freedmen, new to wealth and status. -2 of the rooms opening onto the peristyle were still being painted at the time of the eruption -Domestic art (wall painting and sculpture) in Pompeii after the Earthquake became markedly sexual and less morally clean. -Owned by two brothers, Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus Vettius Conviva

Pure Land context

-Mariko Mori is a multimedia artist who is interested in spirituality, eastern mythology, and western culture -puts herself in artwork -photo from 3D video multisensory experience called Nirvana -Pureland is the paradise of Ammid Buddha (who in this scene is surrounded by celestial figures called boddhisttras. -Boddhisattras are kind creatures who help others achieve enlightment.

Pure Land function

-Mariko's pieces promote openess and universality -she invites people to join, wonder, and experience her work -The salt in the Dead Sea represents purification and the lotus flower floating in the water symbolizes "purity and rebirth into paradise" -Mariko is dressed as Tang Lady who is the goddess of fortune and promotes the message that everyone can have enlightenment

Santa Sabina Form

-Massive and spacious nave -Faces the altar -Illuminated by natural light from windows -Creates a feeling of transcendence -Light from the windows was manipulated by the architect to create a spiritual effect -Would've illuminated the mosaics on the nave walls -Light = Christ, heaven -Nave; looking at the side aisle -Imagine the walls glimmering with mosaics -Over the columns: wine cups and bread which is symbolization of Eucharist

Santa Sabina form

-Massive and spacious nave -Faces the altar -Illuminated by natural light from windows -Creates a feeling of transcendence -Light from the windows was manipulated by the architect to create a spiritual effect -Would've illuminated the mosaics on the nave walls -Light = Christ, heaven -Nave; looking at the side aisle -Imagine the walls glimmering with mosaics -Over the columns: wine cups and bread which is symbolization of Eucharist

Improvisation 28 (second version) function

-Modern painting rooted in ancient tradition of representing Christian stories -Representation of an apocalypse (a moment when the sins of the world are going to be washed away -Great flood: wave of an idea that God in the old testament had wiped man from the earth except for Noah and his family -Referencing the four horsemen of the apocalypse, but also the idea of redemption -Pressure limits of art and music -Look for something harmonizing (to unify people and to stop Hitler) -Use painting as a spiritual force

White Temple and its ziggurat Primary building materials used in construction

-Mudbrick -Whitewash -White Clay -Bitumen/Asphalt -Brick

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz context

-Neoclassical Work -Sor Juana Sor Juana was considered one of the first feminist of the Americas because she joined a religious order and became a nun in order to pursue her intellectual interests Engaged in debate with philosophers and scientists of the time Instead of marrying, she decided to pursue her intellectual passion in a Carmelite convent before converting to the Jeroimite order (more freedoms) Despite being a nun, she defended her rights as a woman Eventually drew concern from the church Church forced Juana to sell her library and give up her pursuits She was made to sign a document declaring she would cease her education After being denied her intellectual abilities...Sor Juana served as a nurse in an infirmary She caught a disease and passed away - Miguel Cabrera Portrayed the nun in a way that gave tribute to her religious AND intellectual purposes Painted after Sor Juana's death (probably based off of other portraits)

En la Barberia no se Llora context

-Pepon Osario is a Puerto Rican American artist who bases his work off of the life experiences of a typical Puerto Rican living in America -Puerto Rican residents in America only have certain rights, not like the average Americans -Osario describes his work as having attached a personal cultural history, as he feels a dual cultural pride from Puerto Rican and American identities -Best known for life sized mixed media installations that involve the cultural context of being Puerto Rican in the United States

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow context

-Mondrian called his style: Neo-Plasticism or "The New Plastic Painting" Plastic: refers to plastic arts which is media such as sculpture, that molds 3D form or in Mondrian's case, painting on canvas -For centuries, European painters had attempted to render 3D forms in believable spaces-creating illusions of reality. Mondrian and other modernists wanted to move painting beyond naturalistic depiction to focus instead on the material properties of paint and it unique ability to express ideas abstractly using formal elements such as line and color -Mondrian believed his abstraction could serve as a universal pictorial language representing the dynamic, evolutionary forces that govern nature and human experience He believed that abstraction provides a truer picture of reality than illusionistic depictions of objects in the visible world Maybe this is why he characterized his style as "abstract real" painting -Earliest paintings were quit traditional in both subject and style He studied at the art academies in the Hague and in Amsterdam in is home country of the Netherlands He later began to emulate a variety of contemporary styles, including Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, and Symbolism during the early 20th century -Mondrian was inspired by Cubism (a moment let by Pablo Picasso and Georges Brawue that explored the use of multiple perspectives) Mondrian began experimenting with abstracted forms around the time he moved to Paris in 1912 -Production of paintings within a series of canvases was part of Modrian's method, and how he worked through thematic and composition issues -"Composition" signals his experimentation with abstract arrangements -Mondrian had returned home to the Netherlands just prior to the outbreak of the First WOrld War and remained there until the war ended While in the Netherlands, he further developed his style ruling out compositions that were either too static or too dynamic, concluding that asymmetrical arrangements of geometric shapes in primary colors best represent universal forces He combined his development of an abstract style with his interest in philosophy, spirituality, and his belief that the evolution of abstraction was a sign of humanity's progress -Composing with opposites such as black and white pigments or vertical and horizontal line suggest an evolutionary development -His paintings may also reflect is association with the Theosophical Society ( as esoteric group that had a strong presence in Europe) Interested in opposite as an expression of hidden unity In Theosophy: lines, shapes and colors symbolized the unity of spiritual and natural forces -During WW2, Mondrian stayed in Laren, a village with a thriving art community near Amsterdam. He lived near M.H.J Schoenmaekers, a prominent Theosophist who use terms such as "New Plasti" to promote his ideas on spiritual evolution and the unification of the real and the ideal, the physical and imaterial -While in Holland, Mondrian founded the movement called "De Stijl" (The Style) with the artist Theo van Doesburg. The two shared many ideas about art as an expression of relationships, particularly the relationships between art and life These artists believed that the evolution of art coincided with the modern progression of humankind, they thought that New Plasticism could, and should encompass all of the human experience They parted ways, but their movement to combine modern art and living was so influential that the abstract, geometric principles and use of primary colors they applied in painting, sculpture, and design, and architecture still resonate today

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Function/Meaning

-Notable features of this include: carving in high relief, crowding the figures together, and a sense of movement -Texture is associated with the enemy and a kind of roughness. -Place to store a deceased person

White Temple and its ziggurat Intended Audience (Who was admitted inside the structure?):

-Only priests and elite community members were admitted. -Priests: responsibility to attend to the gods and to do sacrifices/rituals.

Acropolis primary building materials

-Pentelic Marble -Limestone -Gold (statue of Athena)

Fallingwater form

-Perched above a mountain cataract on a rocky hillside deep rugged forest of Southwestern Pennsylvania -90 miles from Pittsburg -South-southeast orientation gives the illusion that the stream flows, not alongside the house, but through it -Cantilevered ledges -A rock outcropping that projected about the living room floor onto his massive central hearth -Liberal use of glass No walls facing the walls, only a central stone core for the fireplaces and stone columns -"Corner turning windows" -Bent a trellis beam to accommodate the previous existing tree -Balconies a warm earthen tone -Ferro-concrete for his cantilevers This use of reinforced concrete for the long suspended balconies was revolutionary He extended the balcony of the second floor master bedroom soaring six feet beyond the living room below

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall intended audience

-Pharoahs and priests

Summer Trees Function

-Pine trees remind Song Su-nam of the togetherness of literati. -Full trees are summer trees -Pine trees represent unity, gathering, and friendship -Link to past between modern art and symbols of technique, between past and present

Villa Savoye function

-Represents the culmination of a decade during which the architect worked to articulate the essence of modern architecture -Desire to integrate landscape and architecture -A machine designed to maximize leisure in the machine age -Refinement of Le Corbusier's architectural system -Essential geometric volumes embody his concept of the type form, and its careful consideration of procession and proportion connect the building to Classical ideals -Its clean simplicity and its use of concrete evoke the precisely-calibrated works of engineering o admired by the architect -Represents Le Corbusier's re-conception of the very nature of architecture, his attempt to express a timeless classicism through the language of architectural modernism

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture forms

-Temple was raised on a high podium and had a frontal entrance -Tuscan/Etruscan temples (Doric with bases) -Little architecture still stands, only the model and floor plan remain accurate information - Divided into 2 parts; front and back porch -a deep front porch with widely spaced Tuscan columns -Back porch divided into 3 separate rooms (triple cella) -Abundance of terra cotta sculptures

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut form

-Terraces created for gardens -Built into a cliff

Grave stele of Hegeso function

-The Grave Stele of Hegeso (c. 410-400 BC) is one of the best surviving examples of Attic grave stelae. From around 450, Athenian funerary monuments increasingly depicted women, as their civic importance increased. -A gravestone honoring the dead

Kore

-an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes. -goddesses

San Vitale Primary Building Materials

-brick -marble -stone veneer -mosaic

San Vitale primary building materials

-brick -marble -stone veneer -mosaic

Stadia II form

-canvas base -acrylic paints -pencil, pen, ink, thick streams of additional acrylic paints -Mehretu has an interest in layered imagery -uses lithography, screen printing, chine colle, intaglio, drypoiny, engraving, aquatint, and spit bite techniques -"story maps of no location" -cacophony of marks

Stadia II content

-central centrifugal -flashes of color floating above (small circles, dots, and hash marks) -larger circles, triangles, blocks, and logos -painterly grey marks

Forum of Trajan Ulitarian Function

-civic space -ceremonial space -to represent the power of Trajan -the detail of the art within it shows the importance the society placed on him and his accomplishments

Earth's Creation function

-documents lushness of "free time" that follows periods of heavy rain and makes use of tropical blues, yellows, greens -Dump Dump Dots give a sense of movement across canvas -wanted to show beauty of nature and land which is linked to aboriginal culture

Horn Players content

-famous jazz musicians -Charlie Parker (left) -Dizzy Gillespie (right) -sketch of a face in the middle pannel -instruments -"DOH SHOO BE OBEE" -"DIZZY" -"ORINTHOLOGY" -"PREE" -"TEETH" -soap box -paint patches

The Crossing form

-fire and water are complimentary colors -man accepting forces -takes 10 min -sound shows how much energy is exerted on the man -300 frames per second -slow motion= added level of drama

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus content

-generally the figures all looked the same -Romans were clearly the noble soldiers and good guys in this piece. This can be seen through their appearance as romans have attractive characteristics, serious expressions, and smooth skin. -The Goths/the Barbarians/ and The Gauls were the enemy -They are displayed with puffy cheeks and nose, rough, uneven ski, wild expressions, and uncivilized features. -The Hero was the man in the top center of the sarcophagus - He was the clear focal point : open chested strong no weapon likely a general heavy draped armor no helmet -Sculpture contains a lot of lively movement -displays stories through the individual interactions between figures

Doric

-geometric -weighty -massive/heavy -no transition between column and the ground -no creative molding -simple

Stadia II context

-global experience (born internationally, lived outside the US) -education in both printing and painting -socially and politically active -passionate about unity and equality -uses are when words aren't sufficient

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees form

-gothic style - Illuminated manuscript - ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum - In the upper register an enthroned king and queen wear the traditional medieval open crown topped with fleur-de-lys—a stylized iris or lily - an ermine-lined blue mantle drapes over her shoulders - Her pink T-shaped tunic spills over a thin blue edge of paint which visually supports these enthroned figures - A slender green column divides the queen's space from her son, King Louis IX, to who she deliberately gestures across the page by raising her left hand in his direction.

