ap bio exam

A plant cell placed in a hypotonic environment will

Have turgor presssure

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become rigid. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become wilted. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are

Hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution

Initially in terms of tonicitiy, the solution in side a with respect to side b is

Isotonic

Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion

It is a passive process in which molecules move from region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?

the energy used by autotrophs in respiration

In the arctic ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by zoo plankton, which in turn are eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zoo plankton and fish than in years with less open water (more ice coverage). Based on the graph below, the difference is most likely because:

the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages

All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT

the population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey

Which if the following can be used to determine the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

the rate of enzyme used up

Which of the following best describes opportunistic, or r-selected, organisms?

the reach sexual maturity rapidly

The population density at point D indicates that

the reproductive rate equals the death rate

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the inter membrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from

the stroma to the thylakoid space

Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions?

they maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

A fat or a triacylglycerol would be formed as a result of a dehydration reaction between

three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

Light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

Which line represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the .6 molarity solution at the beginning of the experiment

Line c

Assuming there are 400,0000 joules of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model of energy flow in ecosystems, which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in the system?

trophic level IV has approximately 4,000 J of available energy

Which would represent the human species in the graph below?

type I

Which would represent a fish or mussel species in the graph above?

type III

Which would be the ultimate cause of animal behavior?

why do fiddler crabs wave their claw?

Which of the following pairs is mismatched

Lysosomes-protein synthesis

Which of the following is not a part of the endomembrane system

Mitochondria

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located

Mitochondrial inner membrane

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

Choose the pair of terms that correct completes this sentence.

Nucleotides are to nuclei acids as amino acids are to proteins.

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, atp is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration.

On the cell (plasma) membrane

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coa and the citric acid cycle

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up 96% of living matter?

Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon

An organism with a cell wall would have the most difficult doing which process

Phagocytosis

The membrane activity most nearly opposite to to exocytosis is

Phagocytosis

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane

Phospholipids and proteins

The structure labeled I in figure 1 is a thin, flexible barrier around a cell. It is called the

Plasma membrane

All of the following are functions of membrane proteins expect

Protein synthesis

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules

Proteins

The major enzyme that catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide is

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)

Of the following which is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system

Rough er, vesicles, golgi, plasma membrane

At the beginning of the experiment

Side a is hypotonic to side b

The kinds of molecules that pass through a plasma membrane most easily are

Small, hydrophobic, no polar

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils phospholipid and steroids

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

Stromas of the chloroplasts

Cells can be desrcibed as having a cytoskeleton of internal structure that continues to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. All of the following are part of the cytoskeleton except

The cell wall

During aerobic cellular respiration a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by _________ and used primarily for____________

The electron transport chain; atp synthesis

A single layer of phospholipid molecules is on top of water in a beaker. Which part of the molecules will face the air

The hydrocarbon tail

In the process of succession, which of the following is true of k-selected plant species?

They are usually found in climax stages of succession

What is the best explanation for the shape of like after 50 minute

Water is leaving and entering the bag at the same rate

When one species was remove from a tide pool, the species diversity became significantly reduced. The species was probably

a keystone species

What is a triacylgqcerol (triglyceride)?

a lipid made with 3 fatty acids glycerol

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a penthouse sugar

Which structure could you observe the best with a light microscope

a nucleus

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

a polar covalent bond

Which of the is correct about a species niche?

a species ecological niche is the sum of the biotic and abiotic factors it uses

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except

adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water

The process by which the binding of the substrate is capable of either activating or inhibiting an enzyme

allosteric regulation

Eutrophication in lakes results from

an increase in nutrients in the lake and a decrease in oxygen levels

Many poisonous animals are brightly colored (red or orange) as a warning to predators. This special coloration is called

aposematic coloration

Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that

are mirror images of one another

Although molecular nitrogen gas (N2) makes up about 78% of the atmosphere, nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems. Plants cannot absorb nitrogen gas, but nitrogen atoms, in various molecular forms, move through the nitrogen cycle because there are organisms capable of using N2 directly, which are

bacteria

Atoms whose outer shells contain 8 electrons tend to

be stable and chemically nonreactive or inert.

Which of the following describes primary succession of a community?

beginning a community in a lifeless area with no soil

Which of the following correctly describes the process in which retained substances or pollutants become more concentrated at higher levels?

biological magnification

How does a non competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site

Which term includes all others in the list?

carbohydrate

Lipids are major constituents of ______________; typical fats have __ fatty acid chains while phospholipids have __ chains.

cell membranes, 3, 2

Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate when they heard the ring of a particular bell is an example of

classical conditioning

A reversible inhibitor that looks similar to the normal substrate and compete for the active site of the enzyme

competitive inhibitor

the figure above in question 10 illustrates a _______________ reaction that produces two __________ and a ____________

condensation, waters, polymer

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

contains one less oxygen atom

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytosol

What would be a likely entry for box B?

decomposer population carries on cellular respiration and uses up oxygen

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

dehydration reactions

As the depth of a lake increases, what happens to the amount of dissolved oxygen?

dissolved oxygen decreases because more respiration is occurring

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape is a(an

disulfide bond

Which of the following levels of organization includes all others

ecosystem

Which statement best describes energy transfer in a food web?

energy flows from the sun and is stored in autotrophs and transferred to consumers

glycogen is primarily for ____________ in ____________ while search is primarily for _______________ in ________________.

energy storage, animals, energy storage, plants

The diagram below shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees?

eventually the other oak trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory.

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence. Catabolism is to anabolism as _________________ is to _____________

exergonic, endergonic

You are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a

fairly recent volcanic island

Which of the following is a density independent factor limiting human population growth?

fires

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

glycolysis

Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that

he concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water.

