AP Biology Semester 1 Exam
5.0 x 10^-4
3
The diagram below shows the concentration of different molecules across a lipid bilayer. Which numbered diagram or diagrams represent active transport?
3 only (shows going against the concentration gradient and uses energy)
Which of the following best describes the result at the end of meiosis?
4 haploid daughter cells
The somatic cells in humans usually consist of ___ chromosomes, while the gametes in humans consist of ___ chromosomes.
46; 23
1 x 10^-6
6
Researchers determined the average amount of time that a particular type of eukaryotic cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. The data collected by the researchers are represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?
95%
FRQ: Describe how the cell cycle is regulated and discuss ONE consequence of abnormal regulation.
(TBD)
FRQ: Paramecia are single‑celled aquatic eukaryotes that can survive in a wide range of salinities. Paramecia use contractile vacuoles to help maintain homeostasis under these varying salt conditions. The contractile vacuoles fill with fluid and then contract to remove the fluid from the paramecia. Scientists wished to determine the effect of salinity on contractile vacuole activity. They maintained different groups of paramecia in water of different salinities for one month. They then measured the average amount of fluid ejected from the contractile vacuoles in each group of paramecia each time the vacuoles contracted (Table 1). (a) Describe how the phospholipids of a plasma membrane regulate the movement of large or polar molecules across the membrane. (b) Explain how osmosis will affect animal cells when the cells are placed into an environment with a low water potential (high solute concentration) compared to the intracellular water potential. (c) Describe how increasing salinity affects the amount of fluid ejected each time a contractile vacuole contracts.
(TBD)
FRQ: The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The following results were obtained. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here, as well as all other components of experimental design.
(TBD)
Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?
(The line graph picture)
If a plant cell's ΨP = 2 bars and its ΨS = -3.5 bars what is the resulting Ψ?
-1.5
Zucchini cores are measured and determined to have a sucrose concentration of 0.36 M. The cores are placed in open beakers at 22 degrees Celsius. Calculate the solute potential Ψs of these cells. If the cell's environment is -6 bars, will water go in or out of the plant cell?
-8.83 Bars and water will go INTO the cell
A human red blood cell normally contains 0.9% salt. Which of the following solutions is hypotonic to red blood cells?
0.1%
Testosterone is a small steroid hormone that is important in cell signaling. Which of the following indicated where testosterone enters a cell and why it is able to cross at that point?
1, because testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane.
4 x 10^-12
11
Which of the following best describes the result at the end of mitosis?
2 diploid daughter cells
Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?
A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
A cactus' stomata are sunken slightly, which shades them and protects them from wind. Which of the following statements would also be true about the stomata in these plants?
A cactus' stomata open only at night to take in carbon dioxide, because cooler nighttime temperatures mean that these plants lose far less water through open stomata.
Cancer can result from a variety of different mutational events. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?
A defect in a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase.
In most vertebrates, the sperm cell normally contributes which of the following to the new organism?
A haploid complement of chromosomes
Different polysaccharides are used by plants for energy storage and structural support. The molecular structures for two common polysaccharides are shown in the figure below. Starch is used by plants for energy storage, and cellulose provides structural support for cell walls. The monomer used to construct both molecules is glucose. Mammals do not produce digestive enzyme B. However, sheep and cattle are two types of mammals that contain microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce enzyme B. Which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide? (dehydration synthesis)
A hydrogen (H) is removed from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2O) molecule.
During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
Which of the following organelles is responsible for packaging and export of proteins?
A, Golgi Apparatus
The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?
ATP hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.
Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes one chromosome from each parent. The ___ consist of 22 pairs that do not determine sex, while 2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY) determine the organism as male or female.
Autosomes
How would you describe the pH of HCl (2)?
Acid
A study was conducted to understand the factors controlling the rate at which molecules or ions travel across cell membranes. An artificial membrane was created that was composed of a phospholipid bilayer only. The speed at which various substances crossed this membrane was measured.Some substances can pass through an actual cell membrane much faster than they passed through the artificial membrane in this study. Which of the following statements best explains this finding?
Actual cell membranes have a variety of proteins embedded in the membrane that are absent in the artificial membrane.
Which of the following is a description of asexual reproduction?
Allows rapid reproduction of organisms in favorable environments
During cytokinesis, the cells divide the cytoplasm of the original cell between the two new cells. What is this division called in animal cells and plant cells?
Animal - cleavage furrow; Plant - cell plate
Which of the following is considered to be "programmed cell death" that plays a key role in the development of tissues and organs?
