Ap Bio Unit 7 Test

6) According to this tree, what percent of the species seem to be extant (in other words, not extinct)? A) 25% B) 33% C) S0% D) 66%

D) 66%

43) Which kingdom has been replaced with nue domains? A) Plantae B) Pingi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera (prokan otes)

E) Monera (prokan otes)

17) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, d and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0,3. What is the frequeney of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? A) 0.09 B) 0.49 C)0.9 D)9.0

A) 0.09

16) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. A) 2-4-1->3 B) 4-2-1->3 C) 4-1-2->3 D) 4-2-3->1

A) 2-4-1->3

29) The frequency of a disease is 30/1000. This is a disease that follows a dominan/recessive pattern of inheritance on one gene (where the only affected individuals are all homozygous recessive). What is the frequency of the disease genotype g22 A) 3% B) 13% C) 6% D) 30%

A) 3%

27) In a population of 200 seagulls, dark brown feathers are dominant to having only white feathers. If 160 of the 200 seagulls have brown feathers, what is the frequency of seagulls that are homozygous dominant? A) 31% B) S5% C) 49% D) 25%

A) 31%

26) In a population of 200 mice, brown fur is dominant to gray fur. If 120 of the 200 mice have brown fur, what is the frequency of mice that are heterozygous? A) 46% B) 23% C) 37% D) 63%

A) 46%

20.2 Art Questions Figure 20.1 1) Using the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 20.1, which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A) A

5) During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes. B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value. D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.

A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes.

8) From the list below, select the correct format for the binomial (scientific name) of the species the monarch butterfly. A) Danaus plexippus B) danaus plexippus C) Danaus Plexippus D) Danaus Plexippus

A) Danaus plexippus

4) What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging. B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change. C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change. D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.

A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

11) What is true about this phylogenetic tree? Alternative Forms of Tree Diagrams A) Fish are equally related to frogs, lizards, chimps and humans. B) Fish share a common ancestor with frogs but not with lizards, chimps, or humans. C) Fish are more closely related to grogs than any other groups shown. D) Chimps and humans have been evolving for the same amount of time.

A) Fish are equally related to frogs, lizards, chimps and humans.

18) Which statement about the relationship between phenotypic and genetic attributes is correct? A) Genetically similar organisms can appear profoundly different morphologically. B) Organisms with very similar morphology also have very similar genes. C) Usually phenotypically similar organisms are not genetically similar. D) When phenotypic or genotypic qualities among two species are similar due to shared ancestry, they are referred to as analogies.

A) Genetically similar organisms can appear profoundly different morphologically.

28) Why is the Hardy-Weinberg model useful? A) It allows you to calculate genotype frequencies of a population and compare them to what was expected under the assumptions. B) It is used under the assumption that natural selection is occurring, thus providing a quantitative method to detect genetic drift in a population. C) It allows you to get an accurate count of the total population size. D) It allows you to get a total count of all individuals in a population and compare those values to an equilibrium.

A) It allows you to calculate genotype frequencies of a population and compare them to what was expected under the assumptions.

6) Why don't similar genotypes always produce the same phenotype? A) Phenotypes can vary depending upon environment B) Parents alter their phenotypes and pass on this phenotype to progeny C) Animals display different phenotypes dependent on diet, not genotype. D) Genetic variants of ADH enzyme produce the same phenotype.

A) Phenotypes can vary depending upon environment

10) Within the past century, humans have been eating higher cholesterol and fatty meals and have become less physically active, which makes them more susceptible to heart disease. Which of the following will lead to an adaptation? A) Some people's bodies are able to break down cholesterol and fat more efficiently than others. B) Groups of people try going on a daily run. C) More people start taking medication for heart disease. D) Some people stop eating meals that are high cholesterol and fat.

A) Some people's bodies are able to break down cholesterol and fat more efficiently than others.

20) Four relatively recent fossil species were recovered, and when the DNA was extracted, investigators observed that Species W and Z both had long finger bones, and species X and Y had short finger bones. Based upon this information and the hypothetical molecular data below, sequenced from common regions in one gene of their DNA, which two species are the most closely related to each other? Species W: AACATTGCTT TTGTAACGAA Species X: ACCGCGCGT TTGGCGCGCA Species Y: AGCAGCGCTT TCGTCGCGAA Species Z: AACCGCGCTT TTGGCGCGAA A) Species X and Z B) Species X and Y C) Species Y and Z D) Species W and Z

