AP Biology - Summer

Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Because their kinks where their double bonds are located prevent the molecules from packing together close enough to solidify.

Why are strands said to be antiparallel?

Because they run in opposite 5', 3' directions.

The large molecules of all living thins fall into just four main classes. Names them.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

Which of three classes of large molecules are called macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

What is the name of this functional group, C=O?

Carbonyl

What is an example of a structural polysaccharides?

Cellulose, Chitin

Monomers are connected in what type of reaction?

Condensation/dehydration

What is the function of a hormonal protein?

Coordination of an organisms activities.

Which term includes all the others in the list? A. Monosaccharide B. Disaccharide C. Starch D. Carbohydrate E. Polysaccharide

D, Carbohydrate

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H6O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A. C60H120C60 B. C6H12O6 C. C60H102O51 D. C60H100O50 E. C60H111O51

D. C60H100O50

How do ribose and deoxyribose differ?

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom of the second carbon on the ring.

What does the root word 'hydro' mean? What does the root word 'lysis' mean?

Hydro- Water Lysis- Break

Large molecules (polymers) are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?

Hydrolysis (Essentially reverse dehydration reaction).

What is the name of this functional group, -OH?

Hydroxyl

Why can humans not digest cellulose?

It is not a nutrient (It passes through our digestive tract and is eliminated with our feces.)

Name two saturated fats.

Lard, butter

What are the monomers of all carbohydrates?

Monosaccharaides.

Name two unsaturated fats.

Olive oil, cod liver oil

What is a monomer?

Repeating unites that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

What is trans fat?

Saturated and unsaturated fats with double bonds.

What is the function of a enzymatic protein?

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions.

What organisms can digest cellulose?

Some prokaryotes.

What is an example of a storage polysaccharide?

Starch, Glycogen

Name the two types of polysaccharides.

Storage and structural.

What is the function of a storage protein?

Storage of amino acids.

What two molecules make up the "uprights"?

Sugar and phosphate group.

What is the function of a structural protein?

Support.

Define peptide bond.

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

What is the difference between an aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?

The location of the carbonyl.

What is the function of a transport protein?

Transport of other substances.

(Functional Groups Chart) What are the properties of carboxyl?

- Acidic (Covalent Bond between oxygen and hydrogen is polar). - Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1-

(Functional Groups Chart) What are the properties of an amino?

- Acts as a base - Ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions.

(Functional Groups Chart) What are the properties of methyl?

- Additions of a methyl group of molecule affects expression of genes. - Arrangement of groups in male and female sex hormones affect their shape and function.

(Functional Groups Chart) What are the properties of phosphate?

- Contributes negative charge - HAs potential to react with water releasing energy.

(Functional Groups Chart) What are the properties of hydroxyl?

- Polarity - Can form hydrogen bond with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

1. Nitrogenous base 2. Sugar 3. Phosphate group

In a DNA double helix, a region along ne DNA strand has the sequence of nitrogenous bases: 5' - TAGGCT - 3'

3' - ATCCGGA - 5'

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharaides by a dehydration reaction.

Define macromolecules.

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction.

What is a polymer?

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Define dipeptide.

A peptide that is composted of two amino acid molecules linked by dipeptide bond,

Define polypeptide.

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

What occurs in a condensation/hydration reaction?

A water molecule is lost and two molecules bond together through a covalent bond.

For the two nucleotides of DNA below, provide the complementary base: A- C-

A-T C-G

Which four nitrogen bases are found in DNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.

Which four nitrogen bases are found in RNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.