Apoptosis
The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue. As development progresses, the solid mass near the end of the forelimb is remodeled into individual digits. Which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in remodeling of the forelimb?
Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells.
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen. The graph below shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen. Which of the following statements is correct?
At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has.
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements BEST supports the researcher's claim?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
How would you describe the pH of hand soap (10)?
Base (Alkaline)
When tumors form they either are considered ___, as they stay in one location and grow on healthy tissue, while other tumors will invade healthy tissue and spread, which is known as ___.
Benign; malignant
The figure represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in the figure could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA molecule?
Bonds Y and Z at the same time (see picture on test)
Which of the following best describes a structural similarity between the two molecules shown in the figure that is relevant to their function?
Both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules.
A magnesium sulfate solution taken orally can cause a net movement of water into the large intestine, which results from water molecules diffusing through aquaporins embedded in the cells of the intestinal lining.By which of the following mechanisms do the water molecules most likely move into the large intestine?
By passive transport from an area of high to low concentration
Which of the following is the process in which carbon from carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic molecules?
Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis)
Different polysaccharides are used by plants for energy storage and structural support. The molecular structures for two common polysaccharides are shown in the figure below. Starch is used by plants for energy storage, and cellulose provides structural support for cell walls. The monomer used to construct both molecules is glucose. Mammals do not produce digestive enzyme B. However, sheep and cattle are two types of mammals that contain microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce enzyme B. Which of the following would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract?
Cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose.
Which organelle is Letter A representing?
Chloroplast
Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship (these organelles were once prokaryotic cells, living inside larger host cells) with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?
Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.
Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1 ?
Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on ADH. When attached to ADH, methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?
Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.
Which of the following organelles is responsible for storing water, food, & waste?
D, vacuole
Crowded cells usually stop dividing due to which of the following regulatory factors?
Density-Dependent Inhibition
Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?
Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?
During meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes.
If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, oxygen-18, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with oxygen-18. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.
Which organelle is responsible for making ribosomes?
E, Nucleolus
Adrenaline (Fight-or-Flight Response)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Beta Blockers and Asthma Medications
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Interphase includes which parts of the cell cycle?
G1, S, and G2
The enzyme hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important step in glycolysis. The reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose. Either a glucose molecule or a water molecule can fit in the active site of hexokinase. The presence of a water molecule in hexokinase's active site would result in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP instead of the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?
Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.
Which of the following is a polymer that serves as a storage macromolecule in animals?
Glycogen
Which of the following is the process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid (pyruvate)?
Glycolysis
Which of the following is the process in which carbon dioxide, is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell can result in cancer?
Growth-factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells.
In eukaryotic cells, what happens in the G1 phase that differs from the G2 phase?
In eukaryotic cells, what happens in the G1 phase that differs from the G2 phase?
Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Which of the following patterns is shown by the data?
In mutant 3 cells, more time is spent in prophase/prometaphase than in the later stages of mitosis.
Researchers investigate the transport of a certain protein into cells by endocytosis. In an experiment, the researchers incubate the cells in the presence of the protein and measure the amount of the protein that is absorbed into the cells over a five-minute period.Based on their observations, what should the researchers do to further clarify how the availability of the protein outside the cells affects the rate of endocytosis of the protein?
Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?
Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?
In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP inside the cell. The cyclic AMP binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in the signal transduction pathway?
It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
In an experiment, researchers compared the growth of two different plants, plant X and plant Y. The researchers maintained the plants under nearly identical conditions and observed that plant X grew faster than plant Y. The researchers also observed that the inner mitochondrial membranes of plant X had more folds than did those of plant Y. Which of the following conclusions about increasing the number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane is best supported by the results of the experiment?
It increases the surface area available for ATP production, which results in faster cell growth.
The figure below shows a short segment of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. Which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in the figure?
It is DNA because of the nucleotides present.
Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One of these processes is shown. Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in the figure?
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.
In an experiment, researchers provided a radiolabeled amino acid to living plant cells. After one hour, the researchers determined the amount of the radiolabeled amino acid that was in each of several subcellular compartments. The results of the experiment are represented in the table. Which of the following conclusions about the radiolabeled amino acid is best supported by the results of the experiment?
It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions.
Nerve cells (Na+/K+)
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Which of the following is the process in which oxygen is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions
Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related: Long term energy storage and insulation
Lipids
Which organelle is Letter B representing?
