AP Bio Chapter 12-13

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, radioactively-labeled 32P labeled DNA and 35S labeled protein were removed from the cells after vigorous shaking. 32P labeled DNA did not enter the cell. 32P labeled DNA was removed from the cells by vigorous shaking. 32P labeled DNA and 35S labeled protein remained inside the cells after vigorous shaking. 32P labeled DNA remained inside the cells after vigorous shaking.

32P labeled DNA remained inside the cells after vigorous shaking.

Which of the following do snRNPs bind to? 5' end of the intron only 3' end of the intron only exon and the 5' end of the intron 5' and 3' ends of the intron exon only

5' and 3' ends of the intron

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site. E A or the E A A or the P P

A

Which of the following is true regarding DNA structure? Two hydrogen bonds exist between each base pair. Three hydrogen bonds exist between each base pair. Adenine-thymine base pairs form three hydrogen bonds, while guanine-cytosine base pairs form two. Adenine-thymine base pairs form two hydrogen bonds, while guanine-cytosine base pairs form three.

Adenine-thymine base pairs form two hydrogen bonds, while guanine-cytosine base pairs form three.

Which of the following statements about RNA splicing is FALSE? It removes the introns. It is performed by the spliceosome. It always occurs in the nucleus. All of these statements are true. It shortens the RNA molecule.

All of these statements are true.

What part of the phage entered the bacterial cell following infection? no part DNA the entire phage RNA protein coat

DNA

Which of the following best describes transcription? RNA -> Protein DNA -> RNA DNA -> DNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA

DNA -> RNA

Place the following steps in the order in which they occur during gene expression. mRNA is carried to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, mRNA is translated into polypeptides by tRNA DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, mRNA is translated into polypeptides by tRNA, mRNA is carried to ribosomes in the cytoplasm DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, mRNA is carried to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, mRNA is translated into polypeptides by tRNA mRNA is carried to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, mRNA is translated into polypeptides by tRNA, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus

DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, mRNA is carried to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, mRNA is translated into polypeptides by tRNA

A codon is found on the tRNA. It is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA. True False

False

Antisense mRNA can be produced during the life cycle of all viruses. True False

False

DNA can be replicated continuously in both the 3' to 5' and the 5' to 3' direction. True False

False

DNA replication can begin at any site along the DNA molecule. True False

False

In a frameshift mutation caused by a deletion, all of the amino acids before the shift are changed. False True

False

In the presence of tryptophan, the trp operon is turned "on". True False

False

Initial attachment of the transcription enzyme to the gene results in a structure termed the closed complex. True False

False

Only a few eukaryotic genes contain introns. True False

False

The initial tRNA, carrying the first amino acid, occupies the A site on the ribosome. True False

False

The lac operon consists of a regulatory gene, a promoter, an operator, and three genes for enzymes needed to metabolize lactose. True False

False

The passage of an mRNA transcript out of the nucleus is a passive, nonspecific process. True False

False

The terminator of a gene is located upstream of the coding region. True False

False

Transcription factors block the promoter region of the DNA from RNA polymerase. True False

False

Which of the following DNA molecules is the most stable? CTGCATAC GACGTATG GAAATTTC CTTTAAAG GGATCCTG CCTAGGAC AGTCGAAT TCAGCTTA GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG

GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG

The short DNA segments formed on the discontinuously replicated strand are called Miyazaki fragments. Suzuki fragments. Okazaki fragments. Kawasaki fragments. Nagasaki fragments.

Okazaki fragments

The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed RNA replicase. DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. DNA ligase. RNA ligase.

RNA polymerase.

Transcription is carried out by the enzyme RNAse. RNA polymerase. topoisomerase. DNA polymerase. reverse transcriptase.

RNA polymerase.

If the repressor protein does NOT bind to the operator region of the operon, which of the following will occur? The RNA polymerase enzyme will NOT be able to bind, transcription will NOT occur, and enzymes for breaking down lactose will NOT be produced. The RNA polymerase enzyme WILL be able to bind, transcription WILL occur, and enzymes for breaking down lactose WILL be produced. The RNA polymerase enzyme WILL be able to bind, transcription WILL occur, and enzymes for breaking down lactose will NOT be produced. The RNA polymerase enzyme will NOT be able to bind, transcription will NOT occur, and enzymes for breaking down lactose WILL be produced.

The RNA polymerase enzyme WILL be able to bind, transcription WILL occur, and enzymes for breaking down lactose WILL be produced.

Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of three nucleotides? The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the E site. The tRNA that was in the E site moves into the P site. The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site. The tRNA that was in the E site moves into the A site.

The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site.

Which of the following statement(s) about basal transcription factors is(are) TRUE? They form a complex that interacts with RNA polymerase. They function to pull double stranded DNA apart and position RNA polymerase at the promoter. They can increase the rate of transcription by themselves. They form a complex that interacts with RNA polymerase, they function to pull double stranded DNA apart and position RNA polymerase at the promoter, and they can increase the rate of transcription by themselves. They form a complex that interacts with RNA polymerase and they function to pull double stranded DNA apart and position RNA polymerase at the promoter.

They form a complex that interacts with RNA polymerase and they function to pull double stranded DNA apart and position RNA polymerase at the promoter.

How is transcription altered in the absence of lactose? Transcription is unaffected. Transcription is increased. Transcription is inhibited.

Transcription is inhibited.

An operon is a group of genes that are all transcribed together which is under the control of single operator site. True False

True

DNA mutations are passed on to a cell's progeny. False True

True

Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction. True False

True

Eukaryotic transcription factors called activators can speed up transcription by binding the enhancer region, forming a loop in the DNA. True False

True

Gene expression can be controlled by altering intron removal and the splicing of exons because this produces different mRNA products. True False

True

Hershey and Chase labeled the phage DNA with radioactive 32P. True False

True

Nucleotide pairing between DNA strands allows the sequence of one strand to determine the sequence of the complementary strand during DNA replication. True False

True

Once a cell undergoes X chromosome inactivation, all of its daughter cells will have the same X chromosome inactivated. True False

True

RISC is an RNA-protein complex that binds to cellular mRNAs. True False

True

The addition of a single nucleotide to the DNA sequence causes a frameshift mutation. True False

True

The cutting out of the intron involves the formation of a loop in the mRNA. True False

True

The phage used in the experiment consisted of a DNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat. True False

True

The regulatory genes that encode for the repressor protein are always being transcribed; it is the presence or absence of the lactose molecule that controls whether the operon is on or off. True False

True

When RNA polymerase is bound to the lac promoter sequence, the lac operon is "on". True False

True

X chromosome inactivation equalizes the gene dosage between mammalian males and females. True False

True

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide can result in a different amino acid being added into a protein. True False

Trur

In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor is inactive and cannot bind to the promoter. active and cannot bind to the operator. active and can bind to the operator. inactive and can bind to the operator. inactive and cannot bind to the operator.

active and can bind to the operator.

After a tautomeric shift in adenine, adenine bonds with thymine. adenine bonds with uracil. adenine is unable to bond with any molecule. adenine bonds with cytosine.

adenine bonds with cytosine.

Activators, which are a set of transcription factors, are responsible for initiation of the transcription process. function independently instead of as a complex, unlike basal factors. are necessary for basal transcription factors to function. turn RNA polymerase "on". are located apart from the promoter, bound to a DNA region called the enhancer.

are located apart from the promoter, bound to a DNA region called the enhancer.

A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA causes protein synthesis to stop. causes the codon to be correct, but the anticodon to be incorrect. changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon. will have no effect on the resulting protein.

changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon.

mRNA contains three-base units of DNA that are called _____, each of which code for one amino acid. ribosomes anticodons tRNA codons

codons

The protein ________ acts as an endonuclease in the first step of RNA interference. phaser dicer vader sizer interferon

dicer

RNA interference is stimulated in the presence of ________ in the cell. double-stranded RNA proteins double-stranded DNA single-stranded RNA single-stranded DNA

double-stranded RNA

The trp operon consists of ________ genes that encode tryptophan biosynthesis enzymes. two four five one three

five

Operons can best be described as appendages on the surface of bacteria that allow it to metabolize lactose. groups of genes within prokaryotes that share a common function. groups of genes that rearrange themselves to form different protein products. groups of genes within eukaryotes that share a common function.

groups of genes within prokaryotes that share a common function.

Choose the order below that most closely represents the order in which the following proteins participate in DNA replication. primase, DNA polymerase, single-stranded binding protein, helicase single-stranded binding protein, primase, DNA polymerase, helicase helicase, single-stranded binding protein, primase, DNA polymerase helicase, single-stranded binding protein, DNA polymerase, primase

helicase, single-stranded binding protein, primase, DNA polymerase

In a tautomeric shift adenine is changed so it can no longer form base pairs. carbon atoms move to form a base with altered properties it is always adenine that is changed. hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties. final bonding of nucleotides remains unchanged.

hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties.