The structure depicted in 5.7 shows the

helix secondary structure of a polypeptide

The greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis, the one which excludes all of the others, is

human overpopulation

Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another?

hydrogen bond

Why does ice float in liquid water?

hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid

an -OH group is a __________ group while a -NH2 group is an ___________ group

hydroxyl, amino

Generation of proton gradients across membranes

in both photosynthesis and respiration

Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism

in both photosynthesis and respiration

Reduction of NADP+

in photosynthesis

Reduction of oxygen which forms water

in respiration

The population of the Afghanistan is shown in the figure below. What will most likely occur with this population over time?

increase for many years and then stabilize

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

is the area of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Altruism exists in a population because

it can result in the maximizing of the altruistic member's genetic representation in a population, if the altruistic member's behavior is directed toward a close relative

Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties?

it forms hydrogen bonds and has polarity

Which of the following statements is true concerning the figure

it represents cell processes involved in C4 photosynthesis

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5?

it results in a peptide bond

Wish line represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose

line a

The structure labeled F in figure 1 provides energy for the cell. It is called the

mitochondria

Binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape and be unable to bind to the substrate

non competitive inhibitor

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

The species richness of a community refers to the

number of different species

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

outer shell electrons of 2 atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

parasitism

During part of its life cycle, a tapeworm lives as an adult in a human's intestine. The tapeworm attaches to the intestinal lining, absorbs nutrients digested by the host, and releases eggs that are excreted by the human feces. The tapeworm is an example of

parasitism symbiotic partner to humans

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it

Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely

positively charged

Zebra mussel populations are growing explosively in the river systems of the central United States, such as the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The best explanation for this unchecked population growth is that:

predators are too few to slow down population growth of the mussels

In a simple ecosystem, a census of the population in 4 successive trophic levels was taken as shown below . If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent level 4- 4 level 3- 360 level 2- 780 level 1- 5782

primary consumers

Which of the following most accurately describes species E?

primary, secondary, and tertiary consumer

The structure labeled h in figure 1 is the site of protein synthesis. It is called the

ribosome

The cells lining the alveolar rapidly move large quantities of oxygen through the phospholipid bilateral from the oxygen rich air into the oxygen poor blood vessels. Using this information which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the alveoli

simple diffusion

Wasps looking for a landmark to find their nest is an example of

spatial learning

which of the species in the food web below is the primary producer?

species A

What is the structure shown in figure 5.4?

steroid molecule

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

stripes of a skunk

Shown here in figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are

structural isomers

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

substrate level phosphorylation

Fish orient themselves to face upriver to keep from being swept downstream. This is an example of which of the following?

taxis

One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociated into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion. Thus... if the pH of the blood drops one would except

the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

Where are proteins of the electron transport chain

1

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

10

Which of the following molecules contains a glycosidic linkage type of covalent bond?

15

Which of the following molecules has/have a functional group that frequently is involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein?

2

In glycolysis, for each molecule of gulches oxidized to pyruvate.

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

The electron transport chain energy is used to pump h+ ions into which locatio

3

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

40

Glycolysis takes place in which location

5

Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic head region and a hydrophobic tail region?

5

One carbon dioxide molecule reacts in each "turn" of the Calvin cycle. How many turns of the cycle are requires fort the synthesis of one glucose molecule?

6

Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid?

9

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

A

Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecules illustrated in figure 5.3?

A and B only molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature and it is an unsaturated fatty acid

In a plant cell where are the atp syntagma complexes located

A and c

If you examine side a after 3 days, you should find

A decrease in the concentration of nacl and a decrease in the water level

When biologists wish to study the internal ultra structure of cells they most likely would use

A transmission electron microscope

Net primary productivity represents

the amount of energy available for consumers after respiration

What does cyclic electron flor in the chloroplast produce

ATP

What are the products of noncyclic photophosphorylation

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following are provided of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is which of the following

Active transport

All of the following are functions of the vitro acid cycle except

Adding electrons and protons to oxygen forming water

Organisms that can exist with light as an energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials

Are called photoautotrophs

In the absence of oxygen yeast cells can obtain energy fermentation resulting in production of

Atp, co2, And ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Which type of organism obtains energy by matabolizing molecules produced by other organism

B and c

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain dna include

B and c only

Which of the following are prokaryotic cells

Bacteria

A cell with internal concentration of .6 of glucos is placed in a tweet type containing .2 of glucose solution. Assuming that glucos is not actively transported into the cell which of the following terms described the internal concentration of the cell relative to its environment

Both b and c

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6+6O2—> 6CO2+6H2O+energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Which of the following is/are required in the Calvin cycle?

CO2, RuBP, ATP

Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation

A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuges the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the sediment in the test rice. The organelles took up co2 and gave off o2. The organelles were most likely

Chloroplasts

Which of the following relationships between cell structure and their respective functions is not correct

Chloroplasts-site of cellular respiration

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the inter membrane space the result is the

Creation of a proton Gradient

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of atp and nadph consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30000 molecules of atp consumes but only 20000 molecules of nadph. Where did the extra atp molecule come from

Cyclic electron flow

A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change then communities with low diversity.

D

The presence of Cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals

Enables the membrane to stay fluid

A chemical reaction that has a positive G described as

Endergonic

White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process

Endocytosis

Which of the following organelles is not a common is not a common destination for small vesicles that bud off the Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts Involve

Establishment of a proton gradient

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is false

Eukaryotic cells are all multicellular

All of the following membran activities require energy from atp hydrolysis except

Facilitated diffusion

The keens cycle energized molecules that the. Transfer energy to the electron transport chain. What are they?

Fadh2 and nadh

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of

GAP molecules