Mitochondria
The main difference between the two types of cell division is that ___ is for growth and repair, while ___ is used to reduce the number of chromosomes to create gametes.
Mitosis; meiosis
Which of the following is common feature of the illustrated reactions showing the linking of monomers to form macromolecules?
Monomers are joined by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is produced.
How would you describe the pH of water (7)?
Neutral
For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related: Used to carry the genetic code
Nucleic acids
The molecular structures of linoleic acid and palmitic acid, two naturally occurring lipids, are shown in the figure. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?
Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.
Which organelle contains enzymes that oxidize certain molecules normally found in the cell, notably fatty acids and amino acids? *Hint: Those oxidation reactions produce hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisome
Which of the following describes an important difference between a potato plant cell and a human cell?
Plant cells have a cell wall, and human cells do not.
Crossing over occurs in which phase of meiosis?
Prophase I
The functions of macromolecules are an outgrowth of the structure of their sub-units. Which of the following macromolecules is correctly paired with its structural determining properties? (*HInt: shape dictates function)
Proteins: the shape of the molecule (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary) determines its function
Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Rate of disappearance of the substrate
The figure shows a representation of a protein embedded in a cell membrane. The numbers indicare different structural regions of the protein. Based on the figure, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between regions 1 and 2 of the protein?
Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.
Intravenous (IV) therapy is used for fluid replacement in instances of dehydration in humans and other animals. One type of IV fluid is essentially a saltwater solution. To determine the best concentration for therapy in people, a team of students is researching the effects of solutions of different salt concentrations on red blood cells. The following observations were made from three different red blood cell samples viewed under a microscope. The team wants to extend the research project. What should the team of students do next to obtain data that are more conclusive?
Repeat the process with other salt concentrations.
Most multicellular organisms reproduce by ___ reproduction using ____ to produce gametes.
Sexual, meiosis
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
Which of the containers represents an isotonic solution?
Solution II (see test for picture)
Different polysaccharides are used by plants for energy storage and structural support. The molecular structures for two common polysaccharides are shown in the figure below. Starch is used by plants for energy storage, and cellulose provides structural support for cell walls. The monomer used to construct both molecules is glucose. Mammals do not produce digestive enzyme B. However, sheep and cattle are two types of mammals that contain microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce enzyme B. Based on the figure, which of the following best compares the atomic structures of starch and cellulose?
Starch and cellulose are composed of repeating glucose monomers; however, in cellulose every other glucose monomer is rotated 180 degrees.
Some membrane proteins help maintain the concentrations of ions inside a cell by transporting the ions across the cell's plasma membrane. Other membrane proteins form pores in the plasma membrane through which the ions can diffuse. A model showing the influence of membrane proteins on the movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across a plasma membrane is presented in Figure 1. Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following changes will most likely result from a depletion of available ATP stores inside the cell?
The Na+ concentration inside the cell will increase.
In addition to the pigments commonly associated with photosynthesis, a certain photosynthetic species contains two additional pigment types. Which of the following BEST supports the claim that this species is better adapted to environmental changes than other photosynthetic species are?
The additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelengths of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use.
The relative amount of DNA in a cell at various stages of the cell cycle is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best describes how the amount of DNA in the cell changes during M phase?
The amount of DNA is halved as the cell divided into daughter cells
The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different structural formulas, as represented in the figure. Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?
The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
A group of mutations, known as MT-ND1, have been identified in mitochondrial DNA. These mutations are associated with a number of debilitating diseases stemming from the production of nonfunctional proteins in the mitochondria.Which of the following cellular deficiencies would most likely be related to these MT-ND1 mutations?
The cell is unable to complete reactions related to ATP production.
Based on the scenario below, which of the following would be the most accurate prediction of how surface area to volume ratio of an HS red blood cell has an effect in transferring oxygen as compared to a normal red blood cell?
The cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.
Which of the following statements best describes why starch and cellulose provide different functions in plants?
The differences in the assembly and organization of the monomers of these two polymers result in different chemical properties.
A researcher proposes a model of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which a reactant is converted to a product. The model is based on the idea that the reactant passes through a transition state within the enzyme-substrate complex before the reactant is converted to the product. Which of the following statements best helps explain how the enzyme speeds up the reaction?
The enzyme's active site binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction.
Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
Which feature of the model below best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA molecule?
The linear sequence of the base pairs
If a single-celled saltwater organism is placed in freshwater, it will not be able to survive. Which statement explains why this is true?
