AP Bio Unit 3: cellular respiration and photosynthesis practice questions
A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. according to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is a) increased by exposure to light b) unaffected by light intensity c) prevented by paper towels d) accelerated in green-leaved seedlings
a
A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is a) increased by exposure to light b) unaffected by light intensity c) prevented by paper towels d) accelerated in green-leaved seedlings
a
An experiment to measure the rate of respiration in crickets and mice at 10oC and 25oC was performed using a respirometer, an apparatus that measures changes in gas volume. Respiration was measured in mL of O2 consumed per gram of organism over several five-minute trials and the following data were obtained. According to the data, the mice at 10oC demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25oC. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements? a) the mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of atp production than the mice at 25 degrees C b) the mice at 10 degrees C had a lower metabolic rate than the mice at 25 degrees C c) the mice at 25 degrees C weighed less than the mice at 10 degree C d) the mice at 25 degree C were more active than the mice at 10 degree C
a
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e
a
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and diagrams and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A student studied the effects of light intensity on oxygen production in green algae. The algae were suspended in water inside a sealed glass jar, and the jar was placed into a constant-temperature, lightproof box containing a light source. A probe was inserted into the jar to record the concentration of oxygen. The probe was connected to a recording device. The setup is shown below. The student decreased the intensity of the light hourly and recorded the corresponding changes in oxygen concentration. The graph below shows the results from the recording device. An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances? a) c6h12o6 b) co2 c) ch4 d) nh3 e) h2o
a
Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is a) necessary for atp synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation b) necessary to replenish glycogen levels c) necessary for fermentation to take place d) required by all living organisms e) required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles
a
Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same pH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen? a) the rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen b) electron transport is reduced in the absence of a plasma membrane c) in the absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation produces more atp than does fermentation d) in the presence of oxygen, glycolysis produces more atp than in the absence of oxygen
a
according to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degree C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements? a) the mice at 10 degree C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degree C b) the mice at 10 degree C had a lower metabolic rate than the mice at 25 degree C c) the mice at 25 degree C weighed less than the mice at 10 degree C d) the mice at 25 degree C were more active than the mice at 10 degree C
a
the energy required to run the calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions? a) atp and nadph b) adp and po4 c) H+ and po2 d) o2 and co2 e) h2o and co2
a
the figure illustrates the similarities between atp synthase in mitochondria and chloroplasts. the figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? a) do etc's create a gradient so that atp sunthase can generate atp molecules? b) what are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? c) what is the optimal temperature at which atp synthase chemically converts adp and a phosphate group into one molecule of atp? d) what is the evolutionary relationship between the atp synthase in mitochondria and the atp synthase in chloroplasts?
a
A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim? a) Elysia chlorotica will die if not exposed to light b) Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources c) Elysia chlorotica grows faster when exposed to light than when placed in the dark d) Elysia chlorotica grows in the dark when food sources are available
b
Cyanobacteria contain a variety of pigment molecules, as shown in Table 1. As a result, the color of cyanobacteria cultures can vary significantly based on the relative amount of each pigment produced. A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis. Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim? a) in green light, more chlorophyll a molecules are produced, reflecting more light to other cyanobacteria to be used for photosynthesis b) in green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis c) in green light, cyanobacteria that have more phycocyanin molecules are less likely to survive and reproduce d) in green light, cyanobacteria that have more allophycocyanin molecules are more likely to survive and reproduce
b
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. This group of questions refers to molecules of the following substances. (A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) Coenzyme that transfers electrons from the Krebs cycle to the mitochondrial electron-transport chain at a lower energy level than that of electrons entering at the beginning of the chain a) cytochrome b) fadh2 c) nad+ d) nadp+ e) oxygen
b
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which CO2, is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e
b
During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of a) potassium against a concentration gradient b) protons down a concentration gradient c) electrons against a concentration gradient d) electrons through a channel e) sodium ions into the cell
b
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and diagrams and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A student studied the effects of light intensity on oxygen production in green algae. The algae were suspended in water inside a sealed glass jar, and the jar was placed into a constant-temperature, lightproof box containing a light source. A probe was inserted into the jar to record the concentration of oxygen. The probe was connected to a recording device. The setup is shown below. The student decreased the intensity of the light hourly and recorded the corresponding changes in oxygen concentration. The graph below shows the results from the recording device. Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following processes? a) excretion b) photosynthesis c) respiration d) translation e) transcription
b
The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? a) during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the H+ atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released b) during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released c) during the calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating nadph from nadp+, and oxygen gas is released d) during the calvin cycle, water is split, the H+ atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released
b
The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? a) during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the H+ atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released b) during the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released c) during the calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating nadph from nadp+, and oxygen gas is released. d) during the calvin cycle, water is split, the H+ atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released
b
To test the hypothesis that a particular plant synthesizes storage lipids by using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) from photosynthesis, a researcher plans to use radiolabeled precursors to track the molecules through the biosynthetic pathway. Which of the following radiolabeled precursors is most appropriate for the researcher to use? a) 15N-labeled N2, because atmospheric nitrogen is fixed to amino acids by photosynthesis b) 14C-labeled CO2, because atmospheric carbon is fixed to carbohydrates by photosynthesis c) 35S-labeled methionine, because amino acids are incorporated into lipids during photosynthesis d) 32P-labeled phosphate, because lipids are stored in plants as phospholipids
b
Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle? a) how does chlorophyll capture light? b) how is atp used in the formation of 3-C carbohydrates? c) how is NADP+ reduced to NADPH? d) how is atp produced in chemiosmosis?
