Ap Bio ch. 5

B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. D) 240 adenine and 240 cytosine molecules. E) 240 guanine and 240 thymine molecules.

Ten

A full helical turn every ___ bases

In the middle of the carbon chain

A ketose ha style carbonyl group here

Ribozyme

A molecule that catalyzes the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of phosphodiester linkages in RNA molecules

Polypeptide

A protein of more than 50 residences is considered

ogligopeptides or simply just peptide

A protein that has less than 50 amino acid residue is considered

Sickle cell anemia

A residue change of a glutamate for valine at residue 6 causes hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells to aggregate. This produces a sickle shape in red blood cells and inhibits the binding of oxygen. Furthermore, sickle cells get stuck in small blood vessels called capillaries, depriving tissues of oxygen.

D) disulfide bond.

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an) A) ionic bond. B) hydrophobic interaction. C) van der Waals interaction. D) disulfide bond. E) hydrogen bond.

Entropy

A system of free floating monomers has a greater _______ and loser energy than a system that polymerizes monomers

competitive inhibition

- a regulatory molecule competes without a substrate to bind to the active site of an enzyme - if the regulatory molecule binds to the active site, the enzyme activity is inhibited

Allosteric activation

- changing the shape of enzyme -regulatory molecule binds to enzyme; enzyme changes and allows for binding of substrate to active site

Tertiary structure

- molecules can fold into complex 3-dimensional shapes that have catalytic activity

enzymatic proteins

- selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Starch

- storage molecules of monosaccharides in plants -Consists entirely of glucose molecules lined by a- glycosidic linkages. • Angle of these allows for the coiling of glucose residues into a helix. • There are two types of starch molecules: • Amylose: an unbranched polymer. • a- 1,4-glycosidic linkage • Amylopectin: branched molecule. • A glucose molecule forms a a-1,6-glycosidic linkage about every 30 residues. • Amylase is the enzyme that cleaves the a-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch.

Primary structure of RNA

-contains Ribose sugar (OH group on 2 carbon) -much less stable than DNA because the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 can interact with the phosphate backbone -thymine doesn't exist, replaced by uracil

Secondary structure of RNA

-hydrogen bonding occurs on the same strand of RNA not a complimentary strand like DNA -this forms a double helix with single strand and an unpaired loop region called a hairpin structure

Protein structure primary

-linear sequence of amino acids -each amino acid residue has a number and its position in the sequence determines the function of that protein -A change of 1 residue can have a drastic affect on the function of that protein.

Defensive proteins

-protection against disease

Storage proteins

-storage of amino acids

transport proteins

-transport of substances

B) cholesterol.

All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin.

Below the plane of the molecule

Alpha OH is

Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction )

Amino acids polymerize via a process called

At the end of the molecule

An aldose has a carbonyl group where

The peptide bond

At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?

C) tertiary

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above

Above the plane of the molecule

Beta OH is

Potential

Both of bonds between C-C and C-H have relatively high ________ energy due to the equal sharing of electrons.

No

Can cellulose be broken down

No

Can the peptide bond rotate

-monomers called monosaccharides (one sugar) -oligosaccharides which contain few sugars - polysaccharides which contain many sugars - the molecular formula of these molecules is (CH2O)n, where the n refers to how many monomers there are on a carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are polymers that encompass

carbonyl groups (C=O), hydroxyl groups (-OH) and multiple carbon -hydrogen bonds (C-H).

Carbohydrates contain

Purine-pyrimidine paring allows for hydrogen bonds

Complimentary bases paring

Hormonal proteins

Coordination of an organisms activities

DNA: AT, GC RNA: AU, GC

DNA and RNA differ in one of their nitrogenous bases which is

Hydroxyl (OH )

DNA is missing what on its 2nd Carbon

Antiparallel double helix

DNA strands form an

B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.

DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

E.) A, B, and C

Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds A.) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) A and C only E.) A, B, and C

first be converted to glucose via enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Due to the difference in spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl group on the fourth carbon, galactose must

Hydrophilic

Electrically charged side chains and polar side chains are

Secondary structure of a protein

Foundation of a a-helices and B- pleated sheets in a polypeptide Stabilized by hydrogen bonding between groups along the peptide backbone

hydroxyl group on the fourth carbon.

Glucose and galactose both have the molecular formula of C6H12O6, however, they differ in the spatial arrangement of the

The C-1 carbon forms a bond with the oxygen on atoms of the C-5 hydroxyl The hydrogen from the C-5 hydroxyl is transferred to the C-1 carbonyl group.