Dancing at the Louvre content

-group of African Americans -Willa, her friend Marcia, and Marcia's three daughters -Bright vivid colors

Old Man's Cloth context

-he collects the bottles near his home in Southern Nigeria -joined the "Sankofa" movement -inspired by Kente cloth: a royal/ceremonial strip women made cloth by Asante and Ewe people -Anatsui was born in Ghana, a former British colony -alcohol was first traded for goods and the for people -work comes folded and the curator decides how to present it -Individual metal pieces reflect differently at every angle -El Anatsui was trained in school with a European curriculum

Androgyn III Function

-made for anyone (sculpture is neither male nor female) -sculpture -to inform people of the destruction of war -emphasis on space and mass -shows suffering -shows brutality of war -interperative art -Androgyne -Normalized ampitutaions -Sexual characteristics de-emphazied -fragmented body could represent mom's missing arm

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) context

-native American with ties to Shoshone, confederate, Salish, and kootenal tribes of flathead Indian nation -work explores Native identity and how it is seen by everyone else

Lying with the Wolf content

-nude woman lying intimately alongside a wolf -work is delicate and percise -took 3 years to complete -88inches x 73 inches -illustrations are in a rough and patchy manner

Stadia II function

-observational piece -viewers observe a plethora of contrasting, yet interconnected details -part of a tryptich of works -visual audience -wanted to involve reflection and connection to the piece, shared experiences, and other people -indiviudaul pieces symbolize a lively stadium, in which there is attention towards the center -sought to emphazise through this piece, the increased globalization towards center. -global and technological development that has overtaken a vast amount of people in today's world -orange diamonds and red X's refrence russian constructvism and Kalmir Malveich

Great Mosque of Djenné context

-oldest known city in Sub-Saharan Africa -largest mud-brick structure in the world - Has been rebu'ilt 3 times, the original, in 1830s, then by the French in 1906 - Current version built in 1907 - African chiefs quickly adopted Islam -built in a marketplace - Built by first converted Muslim ruler in Djenné (Koi Konboro) - Islamic culture had a huge impact on the region. -Mali emerged as a powerful empire, allowing it to be very prosperous - Ostrich eggs represent fertility - Tombs of great regional Islamic scholars are adjacent to the mosque

Pantheon function

-originally created as a temple to the Roman gods -currently functions as a church and a museum -Emperor Hadrian would hold court inside the Pantheon -An expression of Hadrian's wealth and power

Earth's Creation content

-painting at horizontal angle -"dump dump dots" -four panels -color shows artist's movements

Dancing at the Louvre form

-patchwork,cloth -acrylic paint on canvas -floral pattern around border -stitching quilted patches to a cotton backing -handwritten texts on margins

Pure Land form

-photogrpah from Mariko's 3D video multisensory experience -uses pinks, yellows, and oranges to create a tranquil and serene atmosphere

Rebellious Silence function

-portray silent defiance through dominance -protest -control -martyrdom -dualism -westerners see veils as oppression -Iranians see the gun as strength and resistance, and feel that the chador frees women from unwelcome gazes

Preying Mantra content

-purple colored trees -nude seductive woman -crown of bird feathers -left ear lobe has dangling objects -green snake interlocked in left fingers

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus context

-sarcophagus's start appear more commonly in the beginning of the second century -found at a tomb near Porta Tiburtina which was a gate in the Aurelian Walls of Rome - no one knows whose sarcophagus this is, but whoever it was was rich because of the material -created at a time in Roman history which was marked by civil wars -this historical shift is clear in the chaoticness of this piece -moves away from high classic Greek art -less focused on the beauty of the human body and more focused on the interactions between people - lack of realistic space -inspired by the Hellenistic style -named for its first modern owner- Ludovico Ludovisi.

Augustus of Prima Porta function

-served as a portrait of her husband considering it was found in her home -there would have been many bronze copies distributed around Rome, and put in public places as a type of propaganda -the statues showed the positive qualities, what he looked like (no photos so commoners wouldn't even know what the Emperor looked like), it shows how he wanted to portray himself to the people in a godlike way -one scene on the breastplate depicts the Romans getting back their standards from the Parthians, showing Rome's superiority and power -"visual propaganda" demonstrating Augustus' military prowess and the Religion of Rome

Venus of Urbino date

1538

Seated Boxer date

100 BCE

Forum of Trajan date

106-112 CE

Pantheon date

118-125 C.E.

The Bayeux Tapestry period

11th century Romanesque art

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin Date / Century:

1323 BCE.

The Scream date

1893 CE

The Kiss date

1907-1908

Anavysos Kouros form

A little larger than life Inspired by Ancient Egypt Natural modeling in the round Soft face Integrated flow of entire body Painted

Adam and Eve content

Adam and Eve standing in a thick and dense forest Both nude Eve plucking an apple from a tree with fig leaves A parrot perches on a branch to the viewer's left Adam's arm clutches a tree branch and is by a plaque in Latin It reads "Albrecht Durer from Nuremberg made this in 1504."

