AP Biology Test 40, 41, 42, and 43 Questions

a biologist reported that a sample of ocean water had 5 million diatoms of the species Coscinodiscus centralis per cubic meter. what was the biologist measuring? a. density b. dispersion c. carrying capacity d. quadrats e. range

a

a cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) a. primary consumer b. secondary consumer c. decomposer d. autotroph e. producer

a

a small population of white-footed mice has the same intrinsic rate of increase (r) as a large population. if everything else is equal, a. the large population will add more individuals per unit time b. the small population will add more individuals per unit time c. the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time d. the j-shaped growth curves will look identical e. the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions

a

a table listing such items as age, observed number of organisms alive each year, and life expectancy is known as a (an) a. life table b. mortality table c. survivorship table d. rate table e. insurance table

a

according of the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that a. an endangered species is closed to extinction b. a threatened species is closer to extinction c. threatened species are endangered species outside the US borders d. endangered species are mainly tropical e. there is no real difference

a

in general, the total biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level? a. producers b. herbivores c. primary consumers d. tertiary consumers e. secondary consumers

a

the most common type of dispersion in nature is a. clumped b. random c. density d. indeterminate e. dispersive

a

the presence of all of the following tend to increase species diversity except a. competitive exclusion b. keystone predators c. patchy environments d. moderate disturbances e. migration of populations

a

what is the term for a top predator that contributes to the maintenance of species diversity among its animal prey? a. keystone species b. keystone mutualist c. landscape species d. primary consumer e. tertiary consumer

a

which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? a. two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern b. a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp c. a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf d. two species of rattlesnake that both rattle their tails e. two species of moths that with wing spots that look like owl's eyes

a

which of the following statements about aquatic biomes is false? a. the distribution of photosynthetic organisms is not limited by the quality and intensity of light in marine biomes b. many lakes in temperate regions are characterized by seasonal thermal stratification c. marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria produce a substantial portion of the biosphere's atmospheric oxygen d. many aquatic biomes exhibit pronounced vertical stratification of chemical variable e. marine biomes generally have a salt concentration that averages 3%

a

dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. they obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. the trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. facilitation e. competition

b

resource partitioning would be most likely to occur because a. sympatric populations of a predator and its prey b. sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches c. sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator d. allopatric populations of the same animal species e. allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

b

the competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot continue to occupy the same a. habitat b. niche c. territory d. range e. biome

b

which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)? a. pelagic b. abyssal c. neritic d. continental shelf e. intertidal

b

which of the following is a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? a. social pressure for birth control b. earthquakes c. plagues d. famines e. pollution

b

which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? a. community, ecosystem, individual, population b. ecosystem, community, population, individual c. population, ecosystem, individual, community d. individual, population, community, ecosystem e. individual, community, population, ecosystem

b

which of the following statements is false? a. edges become more extensive with increased forest fragmentation b. edges are features of human-altered habitats only c. edges frequently have their own biological communities d. the proliferation of edge species can have a positive or negative effect of biodiversity e. the interface between a forest and an adjoining field would be considered an edge

b

a movement corridor a. is a path used by migratory animals when they move to their wintering locales b. is the path most commonly used by an animal within its home range c. unites otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat d. is always beneficial to a species e. is always some natural component of the environment

c

extinction is a natural phenomenon. it is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. why then do we say that we are now in a biodiversity crisis? a. humans are ethically responsible for protecting endangered species b. scientists have finally identified most of the species on Earth and are thus able to quantify the number of species becoming extinct c. the current rate of extinction is as much as 1,000 times higher than at any other time in the last 100,000 years d. humans have greater medical needs than at any other time in history, and many potential medicinal compounds are being lost as plant species become extinct e. most biodiversity hot spots have been destroyed by recent ecological disasters

c

the high levels of pesticides found in birds of prey is an example a. eutrophication b. predation c. biological magnification d. the green world hypothesis e. chemical cycling through an ecosystem

c

tropical grasslands with scattered trees are also known as a. taigas b. tundras c. savannas d. chaparrals e. temperate plains

c

which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? a. water b. wind c. temperature d. rocks and soil e. disturbances

c

which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? a. precipitation, wind b. nutrient availability, soil pH c. predation, competition d. temperature, water e. light intensity, seasonality

c

all of the following phrases could characterize a population except a. interacting individuals b. dispersion c. density d. several species e. boundaries

d

all of the following represent ways that animals defend themselves against predators except a. incorporating plant toxins into their tissues b. cryptic coloration c. mobbing d. interspecific competition e. hiding or fleeting