Glucose forms a ring

5' -> 3'

How are the sequences fo DNA written

Chemical means or heat

How can a protein be denatured

The phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of a nucleotide will undergo a condensation reaction with the hydroxyl group bonded to the 3' carbon of another nucleotide. This type of bond is called a phosphodiester bond

How do nucleotides polymerize to form nucleic acid

5'->3 The other runs in a 3' to 5'

How do the strands of DNA run

E) 20^12

How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? A) 41^2 B) 12^20 C) 12^5 D) 20 E) 20^12

10

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.

Guanine and cytosine pairs Adenine and thymine

Hydrogen bonds for, between

C) 40

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine what would the percentage of guanine ? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) impossible to tell from the information given

B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ.

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ. B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ. C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ. D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ. E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.

Hydrolysis, water is added to break the bond between monomers

In order to depolymerize a macromolecule what must take place

Yes and has some characteristics of a double bond

Is the CH bond stable

D) as a disaccharide

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide

A) a steroid

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein

heat-shock proteins

Molecular chaperone proteins, a group of proteins from a family of proteins called ____________ facilitate protein folding

Contractile and motor proteins

Movement, - responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles

3'

Nucleotides are added to the ______ end on a growing strand

B) function in the synthesis of protein.

Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to A) transmit genetic information to offspring. B) function in the synthesis of protein. C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E) form the genes of higher organisms.

A) cellulose

On food packages, to what does the term ʺinsoluble fiberʺ refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin

Van der Waals interactions

Once hydrophobic side chains come closer together, their association is further established by electrostatic interactions.

Tertiary

Overall three- dimensional shape or a polypeptide (includes contribution from secondary structures ) Stabilized by bonds and other interactions between R-groups or between R-groups and the peptide bond backbone

5 carbon sugars

Pentoses

photosynthesis

Plants drink energy from sunlight and store it in the bonds of carbohydrates known as

Cellulose

Polymers of glucose linked by b- 1,4-glycosidic linkages. • Each glucose molecule is flipped creating a linear molecule instead of a helical one. • The linear shape allows for one strand to hydrogen bond with another creating parallel linear fibers.

Macromolecules

Proteins are large _______ composed of amino acids

Amino acids with a carboxylic acid group and a amino group bonded to a central carbon.

Proteins are made up of

allosteric inhibition

Regulatory molecule binds to enzyme ; enzyme shape changes and does NOT allow for substrate to bind

Receptor proteins

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

quaternary structure of protein

Shape produced by combinations of polypeptides ( thus, combinations or tertiary structures ) Stabilized by bonds and other interactions R-groups and between peptide backbones of different polypeptides

Chitin

Stiffens the cell walls of fungi. • Important component of the exoskeleton in insects and crustaceans (lobsters, crabs etc.). • N-acetylglucosamine is the monosaccharide that makes up this polysaccharide. • N-acetylglucosamine residues are linked together by b-1,4-glycosidic linkages. • Every other residue is flipped like in cellulose allowing for parallel strands to hydrogen bond and form fibers.

Glycogen

Storage molecule in animals. • Stored in the liver and muscle tissue. • During exercise, glycogen is broken down, liberating glucose for energy consumption in muscle tissue. • Very similar to Amylopectin, however, a a-1,6-glycosidic linkage is formed every 10 glucose residues. • Phosphorylase is the enzyme that breaks the glycosidic linkages between glucose residues in glycogen.

Peptidyglcan

Structural component of bacterial cell walls. • Contains N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid linkes via a b-1,4-glycosidic linkage. • A short chain of amino acids attached to C-3 on NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid). • These short chains of amino acids link to other amino acid chains found on NAM acting analogous to hydrogen bonds creating a rigid structure.

Different functions

Structural differences lead to

B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.

The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2-OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.

Entropy

The amount of randomness in a system entropy

Nonpolar

The bond between C-H is

Polar

The bond between C=O is

The release of a water molecule

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

A) removal of a water molecule

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of an ionic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both A and C

E) contains one less oxygen atom.

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. D) can attach to a phosphate. E) contains one less oxygen atom.

Strong

The double bonds of CO2 are very ________ due to the oxygens high electronegativity resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons. This results in low potential energy between the bonds of CO2.

Adenine diphosphate (ADP).