Sunflower Seeds artist

Ai Weiwei

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) main media

Alabaster

Adam and Eve artist

Albrecht Durer

Adam and Eve artist

Albrecht Dürer

Allegory of Law and Grace function

Answers the questions like, How to get to heaven? Good deeds? Can you get yourself to heaven on your own merit, or do you have to sit back and let God do the work? Explains Luther's ideas in visual form, most basically the notion that heaven is reached through faith and God's grace Motifs demonstrate that law leads inescapably to hell when mistaken for a path to salvation, as the damned naked man demonstrates Concerned with two roles God plays: To judge To show mercy God judges and condemns human sin; but on the other hand, God shows mercy and forgiveness, granting unearned salvation to sinful believers Describes events throughout the Bible which reveal the dual aspect of God's relationship to people Lutheran because it represents Cranach's pictorial translation of Luther's unique understanding of salvation Interprets the roles of law, good works, faith, and grace in the human relationship to God Heaven is reached through faith and God's grace

Hagia Sophia architect

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus

Hagia Sophia archericts

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses form

Anthropoid(human-shaped) Archaic smile The objects that were sitting in their hands are now missing Four separate terracotta pieces put together Portraits

Anavysos Kouros period/culture

Archaic Greek

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple patron

Aretas IV Philopatris_

The Code of Hammurabi Period / Culture:

Babylonian/Susian

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation building utilatarian function

Built to atone for usury

Last Supper form

Balanced composition equilateral triangle formed by Chrit's body. He sits below an arching pediment that if completed, traces a circle. 12 apostles arranged as four groups of three 3 windows Technique: Leonardo covered the wall with a double layer of drier plaster He added an undercoat of lead white to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top. Allowed for chromatic brilliance and extraordinary precision Because the painting is on a thin exterior wall, the effects of humidity were felt and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis media

Brass inlaid with gold and silver

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane function

Bustling city outside is a reminder of how small a plot Borromini had to work with in designing this church Dove within a triangle: symbol of the Holy Spirit; part of the three-part nature of God Could not be clearer set within that triangle Light in lantern reads as supernatural light Church is a metaphor Complexity in the lower section of the church, reaching a clarity and perfection, as we look up towards the heavens Sense of movement, sense of chaos of the earthly, but underlying that, an order that is created by God Motion inside and on exterior Entablature and cornice function almost like the waves of the ocean Columns function almost like pivot points, that allow the building to move in and out

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khuf) and the Great Sphinx Contextual issues / History about the work or architect (Historical events, religious beliefs, economic considerations):

Cats were royal animals in ancient Egypt. Lions were royal symbols and also connected with the sun (symbol of horizon) The Pharaoh's head is smaller than the body (caused by a defect in the stone) The pyramids were products of experimenting Being buried near the Pharaoh was an honor and beneficial in afterlife Egyptians believed in an afterlife, so they were buried with their belongings so that they could take their belongings with them to the afterlife Pyramids construction was aligned with stars (astronomically/celestially) There were false tomb chambers for looters Most of the limestone blocks, came from central field Sphinx was based on head of Pharaoh Menkaure had to import granite for the base of his pyramid Menkaure's valley temples have images of himself and gods (most elaborate of the three Pharoah's Valley Temples) Menkaure was seen as an egalitarian (ruled with wife)

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes century

Ceiling frescoes: c.1508-1512 CE; Altar frescoes: c. 1536-1541 CE

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes date

Ceiling frescoes: c.1508-1512 CE; Altar frescoes: c. 1536-1541 CE

Grave stele of Hegeso period

Classical

Alhambra (Palace) content

Complex decorative programs Many enchanting gardens and fountains Sophisticated planning Intimate human spaces Access restricted to four main gates Almost 26 acres with structures for 4 purposes a residence for the ruler and close family the citadel Alcazaba: barracks for the elite guard (in charge of safety of complex) Area called Medina (city) where court officials lived and worked (near Puerto del Vino) Different parts of the complex connected by paths, gardens, and gates El Mexuar: audience chamber (near Comares tower-northern end) Comares facade has courtyard and fountain in front of it Court of Myrtles Palacio de los Leones Comares Tower Sala de los Mocárabes (Muqarnas Chamber) Sala de los Reyes Buildings have shaded patios and covered walkways Well lit interior spaces "....no conqueror, but God" (words in the carved stucco)

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three daughters Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Considered informal when compared to Egyptian art Akhenaten changed the state religion from worship of Amu to worship of the sun god Aten Akhenaten made himself and his wife the only representatives of Aten on earth This change upset the entire priesthood of Egypt After Akhenaten's death, Egypt returned to traditional religion Akhenaten was a monotheist The curvilinear forms differ from the typical Egyptian art forms (rectilinear forms)

Great Mosque of Djenné location

Djenné, Mali

Adam and Eve function

Durer is not really telling the story of Adam and Eve, it is an advertisement meant to show off his skills as an artist Poses of the two human figures are contrived to show off this German artist's knowledge of classical (Greco-Roman) proportions The natural zing contrapposto clashing with the artificiality of the rest of the pose establishes a pattern of contradictions that run throughout the picture. Small sign hanging from the branch that Adam grasps contains its own contradiction. Identifies the artist as a citizen from Nuremberg, but in latin; the language of the Mediterranean, of the Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance Call of the parrot believed to sound like "Eva-Ave" - Eve and Ave Maria Melancholic: elk, black bile Phlegmatic: ox, phlegm Sanguine: rabbit, blood Choleric: cat, yellow bilw