b
carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require a) light b) products of the light reactions c) darkness d) o2 and h2o e) chlorophyll and co2
b
the carbon 'that makes up organic molecules in plants is derived directly from a) combustion of fuels b) carbon fixed in photosynthesis c) carbon dioxide produced in respiration d) carbon in the lithosphere e) coal mines
b
the figure attached shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle? a) the outer membrane allows the transport of all molecules into the intermembrane space, while the inner membrane serves as the regulatory boundary b) the inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a H+ concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix c) the outer membrane contains transport proteins that establish a sodium ion concentration gradient used for atp production, while the inner membrane contains transport proteins that establish a H+ concentration gradient used for glucose production d) the toxins and wastes entering a cell cross the outer membrane and are detoxified by digestive enzymes stored within the intermembrane space
b
the o2 released during photosynthesis comes from a) co2 b) h2o c) nadph d) rubp e) c6h12o6
b
which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of atp synthase? a) what is the source of the inorganic phosphate that is used to generate atp from adp? b) is the phosphorylation of adp by atp synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient? c) can atp synthase use the energy released by phosphorylation of adp to pump protons against a concentration gradient? d) can oxidative phosphorylation be uncoupled from the etc?
b
A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because a) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to absorb water from the paper towels b) taller green-leaved seedlings blocked the light and prevented photosynthesis c) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy d) a higher rate of respiration in yellow-leaved seedlings depleted their stored nutrients
c
A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because a) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to absorb water from the paper towels b) taller green-leaved seedlings blocked the light and prevented photosynthesis c) yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy d) a higher rate of respiration in yellow-leaved seedlings depleted their stored nutrients
c
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. This group of questions refers to molecules of the following substances. (A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions a) cytochrome b) fadh2 c) nad+ d) nadp+ e) oxygen
c
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e
c
In an experiment, a scientist isolates mitochondria from living cells and suspends them in two different buffered solutions. One solution is maintained at pH 4, while the other solution is maintained at pH 9. The scientist finds that mitochondria in the solution at pH 4 continue to produce ATP but those in the pH 9 solution do not. The results of the experiment can be used as evidence in support of which of the following scientific claims about mitochondrial activity? a) mitochondria in a cell-free environment are unable to convert thermal energy into atp b) the etc pumps electrons from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix c) atp production in mitochondria requires a H+ gradient that favors movement of protons into the mitochondrial matrix d) atp synthase molecules change their orientation in relation to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane
c
In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane? a) blocking electron flow from one carrier to the next in the etc blocks formation of a proton gradient in the thylakoid b) increasing the proton concentration difference across the thylakoid membrane is not associated with a parallel increase in the rate of atp synthesis c) no atp is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane d) no atp is synthesized while the calvin cycle is synthesizing carbohydrates and using atp and nadph at a high rate
c
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim? a) atmospheric carbon dioxide is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, which are formed from the remains of living organisms such as plants b) atmospheric carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration, which is a metabolic process that occurs in plants and other living organisms c) atmospheric carbon dioxide typically enters plant leaves through stomata, which plants rely on for regulating gas exchange with the atmosphere d) atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds
d
According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from a) photons of red or blue light b) the hydrolysis of atp c) the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix d) electrons flowing along the etc e) substrate-level phosphorylation
d
which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is not true? a) a proton gradient is established across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion b) the potential energy released from the mitochondrial proton gradient is used to produce atp c) the mitochondrial proton gradient provides energy for muscle contraction d) proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane play an important role in atp synthesis e) heat energy is required to establish the etc
e
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e
d
In addition to the pigments commonly associated with photosynthesis, a certain photosynthetic species contains two additional pigment types. Which of the following best supports the claim that this species is better adapted to environmental changes than other photosynthetic species are? a) the increased pigment concentration better facilitates energy production within the cells of the species b) the pigment combination allows the organism to absorb heat as well as light, making better use of available energy c) the additional pigments allow the species to outcompete other species for the wavelengths of light commonly used in photosynthesis d) the additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelengths of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use
d
When hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the space between the inner and outer membranes, the result is a) damage to the mitochondrion b) the reduction of NAD c) the restoration of the Na-K balance across the membrane d) the creation of a proton gradient e) the lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix
d
what most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above? a) the water becomes colder at night and thus holds more oxygen b) respiration in most organisms increases at night c) more organisms are respiring at night than during the day d) photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day
d
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e
e
Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration? a) they participate in hydrolysis reactions by accepting protons from water molecules b) they participate directly in the phosphorylation of adp to atp c) they serve as final electron acceptors in the etc d) they aid vitamins such as niacin in the breakdown of glucose e) they accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions
e
which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? a) light-dependent reactions occur only during the day; the light-independent reactions occur only during the night b) the light-dependent reactions occur in the cytoplasm; the light-independent reactions occur in the chloroplast c) the light-dependent reactions utilize co2 and h2o; the light-independent reactions produce co2 and h2o d) the light-dependent reactions depend on the presence of both photosystem 1 and 2; the light-independent reaction require only photosystem 1 e) the light-dependent reactions produce atp and nadph; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in atp and nadph
e
