AP Biology: Chapter 3 Review

Suppose you find a sample of cells at a crime scene. What criteria might you use to determine if the cells are from prokaryotes, plants, or animals?

If the cells don't have a nucleus, it is most likely a prokaryotic cell. If the cells have a nucleus and a cell wall, it is most likely a plant cell. If the cells have a nucleus, are quite large, and have many organelles, it is most likely an animal cell.

What advantages does compartmentalization confer on a large cell?

It gives it more membrane surface area if the functions are split into smaller parts, since the whole cell is not trying perform all tasks.

How does the cytoskeleton interact with other structures in eukaryotic cells?

The cytoskeleton offers a structure for the cell to stay in a three-dimensional shape, and it works with the Golgi apparatus to send proteins through its channels, works with lysosomes to dispose of harmful substances, and works with ribosomes to transport proteins out of the cell or to inner organelles.

How does the formation of the cell theory illustrate the process of science?

The scientists involved made observations and performed experiments to confirm their hypotheses into theres accepted by scientists across the globe.

How do plant cells form cell walls?

The thin flexible primary wall gets secreted to the outside, and a strong and rigid secondary wall forms inside.

Explain how animal cells use junctions in different ways.

Tight junctions close the spaces between animal cells by fusing cell membranes; anchoring junctions connect adjacent animal cell membranes in one spot; gap junctions form channels between animal cells, allowing exchange of substances.

Which of the following organelles are associated with the job of cellular digestion? a. Lysosomes and peroxisomes b. Golgi apparatus and vesicles c. Nucleus and nucleolus d. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

a. Lysosomes and peroxisomes

Within a single cell, which of the following is physically the smallest? a. Nuclear envelope b. Phospholipid molecule c. Cell membrane d. Mitochondrion

b. Phospholipid molecule

Which of the following is NOT a feature found in all cells? a. Proteins b. Ribosomes c. Cell wall d. Cell membrane

c. Cell wall

Which of the following organelles does NOT contain DNA? a. Nucleus b. Chloroplast c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Mitochondrion

c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What chemical property of phospholipids is key to the formation of the cell membrane a. The positively charged nitrogen atom b. The covalent bond between the phosphate and the glycerol c. The kink in the fatty acid tail d. The hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tails

d. The hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tails

Which of the following statements about plasmodesmata is true? a. They prevent cytoplasm from passing between cells. b. They are important in the formation of tight junctions. c. They may float freely in the cytoplasm or be membrane-bound. d. They allow adjacent plant cells to communicate with each other.

d. They allow adjacent plant cells to communicate with each other.

One property that distinguishes cells in domain Bacteria from those in domain Eukarya is the presence of a. a cell wall b. DNA c. flagella d. membranous organelles

d. membranous organelles

If a eukaryotic cell is like a house, how is a prokaryotic cell like an efficiency (one-room) apartment?

A eukaryotic cell has many organelles that perform lots of functions. A prokaryotic cell has fewer organelles and carries out simple functions.

Why does a muscle cell contain many mitochondria and a white blood cell (an immune cell that engulfs bacteria) contain many lysosomes?

A muscle cell works with other cells like it to release energy for muscles to move and work together, so it needs lots of mitochondria to have the power necessary. A white blood cell needs lysosomes to dispose of the harmful substances in the body.

List all the features that all cells share, then name three structures found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria or archaea.

All cells have DNA, RNA, protein, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Three structures found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria or archaea are mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.

List three structural differences between plant and animal cells. Explain how each structural difference reflects a functional difference between plants and animals.

Animal cells have mitochondria, and plant cells have chloroplasts. Animal cells depend on food for energy, while plant cells depend on the sun for their energy. Animal cells have a cell membrane, but plant cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall. A plant cell needs more protection since their cells are more rigid. Plant cells have central vacuoles; animal cells don't because plant cells need a way to exert pressure to release water and other nutrients from its cells.

Emulsifiers are common food additives. A typical emulsifier molecule has a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. Draw a diagram explaining how an emulsifier can enable oil to mix with water.

Molecule has hydrophobic end facing oil and hydrophilic end facing water.

Rank the following in order from smallest to largest: ant, prokaryotic cell, actin molecule, microtubule, nitrogen atom. What type of microscope (if any) would you need if you wanted to see each?

Nitrogen atom (too small); actin molecule (too small); microtubule (electron microscope); prokaryotic cell (electron microscope/light microscope); ant (large enough).

List the chemicals that make up cell membranes.

Phospholipids, sterols, proteins, and sugars.