Madonna and Child with Two Angels period

Early (Italian-Florentine) Renaissance

Birth of Venus period

Early (florentine) Renaissance

Adam and Eve media

Engraving

The Stone Breakers period

realism and impressionism

The Portuguese form

Everything is fractured Warm and neutral colors

Venus of Urbino form

Expressive brushwork Dynamic composition Brilliant coloring Highly naturalistic Fluid brushstrokes that blur at the edges of the pages Oil on canvas Graduations in tone and color overlaid with translucent glazes Thin layers of oil paint = glazes Impasto (area of thick buildup of paint) Slightly foreshortened perspective Oblong horizontal format

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle function

Flaming torch symbolizes the ardor of love Yoke-shaped garland = symbol of marriage Message: Even the king of the gods can be subdued by love Cycle idealizes and allegorizes Marie's life in light of the peace and prosperity she brought to the kingdom, not through military victories but through wisdom, devotion to her adopted country, and strategic marriage alliances Message she wished to convey and worked closely with her advisors and Rubens to ensure her story was told as she saw fit. The Presentation of the Portrait is an idealized portrayal of the conclusion of 1600 marriage negotiations that were two years in the making Presents Henry's betrothal to Marie de Medici as a union ordained by the gods, counseled by France, and inspired by Marie's beauty and virtues Marie and the cherub reaffirm the centrality of Marie de' Medici and of her royal progeny to the future of France

Madonna and Child with Two Angels context

Fra Filippo Lippi was an important painter after the death of Masaccio Somber because Mary's foreknowledge of the fate of her son None of the Byzantine elongations of the face and the hands When Lippi wanted a model for angels, he went out and found a couple of kids playing in the street and brought them into his studio and made them pose The angel in the back with only a bit of face showing, is an example of something that an artist during the Medieval period never would have done Fra Filippo Lippi wanted to create an image of Madonna and Child With Angels that looked very earthly and very natural and very real Fra Filippo Lippi was the teacher of Botticelli

Hunters in the Snow function

Genre scene = an image of daily life Painting is a carefully constructed scene drawn as much from the artist's imagination as from his surroundings Bruegel shows us an unsuccessful hunt High horizon line = suggests that we experience this scene from high above This landscape is given meaning by the activities of the people who inhabit it

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco function

Gesu means Jesus Glorification of the name of Jesus Sense of focus Name of Jesus (IHS) on ceiling = encompasses the theme of the whole church Theme: Triumphalism

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation artist

Giotto di Bondone

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco artist

Giovanni Battista Gaulli (ceiling fresco artist)

Palazzo Rucellai patron

Giovanni Rucellai

Acropolis period

High Classical

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco period

High Renaissance/ Baroque

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art artist

Honore Daumier

Mosque of Selim II content

Huge complex 190 x 130 meters Composed of: a mosque two symmetrical square madrasas (one of which served as a college for studying the hadiths, or traditions of the Prophet Muhammad) row of shops (arasta) a school for learning the recitation of the Quran Mosque built to out do the Hagia Sophia

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page media

Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigments, and gold on vellum)

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page MEDIA

Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigments, and gold on vellum)

Pantheon period

Imperial rome

Temple of Amun-Re & Hypostyle Hall Location (city, country):

Luxor, Egypt

Function(s) / Meaning Standard of Ur:

Intentionally buried because of elaborate burial ritual. Main panels are known as "War" and "Peace", but we do not know what the use of Standard of Ur was meant for.

Mosque of Selim II period

Islamic

San Vitale architect

Julius Argentarius

San Vitale architecture

Julius Argentarius

Hagia Sophia commissioner

Justinian I

hagia sophia comissioner

Justinian I

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht artist

Kathe Kollwitz

Fallingwater intended audience

Kaufaman family and their guests

Catacomb of Priscilla period/culture

Late Antique Europe

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Period/Culture

Late imperial roman

Seated Scribe Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Located in Saqqara Egypt This sculpture is not idealized the way that Pharaohs are typically depicted. That is due to the fact that Egyptians saw Pharaohs equivalent to gods and would not have represented Pharaohs this way. (in a relaxed and cross legged position) This sculpture was found in a necropolis, southwest of Cario The base at which the figure sits upon is broken, due to the wear and tear of time, but if it were whole we would be able to have more knowledge about this man; his name and title. Scribes are very highly regarded in Egyptian culture Scribes were one of a few people who could read and write This scribe had his own mastaba near a Pharaoh

The Palace at Versailles Architect

Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart (architects).

Allegory of Law and Grace artist

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Location (city, country):

Luxor Egypt

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) function

Made not only to show how grand the religion was but also facilitate the practices such as prayer and wudu. Far from being an insular sacred monument, the mosque facilitated public mobility and commercial activity which transcended its principal function as a place for prayer alone.