d

carrying capacity (K) a. is calculated as the product of annual per capita birth rate (r) b. remains constant in the presence of density-dependent population regulation c. differs among species, but does not vary within a given species d. is often determined by energy limitation e. is always eventually reached in any population

d

disturbances to ecological communities a. are frequently related to human activities b. can remove organisms and alter resource availability c. can create vacated ecological niches that other species can colonize d. all of the above are true e. only A and B are true

d

how does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels influence the typically high risk of extinction shared by most top predators? a. predators are sparsely distributed b. predators have relatively small population sizes c. predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels d. A and B only e. A, B, and C

d

human use of prokaryotic organisms to help detoxify a polluted wetland would be an example of a. ecosystem augmentation b. keystone species introduction c. biological control d. bioremediation e. population viability analysis

d

in which community would organisms most likely have adaptations enabling them to respond to different photoperiods? a. tropical forest b. coral reef c. savanna d. temperate forest e. abyssal

d

the dominant species in a community is a. characterized by very large individuals with long lives b. the best competitor in the community c. the best predator in the community d. the population with the most biomass e. the most energetically efficient species in the community

d

uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with a. chance b. patterns of high humidity c. the random distribution of seeds d. antagonistic interactions among individuals in the population e. the concentration of resources within the population's range

d

which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex? a. the population is divided into small populations b. the species is rare c. the effective population size of the species falls below 500 d. genetic measurements indicate a continuing loss of genetic variation e. the population is no longer connected by corridors

d

which of the following statements about energy flow is incorrect? a. secondary productivity declines with each trophic level b. only net primary productivity is available to consumers c. about 90% of the energy at one trophic level does not appear at the next d. eating meat is probably the most economical way of acquiring the energy of photosynthetic productivity e. only about one-thousandth of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary-level consumer

d

which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earth's net primary productivity? a. tundra b. savanna c. salt marsh d. open ocean e. tropical rain forest

d

you are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a(n) a. tropical rain forest b. abandoned field c. old riverbed d. fairly recent volcanic island e. deep sea vent

d

all of the following are likely results of land-clearing operations such as deforestation and agricultural activity except a. destruction of plant and animal habitats b. erosion of soil due to increased water runoff c. leaching of minerals from the soil d. rapid eutrophication e. decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

e

burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. ultimately, these are probably responsible for a. the death of fish in Norwegian lakes b. rain with a pH of 3.0 c. calcium deficiently in soils d. B and C only e. A, B and C

e

in a mature forest of oak, maple, and hickory trees, a disease causes a reduction in the number of acorns produced by oak trees. which of the following would least likely be a direct result of this? a. there might be fewer squirrels because they feed on acorns b. there might be fewer mice and seed-eating birds because squirrels would eat more seeds and compete with the mice and birds c. there might be an increase in the number of hickory trees because the competition between hickory nuts and acorns for germination sites would be reduced or elimination d. there might be fewer owls because they feed ob baby squirrels, mice, and young seed-eating birds, whose populations would be reduced e. there might be a decrease in the number of maple seeds as the disease spreads to other trees in the forest

e

introduced species a. are a problem because they can prey on or outcompete native species b, are sometimes present as a result of attempts at biological control c. are sometimes accidentally transported to new environments d. A and B only e. A, B, and C

e

the unit(s) of measurement for an ecological footprint is (are) a. weight of biomass per year b. number of species per ecosystem c. number of individuals per population d. number of people per continent e. area of land per person

e

which of the following causes Earth's seasons? a. global air circulation b. global wind patterns c. ocean currents d. changes in Earth's distance from the sun e. the tilt of the Earth's axis

e

which of the following statements about biomes is incorrect? a. biomes are major terrestrial communities b. within biomes there may be extensive patchiness c. climographs are often used to demonstrate climatic differences among biomes d. temperature and precipitation account for most of the variation between biomes e. biomes can be recognized as separate entities because they have sharp, well-defined boundaries

e

_____: successional event in which one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism (parasitism, mutualism, inhibition, facilitation, or commensalism?)

facilitation

_____: the relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (parasitism, mutualism, inhibition, facilitation, or commensalism?)

mutualism

_____: the relationsip between ants and acacia trees (parasitism, mutualism, inhibition, facilitation, or commensalism?)

mutualism

_____: the relationship between the larvae of small wasps and caterpillars (parasitism, mutualism, inhibition, facilitation, or commensalism?)

parasitism