AP Bio Ch 7B Retest

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.4. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?

0.16

What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) for this trait?

0.5

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele?

18

Arrange the following from most general (i.e., most inclusive) to most specific (i.e., least inclusive):

4, 2, 1, 5, 3

If one excludes the involvement of gender in the situation described in the paragraph above, then the pattern that is apparent in the fossil record is most similar to one that should be expected from

Disruptive Selection

Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target cell, thereby activating an intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target cell. This mechanism of activating receptor-binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzymes responsible for proteolysis of membrane-bound precursor proteins have been isolated and characterized. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species?

If a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

Blackcap birds (Sylvia atricapilla) migrate out of Germany before wintertime. Prior to the 1960s, all members of a particular blackcap population flew to Spain, which had an abundant natural food source. Now, some members of the same blackcap population fly to the United Kingdom, where food placed in feeders by humans is abundant. The blackcaps return to the same forests in Germany to nest during the breeding season. Some blackcaps that migrate to the United Kingdom have become distinguishable by certain physical and behavioral traits from blackcaps that migrate to Spain. Which of the following best predicts the effect on the blackcap population if humans in the United Kingdom continue to place food in feeders during the winter?

The blackcaps that migrate to the United Kingdom will become reproductively isolated from the blackcaps that migrate to Spain, resulting in speciation in the blackcap population

Commercial bananas are grown as a monoculture, with all banana plants cloned from one original banana plant. The commercial strains of bananas are seedless, so each new banana plant has to be manually planted from a cutting of an existing banana root. In the 1950s, the Gros Michel banana strain, the dominant export banana at that time, was destroyed by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. A new Fusarium resistant variety, the Cavendish banana, was developed and is currently the banana strain grown for export. Recently, a Fusarium strain that successfully attacks the Cavendish strain has been documented. Which of the following best provides reasoning supporting a method that would help protect commercial banana crops from infection by pathogenic organisms such as Fusarium fungi?

The commercial banana strains should not be grown in monocultures, since many pathogenic organisms are able to evolve rapidly in response to a single selective pressure.

There are at least a dozen known species in the extinct genus Lystrosaurus. If each species was suited to a quite different environment, then this relatively large number of species is likely due to

adaptive radiation.

If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females, and increasing larynx size in adult males, then

sexual dimorphism was developing over time in these species.

Male satin bowerbirds adorn structures that they build, called "bowers," with parrot feathers, flowers, and other bizarre ornaments in order to attract females. Females inspect the bowers and, if suitably impressed, allow males to mate with them. The evolution of this male behavior is due to

sexual selection

Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating

stabilizing selection.

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A is 0.1. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele?

0.18

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?

0.32

hat is the estimated frequency of allele A in the gene pool?

0.5

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 42% are heterozygous at a particular locus. There are more homozygous recessive phenotypes present in the population. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

0.7

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R =purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?

0.8

HIV's genome of RNA includes code for reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that acts early in infection to synthesize a DNA genome off of an RNA template. The HIV genome also codes for protease (PR), an enzyme that acts later in infection by cutting long viral polyproteins into smaller, functional proteins. Both RT and PR represent potential targets for antiretroviral drugs. Drugs called nucleoside analogs (NA) act against RT, whereas drugs called protease inhibitors (PI) act against PR. Within the body of an HIV-infected individual who is being treated with a single NA, and whose HIV particles are currently vulnerable to this NA, which of these situations can increase the virus' relative fitness?

2 only

The table above shows the types and properties of nitrogen containing wastes produced by several vertebrates. Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation of the data?

Ammonia secretion requires a large volume of water and was therefore selected against in terrestrial vertebrates.

Which of the following rows of data listed in table 1 best supports the possibility of a common ancestor for the organisms listed there?

Cell wall composed of Cellulose

Sponges are known to contain a single Hox gene. Most invertebrates have a cluster of 10 similar Hox genes, all located on the same chromosome. Most vertebrates have four such clusters of Hox genes, located on four non-homologous chromosomes. The process responsible for the change in number of Hox genes from sponges to invertebrates was most likely ____, whereas a different process that could have potentially contributed to the cluster's presence on more than one chromosome was ____.

III, IV

Chytridiomycosis is a potentially lethal fungal infection that adversely affects some frog populations. The incidence and severity of the fungal infection can vary over time. Which of the following statements best describes the changes in the frog population that are depicted in the model above?

Infected individuals gradually died out, and genetically resistant individuals became more common. The frog population recovered because of the increased frequency of resistant individuals.

Which organism would the researchers most likely predict to be the most distantly related to eukaryotes?

Organism I

A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following procedures was most likely followed to determine the change in beak size?

The beak size in a large number of finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987.

Some scientists claim that amphibians are currently experiencing a period of mass extinction. Which of the following should be included in an alternative hypothesis that would best support this claim?

The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record

A small number of lizards from a mainland population have been deposited on four isolated islands because of the effects of a rare strong storm. Which of the following best predicts the outcome of these lizards reproducing for many generations on the islands?

The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.

Which of the following observations would provide the strongest evidence that two plants belong to different biological species?

They produce viable but sterile offspring.