In the absence of tryptophan, the trp repressor is inactive and cannot bind to the promoter. active and can bind to the operator. inactive and can bind to the operator. inactive and cannot bind to the operator. active and cannot bind to the operator.

inactive and cannot bind to the operator.

Efficient binding of RNA polymerase ensures that mRNA is translated promptly. increases the rate of transcription initiation. is a post-transcriptional control of gene expression. decreases the rate of transcription initiation. prevents alternative splicing.

increases the rate of transcription initiation.

When lactose is present it is converted to a molecule that binds to the repressor, which allows the repressor to bind the operator and block transcription. it binds to RNA polymerase, preventing transcrition of the operon. it is converted to a molecule that binds to the repressor, preventing it from binding the operator site. it is metabolized by the repressor.

it is converted to a molecule that binds to the repressor, preventing it from binding the operator site.

The nucleic acid sequence in mRNA is determined by nucleotide sequence in DNA. nucleotide sequence in t-RNA. All of these choices determine nucleic acid sequence in mRNA. the order of amino acids in the protein.

nucleotide sequence in DNA.

DNA, or the instructions for making proteins, is found within the _____ of the cell; while protein synthesis machinery is found in the _____ of the cell. nucleus; cytoplasm nucleolus; nucleus nucleus; plasma membrane cytoplasm; nucleus

nucleus; cytoplasm

At which of the following level(s) can gene expression be regulated in eukaryotes? passage of mRNA through the nuclear membrane, destruction of the mRNA, and rate of protein synthesis passage of mRNA through the nuclear membrane both passage of mRNA through the nuclear membrane and destruction of the mRNA rate of protein synthesis destruction of the mRNA

passage of mRNA through the nuclear membrane, destruction of the mRNA, and rate of protein synthesis

If 35S (radioactively labeled protein) was found in progeny phages rather than 32P (radioactively labeled DNA), Hershey and Chase would have concluded that phage can kill the E. coli cell. DNA contains sulfur. phage DNA enters the host cell. proteins contain phosphorus. phage protein enters the host cell.

phage protein enters the host cell.

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base. phosphate-sugar-base. phosphate-base-sugar. base-phosphate-sugar. base-sugar-phosphate-base.

phosphate-sugar-base.

RNA interference is a mechanism for silencing gene expression at the post-transcriptional but pre-translational level. level of translation. level of replication. post-translational level. level of transcription.

post-transcriptional but pre-translational level.

The lac operon is expressed when lactose is absent. present.

present

RNA polymerase binds to the operator. promoter. terminator. enhancer. regulator.

promoter

The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene. promoter region operator initiator regulator coding region

promoter region

Translation is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA. mRNA from proteins. proteins from DNA. proteins from tRNA. proteins from mRNA.

proteins from mRNA.

A nucleotide deletion in DNA replication causes all of the amino acids of the protein to be incorrect. has no effect on the resulting protein results in a change in the codons in mRNA from the point of the deletion onward, changing the sequence of amino acids inserted into the protein. results in a change in a single codon at the point of the deletion, changing one amino acid in the sequence of the protein. causes one amino acid of the protein to be incorrect.

results in a change in the codons in mRNA from the point of the deletion onward, changing the sequence of amino acids inserted into the protein.

Small nuclear RNPs are also called snores. snurps. splits. smurfs. snippets.

snurps.

During the process of translation, mRNA is carried to the ribosome, where it is translated into polypeptides by _____ molecules. amino acid tRNA DNA carbohydrate

tRNA

If a frameshift mutation causes a stop codon to be inserted into the DNA sequence, the resulting protein will not be affected. the phenotype will change but not the genotype. the resulting protein will be too long and non-functional. the resulting protein will be shortened and often non-functional.

the resulting protein will be shortened and often non-functional.

What is the function of the enzyme primase during DNA replication? to prime DNA for replication by preventing the formation of knots to add complementary nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA to correct errors made during DNA replication to assemble a RNA primer at the origin of replication site to unwind the double helix to prime it for replication

to assemble a RNA primer at the origin of replication site

When present, tryptophan binds to the promoter. trp genes. trp repressor. RNA polymerase. operator.

trp repressor.