The organism's cell will absorb too much water through osmosis.
A certain type of specialized cell contains an unusually large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform?
The production and secretion of proteins
Plants and animals exchange materials through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Which of these statements is true about the way these two processes are related?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration
A scientist is studying the various prokaryotic and eukaryotic species found floating in a sample of water taken from a marine ecosystem. Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample?
The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins.
Starch turns blue-black in the presence of iodine solution. A selectively permeable dialysis sac containing a starch solution is placed into a beaker of iodine solution. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours?
The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change.
Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of molecules inside the cell?
The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient
Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of a valinomycin treatment on skeletal muscle cells. Valinomycin is a naturally occurring substance that can be used as a drug. The results of the experiment are presented in the table.
The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.
A culture of cells is poured into a high-speed blender with a mixture of oil and water. After the blender runs for several minutes, the fluid is allowed to settle. Next, the oily portion is separated from the watery portion. Which of the following most accurately predicts the results of the process?
The watery component will include enzymes, ions, proteins, and RNA; the oily component will include membranes and steroids.
Which of the following best describes the function of the molecules NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?
They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions.
If the experiment is repeated at pH 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be
lower than the level at pH 9
Cell cycle control
Tyrosine Kinase
Cellular growth and reproduction (RBCs, Skin, etc.)
Tyrosine Kinase
The diagram below shows the semipermeable membrane of a cell and the concentration of solutions inside and outside the cell. (more solute outside than inside the cell) Which of the following statements best describes how the molecules will move?
Water molecules will move out of the cell.
The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions?
What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems?
Gaucher disease is an inherited disorder in which cells of the body are unable to break down a particular type of lipid, resulting in a buildup of the lipid in some tissues and organs. Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?
lysosome
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as aerobic cellular respiration is to
mitochondria
What is the name of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells, specifically bacteria?
binary fission
Some animals use large amounts of energy while performing normal activities. What organelles do these animals most likely have large numbers of in their muscle cells?
mitochondria
For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related: glucose is a common monomer; major fuel for cellular work
carbohydrates
Some cells, such as intestinal cells, exchange a lot of material with their surroundings. The surface-to-volume ratio of these cells affects the efficiency of material exchange.The table provides measurements of four different eukaryotic cells. Based on the datat, which cell is likely to be most effective in the exchange of materials?
cell 2
Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?
cellular respiration
Cells carry genetic information in packages of DNA called ___.
chromosomes
The reactions of glycolysis occur in the
cytosol
According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from
electrons flowing along the electron transport chain
An increase in the rate of oxygen production by plants would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances?
glucose
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport
A cell containing glucose is in its surrounding solution containing glucose in an open container. If the surrounding solution Ψ = -12.2 bars and the plant cell Ψ = -14.6 bars, where will the water move?
into the cell
ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because
its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work
If the potato solution was boiled for 10 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes before being tested, the average time for the disks to float to the surface of the hydrogen peroxide solution would be
more than 30 seconds
Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is
necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
Changes in light intensity would result in changes in the rate of which of the following processes?
photosynthesis
Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
plasma membrane and cytoplasm
For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related: amino acids are a common monomer; used for movement and transport molecules
proteins
For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related: pH, salt concentration, or temperature, can disrupt the weak interactions that stabilize the conformation
proteins
Aldosterone (a steroid hormone) is a small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecule that enters a target cell by moving across the plasma membrane, down a concentration gradient.Based on the information presented, how does aldosterone most likely enter target cells?
simple diffusion
Cancer is a disorder in which cells divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells called a ____.
tumor
A plant cell contains a large membrane-bound, sac-like structure that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. When this sac-like structure is full, it makes the cell rigid, which enables a plant to stand up straight.This sac-like structure is most likely what organelle?
vacuole
The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from
water
If you were to estimate the amount of ATP produced from 8 molecules of glucose, which of the following choices would be the most appropriate approximation?
~ 300
The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -3.3 bars. If you place the root tissue in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose at 20°C in an open beaker, what is the Ψ of the solution, and in which direction would the net flow of water be?
ΨS = -iCRTΨS = -(1)(0.1 mol/L)(0.0831 L*bars/mol*K)(293 K) = -2.43 barsΨ = ΨP +ΨS = 0 bars + -2.43 bars= -2.43 barsThe Ψ of the root tissue is -3.3 bars and the Ψ of the sucrose solution is -2.43 bars. Water will flow into the root tissue because free water always moves towards the lower overall water potential.