A) Species X and Z

21) Analisa and Mateo, two research anthropologists interested in deciphering the relatedness between four extinct primates, were studying the similarities and differences among a number of measurements of the complex structures of the jaw fragments they collected, as well as making many other morphological contrasts between other fossilized bones from dozens of collected specimens. In the lab, they noticed the lengths of the bones of the leg, particularly the femur, tibia, and fibula, were very different in all the specimens, whereas the jaw structures were nearly identical among the specimens. What should they tentatively conclude based on this evidence? A) The four primates likely share a close common ancestor or could potentially be the same species based upon the jaw measurements, B) The hominids with the most closely matching leg bone measurements are likely more closely related than the others, due to the importance of locomotion as an evolutionary adaptation C) The femur measurements are not important. D) Because the measurements of the leg bones vary widely, it is probable that the four species are from different genera.

A) The four primates likely share a close common ancestor or could potentially be the same species based upon the jaw measurements,

22) A shared ancestral character is A) a character that originated in an ancestor of two taxa. B) shared by all mammals but not found in their ancestors. C) an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade. D) an outgroup character.

A) a character that originated in an ancestor of two taxa

21) What is the Hardy- Weinberg equation? A) an assessment of evolution at a particular locus B) a determination of allele frequency C) a determination of genotype frequency D) an assessment of heterozygosity in a population

A) an assessment of evolution at a particular locus

13) Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures? A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb B) owl wing and hornet wing C) but wing and bind wing D) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole

A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

5) How can genetic variation at the whole gene level (gene variability) be quantified? A) by the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous B) by the average percentage of loci that are homozygous C) by nucleotide variability D) by the differences in noncoding DNA

A) by the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous

17) A potential source of confusion in constructing a phylogeny tree is similarity between organisms that is due to A) convergent evolution. B) adaptation. C) shared ancestry. D) homology.

A) convergent evolution.

18) Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon than population? A) genetic variation among individuals B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors C) sexual reproduction D) genetic homogeneity among population members

A) genetic variation among individuals

37) Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals? A) homologous; homologous B) analogous; homologous C) homologous; analogous D) analogous; analogous

A) homologous; homologous

20) Artificial selection is A) human-directed selective breeding. B) past extinction. C) patterns of evolution. D) slower than natural selection.

A) human-directed selective breeding.

13) What are adaptations? A) inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments B) acquired characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments C) processes that allow individuals with certain inherited traits to survive and reproduce D) patterns seen in fossils documenting the origins of other new groups of organisms

A) inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

40) It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms, C) the islands were originally part of the continent. D) the island forms and mainland forms are converging.

A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

Figure 20.2 3) Using the phylogeny drawn in Figure 20,2, taken together, the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) and great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) shared a common ancestor most recently with other members of their A) order, about 17 million years ago. B) genus, about 6 million years ago. C) family, about 13 million years ago, D) subfamily, about 7 million years ago.

A) order, about 17 million years ago.

3) Fossils are found in A) sedimentary rocks. B) igneous rocks. C) metamorphic rocks D) glass.

A) sedimentary rocks.

23) Analogous features share function but not ancestry. A) similar; common B) common; similar C) similar; similar D) common; common

A) similar; common

14) Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus, A) the allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next, but its representation in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes may change. B) natural selection, gene Now, and genetic drift are acting equally to change an allele's frequency. C) this means that, at this locus, two alleles are present in equal proportions. D) the population itself is not evolving, but individuals within the population may be evolving

A) the allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next, but its representation in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes may change.

10) Darwin viewed the history of life as a tree, as depicted in the figure, with multiple branchings from a common trunk to the tips of the twigs. Which part of that tree represents extant organisms? A) tips of the twigs B) unlabeled branches C) common trunk D) forks of the tree

A) tips of the twigs

20) What is a population in biology? A) when a group of individuals of the same species live in the same area and interbreed B) when a group of individuals live in the same area and share resources C) when a group of individuals of different species live in the same area D) when closely related organisms share a low frequency of alleles

A) when a group of individuals of the same species live in the same area and interbreed

22) PhenyIketonuria (PKU) is a birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. The frequency of individuals born in a population with PKU is q2, There is one PKU (g2) birth per 10,000 births. The frequency of the recessive allele for PKU in this population is q = 0.01. The frequency of the dominant allele in this population is p = 1 - q= 0,99, What is the frequency of carriers (2pq) in this population? A) 1% B) 2% C) 3% D) 4%

B) 2%

32) Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? A) All organisms require energy. B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code. C) All organisms reproduce. D) All organisms show heritable variation.

B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

12) Which of the following best explains the difference between Lamarck's and Darwin's mechanisms for evolution? A) Lamarck believed organisms have an innate drive to become more simple. B) Darwin's theory corroborates with current knowledge of inherited traits. C) Lamarck had more evidence than Darwin. D) Darwin's mechanism of evolution was not based on facts.

B) Darwin's theory corroborates with current knowledge of inherited traits.

2) Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true? A) Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted B) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted. C) Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation. D) The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted.

B) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.

38) What must be true of any organ that is described as vestigial? A) It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. B) It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. C) It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. D) It nced be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

B) It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

4) Which pair would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree? A) Cuvier and Lamarck B) Lamarck and Wallace C) Aristotle and Lyell D) Wallace and Linnaeus

B) Lamarck and Wallace

11) Recent research investigating variation in human height have found that a variety of genes at different loci, as well as early nutrition, especially that of the mother during gestation (the period of time during development of a fetus) and childhood years, influence height. Given this information, which of the following is correct? A) Phenotypes are directly linked to genotypes and not influenced externally. B) Phenotypes are usually the result of a combination of genes as influenced by the environment C) One phenotypic trait is usually related to one gene. D) For human height, the environment is more influential than inheritance of particular alleles.

B) Phenotypes are usually the result of a combination of genes as influenced by the environment

15) Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus? A) Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future. B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. C) Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophie upheavals. D) The environment is responsible for natural selection.

B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

24) Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which of the following statements is true? A) Species X and Y are not related to species Z. B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies than with species Z. C) Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct). D) Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z.

B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies than with species Z.

11) A large community of rattlesnakes, from El Paso, Texas, is separated into two groups. One group is taken 46 miles northwest to Las Cruces, New Mexico. The other group goes 712 miles north to Estes Park, Colorado. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) The group moved to Las Cruces will evolve because of the drastic change in environment. B) The group moved to Estes Park will undergo a series of adaptations to survive. C) Both groups will undergo the same heritable adaptations. D) The frequency of adaptations that are not favorable will be higher in the Estes Park group.

B) The group moved to Estes Park will undergo a series of adaptations to survive.

10) What is one common mistake taxonomists may make when attempting to place seemingly closely related species into a shared classification group? A) The two species seem to be located in the same region on the planet. B) The two species share similar morphology or character traits. C) The two species share an evolutionary history based upon matching DNA. D) The two species share many structural proteins, genes, and metabolic pathways.

B) The two species share similar morphology or character traits.

27) If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? A) These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. C) The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. D) The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics.

B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

35) Members of two different species possess similar-looking structures that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which of the following statements describes these structures originating from convergent evolution? A) The two species live at preat distance from each other and have structures for flying. B) These structures share function but do not share a common ancestry, C) The functions of the structures in adult members of both species are not similar. D) Both species have structures that are not adapted to their particular environments.

B) These structures share function but do not share a common ancestry,

8) Which of the five common ancestors, labeled V-Z, has been least successful in terms of the percent of its derived species that are extant? A) V B) W C) X D)Y

B) W

21) Darwin's observation of the Galápagos Islands finches' various beaks and behaviors could be explained by A) adaptations to the specific foods available on their mainland. B) adaptations forged by natural selection. C) modification with descent. D) inherited traits that did not survive.

B) adaptations forged by natural selection.

4) How did Mendel's model of inheritance help explain Darwin's theory of natural selection? A) by observations of individuals' differences in traits B) by proposing a mechanism of how organisms could transmit discrete, heritable units to offspring C) by explaining the natural selection of genetic differences among offspring D) by leading to an evolutionary change

B) by proposing a mechanism of how organisms could transmit discrete, heritable units to offspring

8) Which process in sexual reproduction results in diversity at the nucleotide level? A) chromosome shuffling B) chromosome crossover C) independent assortment of chromosomes D) random distribution of chromosomes

B) chromosome crossover

26) Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of A) parallel evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) allopatric speciation. D) gene flow.

B) convergent evolution.

7) Which of the following describes a mechanism for generating more genes? A) translocation B) duplication C) meiosis D) gametogenesis

B) duplication

25) The Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 2pg g2 - 1 allows you to calculate A) population declines. B) genotype frequencies. C) genome frequencies. D) population abundance and mating patterns.

B) genotype frequencies.

15) In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term 2y is necessary because A) the population is diploid. B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways based upon parental gametes. C) the population is doubling in number. D) heterozygotes have two alleles.

B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways based upon parental gametes.

7) Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory was the A) use and disuse principle. B) idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. C) idea that evolutionary change explains patterns in fossils. D) idea that Earth's features could be explained by gradual mechanisms.

B) idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. C) idea that evolutionary change explains patterns in fossils.

10) Which of the following consistently improves the degree to which organisms are well suited for life in their environment? A) adaptation B) natural selection C) gene flow D) genetic drift

B) natural selection

4) Using the phylogeny drawn in Figure 20.2, assuming chimpanzees and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes A) polyphyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) monophyletic. D) conform with Linnaeus's view of great ape phylogeny.

B) paraphyletic.

5) When hypothesizing a possible phylogeny in order to classify taxa, scientists incorporate systematics to A) provide primarily morphological information. B) provide molecular or genetic information, as well as morphological information. C) name organisms using a genus and specific epithet. D) create a hierarchy of classification based upon reproductive mating patterns.

B) provide molecular or genetic information, as well as morphological information.

6) Sister taxa A) represent the common ancestor of taxa. B) represent groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor. C) represent a polytomy. D) diverge from all other lineages early in the history of the group.

B) represent groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor.

13) A mutation that is neither harmful nor beneficial is termed a A) point mutation. B) silent mutation. C) deleterious mutation. D) heterozygote advantage.

B) silent mutation.

2) The various taxonomic categories (genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment. B) their inclusiveness. C) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each. D) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms.

B) their inclusiveness.

29) If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that A) they live in very different habitats. B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms. C) their chromosomes should be very similar. D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently.

B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

45) The kingdom Protista is obsolete because it contains members of how many other kingdoms? A) two B) three C) four D) five

B) three

2) The diagram shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? A) one stratum B) two strata C) three strata D) four strata

B) two strata

9) Corvids are a large family of birds that includes many species of ravens, jays, crows, and magpies. It was recently discovered that numerous birds in this family are an important vector for the West Nile virus because infected mosquitoes may pass the virus to these birds. Not to mention other species: there are over 35 species crows across the world alone and more than 3,500 species of mosquitoes across 41 different genera. Taken together, these facts demonstrate that it is critical that global societies and scientists A) use more detailed common names to identify species, such as the "violet crow" or the "American crow." B) use the genus and specific epithet scientific name to identify taxa. C) use DNA sequences when referring to a particular species. D) track diseases like West Nile virus using remote sensing technology on birds to help predict illness spread. E) invoke higher levels of the classification system, such as kingdom and domain, when referring to a species.

B) use the genus and specific epithet scientific name to identify taxa.

9) When evolution occurred on the Galápagos Islands, the finch beaks A) of individual birds in the population changed size and shape between the time of fledging the nest and adulthood due to the environmental stress induced by drought. B) varied in size across the population and sometimes conferred benefits in feeding, survivorship, and reproduction that were passed down to surviving offspring C) had corresponding genetic codes in the DNA that were modified or mutated by individuals when attempting to survive the stressful environment of the drought. D) changed in size and depth only during the lifetime of the fittest birds able to survive the drought.

B) varied in size across the population and sometimes conferred benefits in feeding, survivorship, and reproduction that were passed down to surviving offspring

1) Evolution is best defined as which of the following? A) a change in living conditions for an organism B) a change in genetic composition of a population from one day to the next day C) a change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

C) a change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

8) Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? A) plant bending toward a light source B) catfish able to breathe outside of water C) a farmer cultivating sweet watermelons D) moth able to survive due to camouflage

C) a farmer cultivating sweet watermelons

32) Evolution of a gene A) must happen, due to organisms' innate desire to survive. B) must happen whenever a population is not well adapted to its environment. C) can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met for that particular gene D) requires the operation of natural selection.

C) can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met for that particular gene

19) Although hummingbirds and house flies both use wings to fly, this similarity is not based upon closely shared ancestry but rather on evolution and adaptation as a result of survival and reproduction in a given environment. The term best describing such a phenomenon is A) homology. B) genera sharing. C) convergent evolution D) congruent evolution.

C) convergent evolution

6) Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the strata near Paris? A) extinction of species: yes; evolution of new species: yes B) extinction of species: no; evolution of new species: yes C) extinction of species: yes; evolution of new species: no D) extinction of species: no; evolution of new species: no

C) extinction of species: yes; evolution of new species: no

31) In evolution, which driving factor most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? A) mutation B)nonrandom mathe C) genetic drift D) natural selection

C) genetic drift

16) The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very carly (stem) reptiles, which at certainly possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle). Birds and ma however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles). The four- chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as A) structural homologies. B) vestiges. C) homoplasies. D) the result of shared ancestry.

C) homoplasies.

25) When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the number of homoplasies

C) shared derived characters

19) Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to Darwin having read Malthus's essay on human population growth? A) descent with modification B) variation among individuals in a population C) the struggle for existence D) that the ancestors of the Galápagos finches had come from the South American mainland

C) the struggle for existence

Chapter 21 The Evolution of Populations 21.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be A) 23% B) 46% C)54%

C)54%

19.2 Art Questions 1) The diagram shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? A) A B) B C)C D)D

C)C

3) Which of the following is correct about genetic variation? A) It is created by the direct action of natural selection. B)It arises in response to changes in the environment C)It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population D) It tends to be reduced when diploid organisms produce gametes and reproduce. E) A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity

C)It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

18) In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and y = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? A) 0.36 B) 0.64 C) 0.75 D) 0.80

D) 0.80

3) If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders, and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) D and F

D) D and F

Figure 29,3 6) In Figure 20,3, phylogeny branch lengths represent genetic changes. Which organism on the tree has undergone the most genetic changes since divergence from common ancestor? A) mouse B) human C) chicken D) Drosophila

D) Drosophila

35) Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today? A) It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics. B) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow. C) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes. D) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes

D) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes

34) If the original finches that flew over to the Galápagos Islands from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of A) genetic drift. B) the bottleneck effect. C) the founder effect. D) genetic drift and the founder effect.

D) genetic drift and the founder effect.

22) DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, today DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of the following should have occurred for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? A) Larger doses of DDT should have been applied. B) All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. C) The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. D) None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.

D) None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.

24) Which of the following is true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, in which time advances to the right? A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are descendants of those represented at higher levels. C) The fewer branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left.

D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left.

44) What evidence allowed biologists to conchae that classification of the tree of lite required a three domain system? A) The validity of three domains is supported by a revent study that sequenced proteins B) Most of the currently known prokaryotes belong to three domains. C) The Archaea domain consists of diverse prokaryotes that inhabit the same habitats. D) The phylogenetic tree of the three domains of lifè is based on sequence data for rRN. and other genes

D) The phylogenetic tree of the three domains of lifè is based on sequence data for rRN. and other genes

16) In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the py in the term 2py is necessary because A) the population is diploid. B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways C) the population is doubling in number, D) heterozygotes have two alleles.

D) heterozygotes have two alleles.

9) Which of the five common ancestors, labeled V-Z, has been most successful in terms of the percent of its derived species that are extant? A)V B) W C) X D) Z

D) Z

46) Biologists have concluded that classification of the tree of tif requires a three-domain Sistem What would this conclusion be termed, scientifically? A) a prediction B) a hypothesis C)a fact D) a theory E)a law

D) a theory

28) Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? A) bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo B) chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly C) bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish D) bones in the flipper of a whale

D) bones in the flipper of a whale

Campbell Biology in Focus, 3e (Urry) Chapter 20 Phylogeny 20.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In addition to naming species, Linnaeus also grouped species into a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories. The largest category that would include closely related species is the A) genus. B) class. C) order. D) domain.

D) domain.

36) What environment stimulates evolution of drug-resistant pathogens? A) presence of an enzyme called penicillinase B) colonization of host C) pathogens without cell walls D) excess antibiotics

D) excess antibiotics

33) Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing A) nonrandom matine B) geographic isolation C) genetic drift. D) gene Now.

D) gene Now.

24) When using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, we assume that A) the population is infinitely large. B) the population under study has experienced gene flow. C) the population has passed through a bottleneck. D) natural selection is not occurring.

D) natural selection is not occurring.

23) "Until the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, people used to live in small populations with little gene flow between them. That is the best situation for rapid evolution," said Sewall Wright, one of the founders of population genetics. This conclusion on gene flow conflicts with the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, which states that no gene flow means A) natural selection. B) no genetic drift C) no random mating D) no evolution.

D) no evolution.

23) Which of the following are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history? A) polyphyletic taxa B) paraphyletic taxa C) monophyletic taxa D) polyphyletic and paraphyletic taxa

D) polyphyletic and paraphyletic taxa

5) How many separate species, both extant and extinct, are depicted in this tree? A) two B) four C) five D) six

D) six

5) Using the phylogeny drawn in Figure 20.2, which other event occurred closest in time to the divergence of gorillas from the lineage that led to humans and chimpanzees? A) the divergence of chimpanzees and humans B) the divergence of Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus C) the divergence of gibbons and siamangs D) could be either the divergence of chimpanzees and humans or that of Dryopithecus and Ourunopithecus E) could be either the divergence of chimpanzees and humans or that of gibbons and siamangs

E) could be either the divergence of chimpanzees and humans or that of gibbons and siamangs