The energy released is then transferred to the bond between a phosphate group and

A) glycogen

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E) denaturation

The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a proteinʹs three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds? A) hydrolysis B) stabilization C) destabilization D) renaturation E) denaturation

E) A, B, and C

The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

B) C18H32O16

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H32O16 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3

Subunits

The multiple polypeptides that make up a protein are considered

5' prime carbon 1' prime carbon

The phosphate group is attached to the ________ and the nitrogenous bass is attached to the

Single polypeptide

The primary, secondary and tertiary structures of a protein involve a

Multiple polypeptide

The quaternary structure of the protein involves the interaction between

primary structure of protein

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide and stabilized by peptide ponds

Function

The structure of a molecule determines its what

C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.

The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Secondary

The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above

C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon B) different amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon D) different alpha (α) carbons E) different asymmetric carbons

The charge on a phosphate ion is negative. Three phosphate ions linked together by a phosphodiester bond strongly repel each other due to the negative nature of the functional group. This allows for the bonds to carry a large amount of potential energy

There is a ton of energy stored in the phosphodieser bonds of an ATP molecule. Why?

Three carbon sugars

Trioses

99

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

Enzymatic reactions

What allows for DNA to be replicated

Cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan

What are structural polysaccharides

1.) hydrogen bonds 2.) hydrophobic interactions 3.) van der waals interactions 4.) covalent bonds 5.) ionic bonds

What are the 5 types of interactions between R groups are essentially important in the tertiary structure

Guanine and adenine

What are the purines

Cytosine, Uracil, thymine

What are the pyrimidines

-temperature -ph -denaturates

What are things that effect function of proteins and enzymes

Phosphate, a five carbon sugar and a nitrogenous bass

What are three components of a nucleotide

The carbon connected to a nitrogen in the middle of a chain

What bond is considered a peptide bond

ATP ( adenosine triphosphate )

What is a nucleoside triphosphate

B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol

What is a triacylglycerol? A) a protein with tertiary structure B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol C) a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane D) a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions E) a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages

C) dehydration reactions

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) phosphodiester linkages B) hydrolysis C) dehydration reactions D) ionic bonding of monomers E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers

Phosphorylase

What is the enzyme that breaks glycogen linkages

Amylase

What is the enzymes that cleaves linkages in starch

B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases

What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an α helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides

B) chaperonin

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein

RNA

What is thought to be the first molecule to arise on the planet

Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions

What makes DNA stable

Nuclei acids .

What stores the information that encodes life

Deoxyribose

What sugar is in DNA

E) A, B, and C are correct.

What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? A) The primary structure of the protein would be changed. B) The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. C) The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

Carbohydrates

What's can store sunlight as energy

Glycogen

When a cell needs energy what is broken down into glucose and used to produce ATP

When the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another ami acid

When is a peptide bond formed

At the end by the amino acid

Where is the aN- terminus on a peptide backbone

A.) peptide Bonds

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) A, B, and C

C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

Which of the follow h descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

B) cytosine and uracil

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type ? A) guanine and adenine B) cytosine and uracil C) thymine and guanine D) ribose and deoxyribose E) adenine and thymine

A) DNA → RNA → proteins

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells ? A) DNA → RNA → proteins B) RNA → proteins → DNA C) proteins → DNA → RNA D) RNA → DNA → proteins E) DNA → proteins → RNA Correct!

B) lipids

Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

A) glucose

Which of the following is not a polymer A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA

A) They are both polymers of glucose.

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.

D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.

B) guanine and adenine

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are of the purine type ? A) cytosine and guanine B) guanine and adenine C) adenine and thymine D) thymine and uracil E) uracil and cytosine

D) chitin

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin

B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

Which of the following statements about the 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5ʹ end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.

C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA? A) RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. B) DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. E) A and D are correct.

D) nucleic acids

Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

hydrphobic regions to prevent a misfolded protein

Which regions of a protein would chaperones stabilize when a protein is denatured and why

D.) hydrogen bonds

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds

Glycolipids

are lipids that have been glycosylated. (Lipids that have a carbohydrate covalently bonded to them. )

covalent bond

bonds can form between cysteine residues through a reaction of the sulfhydryls groups.

ionic bond

bonds may form between groups that have full and opposite charges such as ionized acidic and basic chains.

Carbohydrates

can be attached to lipids and protein that project from the cell membrane into the extracellular space (outside the cell).

Hydrophobic interactions

chains coalesce in globular masses toward the center of the polypeptide. Polar side chains tend to be on the surface of the protein.

Hydrogen bonds

form between polar side chains and oppositely charged side chains.

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides linked together by a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage.