AP Biology chapter 5

endocytosis

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via _____.

Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.

Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 20-30% salt solution. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms?

fluid retention in pregnant women

What condition might result from an excess of aquaporins?

form spontaneously in aqueous environments

When considering the formation of membranes, they _____.

proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipid

Which of the following best describes the general structure of a cell membrane? proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipid a layer of protein coating a layer of phospholipid phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of protein proteins sandwiched between two layers of phospholipid

the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it

The transport of molecules of a particular solute from inside an animal cell across the cell membrane to the extracellular fluid always requires energy when _____.

Plant cells need a hypotonic environment in order to stay turgid.

Which of these situations accurately represents osmoregulation in organisms?

A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a vacuole.

Which statement best describes phagocytosis?

Human cells do not have cell walls.

Why doesn't the antibiotic penicillin harm humans?

The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

water, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, water

In the figure below, working from the inside out, what would be the order of components observed?

phagocytosis

Some liver cells ingest bacteria, a function probably accomplished by _____.

osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called _____.

the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when _____.

B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper

Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____.

an exergonic reaction

Cellular respiration is an example of _____.

the capacity to perform work

Energy is _____.

energy input will be needed to maintain organization

If the entropy of a system is increasing, this means that _____.

diffusion

The movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____.

endergonic ... requires an input of

The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is an _____ reaction that _____ energy.

exocytosis

The secretion of neurotransmitters out of the nerve cell, from small vesicles at the end of the axon, can be considered an example of _____.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific kind of molecule?

Proteins can bind other molecules, which may trigger specific cellular functions.

As shown below, proteins perform a number of functions within membranes. Which of the following statements is true about membrane proteins? Proteins keep the membrane fluid. Proteins form the basis of the semipermeable membrane. Proteins facilitate membrane stabilization. Proteins can bind other molecules, which may trigger specific cellular functions.

form a selectively permeable structure

Phospholipids are well suited to be the main structural components of membranes because they _____.

Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

its substrate may not fit properly in the active site

If the tertiary structure of an enzyme is changed, _____.

hypotonic

If the volume of a cell increases when it is placed in an aqueous solution, that solution is said to be _____ to the cell.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

LDLs enter cells by means of _____.

ATP ... phosphorylating

Most cellular work is accomplished by _____ energizing molecules by _____ them.

Passive transport transports molecules without the assistance of proteins from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Review the figure below of passive transport, then choose one of the following statements as being descriptive of this process. Passive transport transports molecules without the assistance of proteins from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport works with the help of proteins to bring molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Passive transport works with the help of proteins to bring molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport requires energy from the cell to move molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

seawater is hypertonic to your body tissues and drinking it will cause you to lose water by osmosis

Seawater is dangerous to drink because _____.

cholesterol molecules

Stability of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by _____.

succinylcholine must be a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine

Succinylcholine is structurally almost identical to acetylcholine, but if combined with the enzyme that normally hydrolyzes acetylcholine, the enzyme is no longer able to hydrolyze acetylcholine. This suggests that _____.

The temperature should be raised.

Taq polymerase is an enzyme isolated from the organism Thermophilus aquaticus. This organism has been found living in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. This enzyme is used to copy human DNA from crime scenes. Most reactions are performed at ranges similar to those of the human body; however, what considerations should be made for optimum use of this enzyme?

a hypertonic sucrose solution

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?

states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

The first law of thermodynamics _____.

so that the nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____.

lower the energy of the activation of a reaction

The mechanism of enzyme action is to _____.

The fluid is phospholipid, and the mosaic is protein.

The membrane is referred to as a "fluid mosaic" structure. Which of the following statements is true?

active transport

When in solution, a molecule that moves slowly across an artificial membrane moves rapidly across a plasma membrane. This occurs regardless of whether the concentration of this molecule is higher inside or outside the cell. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most likely to be responsible for the movement of the molecule across a plasma membrane?

The aerobic respiration of glucose generates heat

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics?

Active transport works with the assistance of proteins to move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

Which of the following statements about cell membrane transport is true?

It is a passive process.

Which of the following statements is true about diffusion?

Passive transport requires no expenditure of cellular energy.

Which of the following statements is true about passive transport?

phagocytosis

Which of the following terms specifically refers to the intake of very large particles by cells?

The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.

Which of these statements about enzyme inhibitors is true?

Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane.

Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires energy from the cell to drive a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through phospholipid pores in the membrane. Facilitated diffusion is another name for osmosis. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane