AP Biology Unit 8 Chapter 41

Drag the labels to illustrate these steps of the scientific process. Labels may be used more than once.

populations of phytoplankton: decreased populations of bottom dwelling invertabrates: increased zebra muscles neg: open water positively: littoral fish will decrease: open water fish species increase: littoral zone

Consumption of which prey makes the elf owl a tertiary consumer? Select all that apply.

praying mantis

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

predation

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________.

the island's size and distance from the mainland

Keystone species are those species _____.

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship?

benefit ... harmed

Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

-The resources used by both species of salamanders are available in limited supply. -The sympatric salamander populations evolved their present body sizes after they became sympatric. -Body size is a heritable trait in salamanders. -In sympatric populations, smaller P. cinereus adults survive better and reproduce more.

Based on what you learned from Knight's study, which of the following would be reasonable explanations for why your pond has abundant St. John's wort and your neighbor's pond does not? Select the four best answers.

-Your neighbor's pond has a plant that competes with St. John's wort. -You have a bird house with dragonfly-eating birds near your pond. -Your pond has 100 fish, and your neighbor's pond has 50 fish. -Your neighbor has been using herbicides to manage vegetation near his pond.

Which trophic level(s) does the roadrunner occupy? Select all that apply.

-secondary consumer -tertiary consumer

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. In both graphs, time is the independent variable and is shown on the x axis. Fish population size is the dependent variable and is shown on the y axis. 2. In Graph 1, the larval populations of American shad are measured in millions. In Graph 2, the juvenile populations of tessellated darters are measured in thousands. 3. The line in each graph shows the trend exhibited by the data before zebra mussels invaded the Hudson River . 4. After zebra mussels invaded, American shad populations decreased, and tesselated darter populations increased. 5. These data support the hypothesis that zebra mussels negatively affect fish in the open water and positively affect fish in the littoral zone.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the fundamental niche of species 1. 2. Interspecific competition between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas. 3. In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), competitive exclusion of species 1 may occur. 4. Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the realized niche of species 1 when species 2 is present. 5. The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of resource partitioning. 6. The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a -/- interaction. 7. The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of character displacement.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. When the finches first colonized Santa Maria and San Cristobal, G. fuliginosa probably had beak sizes similar to finches on Los Hermanos island, and G. fortis probably had beak sizes similar to finches on Daphne island. 2. Significant overlap in beak size would have resulted in interspecific competition for food. 3. Natural selection favored phenotypes that competed less for food. 4. In G. fortis, finches with deeper beaks were selected for. 5. In G. fuliginosa, finches with shallower beaks were selected for. 6. Each species experienced directional selection, which resulted in character displacement for beak size. 7. Character displacement is adaptive for both populations because it reduces interspecific competition.

Which of the following statements is in accordance with F. E. Clements' view that species in a community function as an integrated unit?

A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium.

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

Batesian mimicry

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

For the following variables, sort them as independent variables, dependent variables, or variables that should be controlled (held constant). See the hints for more information about variables.

Independent variable -thinning or no thinning before the fire Dependent variable -tree survival rate after the fire Controlled variable -elevation of the site -dominant tree species

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how prescribed burning reduces fire severity?

It reduces the amount of fuel on the ground so that a wildfire never reaches the critical heat required to kill most of the trees.

Based on this graph, what is the best conclusion about the effect of thinning on fire severity? For help understanding the error bars, see the hints.

Thinning appears to have no significant effect compared to the control plots.

What conclusion can you draw from this graph?

Thinning plus prescribed burning significantly increases the tree survival rate compared to the control and thinned treatments.

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described?

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

In the following diagram, label the fundamental and realized niches for Chthamalus. Note that one target should be left blank.

a. Chthamalus' realized niche b. Chthamalus' fundamental niche

Drag the images of the left half of the rock (white) and right half of the rock (blue) to indicate which barnacle species (if any) would be present at the end of the summer if niche differentiation had occurred between Chthamalus and Balanus.

a. balanus only b. no barnacles

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table below. Drag only blue labels to blue targets, pink labels to pink targets, and white labels to white targets.

a. dark fur b. more individuals with darker fur c. dark rocks and light rocks d. dark fur and light fur e. rocks of intermediate color f. more individuals with intermediate fur color

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table to describe natural selection due to interspecific competition in each population. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition b. no natural selection caused by interspecific competition c. directional selection for smaller body size d. directional selection for larger body size

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table. Use blue labels for the blue targets, pink labels for the pink targets, and white labels for the white targets.

a. parasitism b. one species benefits by harming another c. hookworms and humans d. commensalism e. one species benefits: the other is unaffected f. epiphytic orchids and trees g. mutalism h. both species benefit i. rumen bacteria and cows

Drag the pink labels to indicate which type of interaction occurs between each pair of species. Based on those interactions, drag the blue labels to indicate the population changes Knight predicted for each species in the two different treatments. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. predation b. predation c. mutalism d. goes down e. goes up f. goes up g. goes up h. goes down i. goes down

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

competition

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

ecological niche

What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

energy-containing food molecules

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

parasitism

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumer

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

Which of the following choices would be the most logical third step in Connell's experimental procedure, permitting him to either accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion?

remove balanus from one half of each of the transplanted

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?

commensalism

The answer choices below show close-ups of the Tripod area. Which of the following sampling designs would be adequately controlled and most representative of the whole burned area? See the hints to review good sampling practices.

control and thinned spread out throughout

Assume that a new parasite that infests blue crabs is introduced into the Hudson River, decimating blue crab populations. Look at the structure of this simplified open-water food web, then drag the labels to predict how the population of each organism would be affected.

cormorant: decreases zebra mussel: increases american shad: decreases phytoplankton: decreases zooplankton: decreases

Rank each of the following forests by how much they would benefit from a prescribed burn.

from least amount of trees to least

Match each description with the appropriate graph. Remember that Knight's predictions were:

graph 1: strongly supported graph 2: there is a flaw graph 3: insect supported, wort predictions not supported graph 4: insect not supported, wort supported graph 5: weakly supported graph 6: predictions not supported at all

Select the best hypothesis and prediction that follow from the question you're trying to answer. For help getting started, see the hints.

hypothesis: thinning accounts for observed differences in the rates of tree survival prediction: previously thinned forests that were not thinned

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

its food source

Drag each example to the appropriate bin.

mimicry -hornet moth (harmless)resembles paperwasp (venomous) -viceroy and monarchbutterflies (bothunpalatable) look alike camouflage -an octopus assumesthe color and textureof the seafloor mechanical defense -snails have shells -sea urchin spines -rosebush thorns chemical defense -skunk scent -jimsonweed toxins

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

mutualism