Androgyn III artist

Magdalena Abakanowicz

Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco building's utilitarian function

Main and original church (for the Jesuits) Served as a model for future Jesuit churches in terms of architecture and style Ceiling frescoes illustrate the beliefs of the Jesuits

Athenian Agora main builiding materail

Marble

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon primary building materials

Marble

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Artist / Architect

Master of Calamarca (La Paz School)

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture architect

Master sculptor Vulca

Calling of Saint Matthew form

Matthew and Christ are identified by light and gesture Light streams in from an unseen source Figures in contemporary clothing "Tenebrism" used dramatic lighting and had a very high contrast of bright and dark lighting (contrast between light and dark)

Isenheim Altarpiece artist

Matthias Grünewald

Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) artist

Meret Oppenheim

King Menkaura and Queen Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

Nearly life sized statue of Pharaoh Menkaure and a queen Dark stone King wearing traditional short kilt (shendjet), headdress, and fake royal beard King muscular and youthful Queen has proportioned body Queen has her right arm around the king's stomach and her left arm is touching his forearm Queen seems to be behind her husband King Menkaura has clenched fists, holding rolled ritual cloths Pillar behind Queen and King Both figures face the front Queen has a tight dress on (form fitting) Both Queen and King have left foot in front of the right foot

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) Period/ culture

Neo-Assyrian

La Grande Odalisque period

Neoclassical

Self-Portrait period

Neoclassical

The Oath of the Horatii period

Neoclassical

The Oath of the Horatii form

Neoclassical Simplistic and Symbolic Rejection of Rococo Organized and structured Male Figures = constructed with geometric shapes Female Figure = organic/realistic shapes uses Grand Manner style, which is linear and idealistic in physical features. The composition is theatrical and the stoicism and rigid stances of the sons prove Rome's unwavering backbone.

Self-Portrait with Saskia period

Northern Dutch Baroque

The Arnolfini Portrait period

Northern Renaissance

Mosque of Selim II building's utiltarian function

Offered the Sultan an opportunity to use architecture to impress the Ottoman Empire's Greatness upon visitors Offered an opportunity to build a mosque that would dominate the city Islamic mosque that was part of a complex that hosted a hospital, school, and a library

Mosque of Selim II buildings utilitarian function

Offered the Sultan an opportunity to use architecture to impress the Ottoman Empire's Greatness upon visitors Offered an opportunity to build a mosque that would dominate the city Islamic mosque that was part of a complex that hosted a hospital, school, and a library

The Oath of the Horatii media

Oil on canvas.

Entombment of Christ media

Oil on wood

Isenheim Altarpiece media

Oil on wood

Basin Baptistère de Saint Louis context

Originally comes from the area of Egypt and Syria The Mamluks were slave warriors. They had asserted their independence and ruled in countries known today as Egypt and Syria (for several hundred years) During their period in which they ruled, they became known as extraordinary craftsmen Especially known for their textile and metal work Fleur-de-lis are also associated with a Mamluk Sultan Art historians think that certain aspects may have been reworked when they came to France Alterations that make us think that the person who commissioned this was not the person who it was ultimately delivered to Islamic inscriptions are absent here Some speculation that this might have been made for somebody was was not a Muslim Actually secular because of no islamic inscriptions

Alhambra (Palace) building's utilitarian function

Originally designed as a military zone Palace and fortress complex

Alhambra (Palace) builiding's utilitarian function

Originally designed as a military zone Palace and fortress complex

Peplos Kore context

Originally thought to be wearing a peplos -Ancient Greek linen garment Kore is a female figure that is clothed -Young women

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Media:

Painted papyrus scroll

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? artist

Paul Gauguin

Pazzi Chapel (Basilica di Santa Croce) patron

Pazzi Family/ Andrea de' Pazzi

Audience Hall(apadana) of Darius and Xerxes location

Persepolis, Iran

Seagram Building patron

Philip Johnson

Fruit and Insects Formal qualities of this work:

Possessed elegant skill and technique (element of sensitivity) She used bold and dynamic colors and textures Season = Autumn Subject = fruits, vegetables, harvest, and insects Attention to detail (particularly leaves and flowers) Less symmetrical and much more lively Curves (a sense of movement) Less formalized and orderly

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees patron

Queen Blanche of Castile

Madonna and Child with Two Angels function

Real love of beauty for the things we can see with our eyes Medici family commissioned this piece to show piety, wealth, and to be reminded of Christ's story Depicts Mary praying in front of child Jesus, supported by two angels

Self-Portrait with Saskia content

Rembrandt van Rijn and his wife, Saskia van Uykenburgh are shown seated at a table wearing historical clothing Rembrandt wears a fanciful 16th century style plumed beret tilted at a jaunty angle and a fur-trimmed overcoat Saskia wears an old-fashioned veil Rembrandt is 30 years old here Rembrandt engages the viewer with a serious expression Saskia appears self-absorbed Rembrandt's left hand holds a porte crayon (a two-ended chalk holder) and appears to have been drawing on the sheet of paper before him

Fruit and Insects Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

Renaissance art was at its peak--> artists began to challenge the societal norms (accepted artistic styles and elements of the time) Artists reinvented the way art was portrayed --> led to a new form of art Vibrant colors (red and green) Uncommon subjects 1648 = Netherlands became independent from Spain (economic prosperity) Flourishing international trade = newly affluent middle class Wealthy merchants created a new kind of patronage and art market = producing directly for buyers (rather than work commissioned by the church) Historical, mythological, or religious paintings were no longer desired = buyers wanted portraits, still-life, landscapes, and paintings of everyday life Artworks that would reflect their success Rachel Ruysch became known as one of the greatest floral painters of her time

Calling of Saint Matthew period

Renaissance or Baroque

Head of a Roman Patrician period

Republican Roman

Self-Portrait function

Rococo epitomized a fashionable ideal, wherein perpetual youth was libertine and pleasure-loving, its sexual gratification taken without guilt or consequence.

Catacomb of Priscilla location

Rome Italy

Catacomb of Priscilla location

Rome, Italy

Forum of Trajan location

Rome, Italy

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane location

Rome, Italy

Santa Sabina Location

Rome, Italy

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Location

Rome, Italy.

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Function(s) / Meaning:

Serve as a visual representation of the moment St. Teresa was awakened and brought to god Physically, the central sculptural group in the chapel Bernini was deeply religious and wanted to help people understand divine ecstasy through a depiction of physical pleasure, attempting to embody her writings on the subject Bernini crafted this sculpture at one of the lowest points in his life, after the majority of his patrons had abandoned him following the fiasco of St. Peter's church. It was, in a sense, a way for him to redeem himself, to his patrons, the church, and to God. He believed that the closest anyone would get to capturing the essence of them was to sculpt the moment directly before or after they spoke, which is clearly displayed in his Ecstasy of St. Teresa.

Merovingian looped fibulae media

Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones

Mosque of Selim II architect

Sinan

Period / Culture of Standard of Ur:

Sumerian

White Temple and its ziggurat Architect:

Sumerian builders

The Palace at VersaillesFormal elements of the architecture:

Stone, marble, masonry, glass, gold, silver, wood, gardens, 700 rooms 2153 windows 67,000 m^2 of floor space 2000 acres of gardens

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Artist / Architect:

Sumerian sculptors and artists

Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes function

The Deluge confronts the viewer with the desperation of those about to perish in the flood and makes one question God's justice in wiping out the entire population of the earth, save Noah and his family, because of the sins of the wicked. Imposing figure of God in the three frescoes illustrating the separation of darkness from light and the power throughout his body, and his dramatic gesticultaions help to tell the story of Genesis without the addition of extraneous detail. It turned into a vertitable academy for young painters Last Judgement: Christ is a powerful judge One couple is being helped to ascent into heaven pn the strength of their prayer represented by the rosary beads Angels blowing their trumpets, in order to wake the dead Oarsman = Charon swining his great oar to kick off the damned Damned Man seems to realize that he is going to spend eternoty in hell Hand covering one eye as if he can not bear to see his fate His other eye open as this is a moment of recognition Early work: we see figures with bodies that are elegant and noble and have a sense of dignity Altar wall: the figures look intentionally ugly and intentionally awkard; wrong porportions, heads are too small for their bodies, overdrawn muscles Bartholomew's loose grip on the skin expresses Michelangelo's concern for the fate of his own soul Served as a gethering place for cardina;s of the Catholic Church to gather in order to elect a new pope

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George media

encaustic on wood

School of Athens function

The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers, and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. Plato points up because in his philosophy the changing world that we see around us is just a shadow of a higher, truer reality that is eternal and unchanging (include things like goodness and beauty) For Plato, this otherworldly reality is the ultimate reality, and the seat of all truth, beauty, justice, and wisdom. Aristotle holds his hand down, because in his philosophy, the only reality is the one that we can see and experience by sight and touch (exactly the reality dismissed by Plato) Aristotle's Ethics (book Aristotle holds) "emphasized the relationships, justice, friendship, and the government of the human world and the need to study it.." The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. Plato points up because in his philosophy the changing world that we see around us is just a shadow of a higher, truer reality that is eternal and unchanging (and include things like goodness and beauty). Aristotle holds his hand down, because in his philosophy, the only reality is the one that we can see and experience by sight and touch (exactly the reality dismissed by Plato). To depict the great figures during and before the time of Raphael, such as Leonardo, Plato, Euclid, etc.

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Contextual issues / History relevant to the art / artist

The Tête à Tête is the second work in a set of six distinct (but interrelated) paintings that together, in a chronological order, form a coherent, meaningful and silly narrative. Altogether this work is known as "Marriage à la Mode." The general plot revolves around the monetarily-motivated marriage of the daughter of a merchant (AKA the future Viscountess Squanderfield) to the son of a well-known family (AKA Viscount Squanderfield). It tells their tale from the day their marriage contract is drawn up to the day Viscountess Squanderfield dies. Ultimately, it aims to depict the (literally) fatal consequences of marriages not based on love.

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Content/Symbols/Subject Matter:

The Tête à Tête translates to head to head or face to face -- also a heart-to-heart or one-on-one. This second painting of the set shows the young couple just after their forced marriage and things are not looking good. The scene is set in a lavishly decorated room with plenty of art pieces, a fancy carpet, gold-outlined architecture, and a chandelier. The husband, Viscount Squanderfield is seen slouching in a chair on the right. He looks out of it -- sort of staring into the carpet. He has his legs splayed out. Possibly drunk. He has a dot on his neck that would have been recognizable to the people of the day as the mark of syphilis. He looks exhausted. A dog (a sign of fidelity in the Renaissance) sniffs at a bonnet in his pocket, insinuating that he's been intimate with another woman. The wife, Viscountess Squanderfield, sits on the left looking quite ruffled. The account stands perplexed on the middle ground of the left side of the painting. In the room, there are several important items: the instrument on the floor that's fallen out of its case (the chair it was on has also fallen!) music was often associated with sensuality and sex and that connotation is definitely present here the messy and chaotic state of the instrument mimics the chaotic state of the newlyweds' marriage the paintings of saints in the room left background of the painting

San Vitale Function

The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics, the largest and best preserved outside of Constantinople. The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact to the present day.

The Arnolfini Portrait content

The man = Italian merchant who worked in Bruges Apparent wealth Both of their clothing fur lined clothing Furnishings lace around woman's face Hands joining Shoes off Single candle in the chandelier Visitors in mirror two people in the doorway Signature above mirror "Johannes van eyck fuit hic" Mirror has scenes from the Passion of Christ Dog Fruit on tree outside and on windowsill

Seated Scribe Function(s) / Meaning:

This was a funerary sculpture meant for a tomb Important because it is a rare example of Egyptian naturalism (normally Egyptian art is very idealized, structured, and rigid) Provide a scribe for Pharaoh in the afterlife

Venus of Urbino artist

Titian

Monticello content

Took inspiration from Classical and Neoclassical buildings in France when he was ambassador Remodeled the original two-story pavilion based on the Hôtel de Salm in Paris symmetrical single-story brick home under an austere Doric entablature West garden facade two-column deep extended portico contains Doric columns that support a triangular pediment that is decorated by a semicircular window balustrade (the fence thing on the roof) that circles the roofline provides a powerful sense of horizontality Classical European Structure = basilica plan Colonnades Pediment Persian windows Dome Transept = intersects like gothic church Steps = ancient Etruscan temples

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece) content

Triptych Central scene: Annunciation Archangel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary (event took place 1500 years before this was made) taking place in a Flemish household to make Mary and Gabriel closer to us (bring viewers closer to God) Left- Donors (man and wife who commissioned painting) kneeling inside a walled garden nails on vaults, of doors plants (foreground) birds on ledge on wall (in background) Center- Annunciation Archangel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced that she will carry Christ Room has many things inside of it bench, table, vase, candle, towel, basin, candles, fireplace, and a fire screen. Right- Joseph (carpenter who is making something)

La Grande Odalisque form

Turns body away from the master's gaze. Looks erotic and aloof. Cool blues of couch and curtain at right heighten effect of her warm skin. The tight crumpled sheets contours her form. Here, Ingres painted a nude with long, sinuous lines bearing little resemblance to anatomical reality, but rendered the details and tex- ture of the fabrics with sharp precision. This work drew fierce criticism when it was displayed at the Salon of 1819.

Newport Coast Column is an example of what type of column

Tuscan/Etruscan

White Temple and its ziggurat Location (city, country):

Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq)

Sarcophagus of the Spouses context

Used to contain ashes of married couple Eating while reclining was a tradition Considered to be part of a banquet scene

Sarcophagus of the Spouses function

Used to contain human remains A married couple's sarcophagus Reclining while eating -women and men eating together The relationship was symbiotic -Woman gives man food -Man protects woman Women had more rights and equality in Etruscan society than in ancient Greece

Isenheim Altarpiece function

Was created to serve as the central object of devotion in an Isenheim hospital built by the Brothers of St. Anthony The pig who usually accompanies St. Anthony in art is a reference to the use of pork fat to heal skin infections The emphatic physical suffering was intended to be thaumaturgic (miracle performing), a point of identification for the denizens of the hospital The flanking panels depict St. Sebastian (long known as a plague saint), because his body pocked by arrows, and St. Anthony Abbot. Predella panel Lamentation is presented as an invitation to contemplate morality and resurrection Grunewald echoes and envokes Hieronymus Bosch and has inspired artists ever since The entire altarpiece is a paean to human suffering and an essay on faith and the hope for heaven in the troubled years before the Reformation An object of devotion that depicted an ethereal realm which, most importantly, presented Christ as larger than life

Vietnam Veterans Memorial location

Washington D.C.; between Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial

Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow period

de stijl

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Date / Century

c. 17th century ce.

Winged Victory of Samothrace date

c. 190 B.C.E.

Catacomb of Priscilla date

c. 200-400 ce.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Date/ Century

c. 250 ce.

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple century

c. 400 bce-100 ce

Pyxis of al-Mughira century

c. 968 ce.

cornice

decorative area above frieze

750-450 B.C.E.

end pf Etruscan monarchy, beginning of roman republic

Adam and Eve media

engraving

Chartres Cathedral context

church was built on the site of a Druidic temple--whether or not this is true, we do know that it was built on the site of a Roman temple long history of use as a Christian space: used for Christian worship since around 200 CE by 1000 CE there was a substantial church in the site Chartres has always been associated with the worship of the Virgin Mary 9th century: the church received a relic* from Constantinople: the tunic of Mary (or the Sancta Camisia) this relic made the church a hugely popular pilgrimage site (which also made the church very rich) the Romanesque church on the original site burned down in 1194--but the tunic was found three days later, unharmed! the people of the town took this as a divine message that they should rebuild the church so that it would be as grand and beautiful as possible, deserving to be the worship place of Mary work on the reconstruction of the cathedral started around 1220

Pantheon media

concrete with stone facing

Santa Sabina Primary Building Materials

brick stone wooden roof

Mosque of Selim II primary building materials

brick and stone

Hagia Sophia primairily building materials used

brick ceramic stone mosaic veneer

Hagia Sophia location

constantinople (istanbul)

David media

bronze

The Burghers of Calais media

bronze

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii date/century

c 100 B.C.E

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from bibles moralisees century

c. 1225-1245 ce

Last Judgment of Hunefer(Page from the Book of the Dead) Date / Century:

c. 1275 BCE

Röttgen Pietà century

c. 1300-1325 ce

Catacomb of Priscilla primary building materials

excavated tufa & fresco

Catacomb of Priscilla primary building materials

excavated tufa and fresco

The Saint-Lazare Station, the Auteuil Line period

impressionism

Allegory of Law and Grace period

northern renaissance

Church of Sainte-Foy intended audience

pilgrims

Great Mosque of Djenné intended audience

place of prayer and worship open to community

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode Period / Culture

rococo

Merovingian looped fibulae media

silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones