AP Chemistry LUOA

Which description best fits this picture? (Choose all that apply)

Accurate and Precise Accurate Precise

Write the compound name when given the formula. Remember spelling counts and include Roman numerals when needed.

Ammonium cyanide

Convert to standard notation: 5.32 x 10-8. (Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed).

.0000000532

Convert: 60 mg = ____ g

.06

How many cm are in 0.783 mm?

.0783

Convert: 2.50 mg to cg

.25

The half-life of Radium-226 is 1,600 years. Starting with 5 grams, how much is left in 6,400 years?

.3125

Which of the following is the most precise: .5, .52, .524 ?

.524

Convert: 0.080 cg to kg

0.0000008

Convert: 57 cm = _____ km

0.00057

What is the density of carbon monoxide gas if the mass is 0.234g and it occupies a space of 150 mLs?

0.0016 g/mL

Convert: 0.000004 m = ______ mm

0.004

How many centimeters are there in 1.23 x 10-6 kilometers?

0.123

Technetium-99 has a half-life of 6 hours. Starting with 200 grams, how much remains in 60 hours? (Round to 3 places)

0.195

The accepted mass of an object is 150 grams. Paul determines it is 148.9 grams. What is his percent error? [ans1]

0.73%

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you put in d position?

1 day

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you put in f position?

1 hour

6 inches x a/b = ________ cm In the dimensional analysis above, what would you put in the b position?

1 inch

In the question, "How many cm are in 100 inches? (1 inch = 2.54)," what is the conversion factor?

1 inch = 2.54

Please set up a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many miles are in 22,704 feet? What would you put in the a position? [ans1] 22,704 feet x a/b = ____________ miles

1 mile

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you put in h position?

1 minute

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you have in b position?

1 year

In quantum numbers, orientation is represented by

1,3,5,7

A piece of metal with a mass of 31.5 is added to a graduated cylinder. The water is initially at the 51 mark, and it rises to the 78 mark after the metal is added. What is the density of the metal? [ans1]

1.2 g/cm3

Multiply the following: (4.3 x 10^8) x (2.8 x 10^2) Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed.

1.2 x 10^11

What was the mass of the ammonium chloride in the powdered mixture?

1.222g

The half-life of Radium-226 is 1,600 years. Starting with 5 grams, how much is left in 3200 years?

1.25

The isotope Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. Starting with 22 grams, how much remains in 60 hours?

1.375

What is the density of sulfuric acid if the mass is 73.21 g and the volume is 45.0 ml? [ans1]

1.63 g/mL

An isotope, Cesium-137, has a half-life of 30 years. Starting with 40 grams. How much is left in 60 years?

10

A balance in the lab measures mass to the tenth of the gram. A student records an incorrect mass of 10.213 grams. What number should he have actually used?

10.21

In the question, "How many cm are in 100 inches? (1 inch = 2.54 cm)," what is your starting point?

100 inches

What is the mass percent of NH4Cl in the original 10.000 g of powdered mixture? Choose the closest answer. The formula for mass percent calculations is given below: % m/m = mA / msample × 100

12.22%

Mercury is poured into a graduated cylinder that holds exactly 25.0 mL. The mercury has a mass of 320 gram. Calculate the density. (Hint: Mercury is a liquid.) [ans1]

13 g/mL

6 inches x a/b = ________ cm In the above Dimension Analysis, c = [ans1] cm Remember 1 inch/2.54 cm or 2.54cm/1 inch.

15.24 cm

Convert: 1.5 x 10^-3 kg to cg

150

A student calculates the mass of a piece of copper to be 8.3 grams. The actual mass of the copper is 10 grams. What is the percent error? [ans1]

17%

What is the zinc if the density is 7.14 g/cm3 and the volume is 25.0 cm3? [ans1]

179 g

What is the mass of ethyl alcohol that fills a 250.0 mL graduated cylinder? The density of ethyl alcohol is 0.789 g/ml. [ans1]

197 g

Write the electron configuration for Oxygen.

1s2 2s2 2p4

Write the electron configuration for chlorine.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Write the electron configuration for calcium.

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶4s²

How many significant digits are present in the following number, 93,000,000?

2

How many significant figures are present in 0.00047?

2

A student calculates the volume of a graduated cylinder at 43.26 ml. The actual volume is 42.32 ml. What is the percent error? [ans1]

2.2%

Mercury-197 has a half life of 3 days. Starting with 300 grams, how much remains in 3 weeks? (Round to two places)

2.34

Convert: 2390 g to kg

2.39

Convert: 2390 mg to g

2.39

6 inches x a/b = ________ cm In the above dimensional analysis, what would replace the a? a = [ans1] Remember 1 inch/2.54 or 2.54cm/1inch.

2.54 cm

The isotope Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. Starting with 22 grams, how much remains in 45 hours?

2.75

Find the density: A block of aluminum has a mass of 42 grams and occupies a volume of 15 mL.

2.8 g/mL

An isotope, Cesium-137, has a half-life of 30 years. Starting with 40 grams, How much is left in 30 years?

20

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you have in c position?

24 hours

Find the mass of 275 mL of benzene if the density is 0.8786 g/ml.

242 g

How many cg are in 2.49 x 103 mg?

249

Convert: 0.25 g to cg

25

How many liters are in 2.52 x 104 mL?

25.2

Convert: 0.250 kg = _____ mg

250000

How many mL are in 0.258 L?

258

What is the mass percent of NaCl in the original 10.000 g of powdered mixture? Choose the closest answer. The formula for mass percent calculations is given below: % m/m = mA / msample × 100

26.20%

The density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3. The mass is 3001 grams. What is the volume? [ans1]

286 cm3

The experimental mass was 51.5 grams and the theoretical mass was 50 grams. What was the percent error?

3%

Write in scientific notation: 0.00000323 (Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed).

3.23 x 10-6

How many kilometers are there in 3.34 x 105 cm?

3.34

Multiply the following: (6.2 x 10^3) x (5.8 x 10^-4) Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed.

3.596

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you have in a position?

365 days

Simplify, writing answer in the correct number of significant digits and inserting commas as needed. 199.9\5.4 =

37.0

How many significant digits are present in 64,490?

4

State how many significant digits are present in the following number: 1,023

4

State how many significant figures are present in the following number: 4,732

4

In the following conversion, state what C = [ans1]. 1 mile = 5,280 feet or 5,280 feet = 1 mile 22,704 feet x a/b = ____________ miles

4.3 miles

How many mg are in 4.17 x 102 cg?

4170

An isotope, Cesium-137, has a half-life of 30 years. Starting with 40 grams. How much is left in 90 years?

5

Please set up a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many miles are there in 22, 704 feet? 22,704 feet x a/b = ____________ miles What did you put in the b position? [ans1]

5,280 feet

The isotope Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. Starting with 22 grams, how much remains in 30 hours?

5.5

Write the following number in scientific notation: 56 million (Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed).

5.6 x 107

How many significant figures are present in 350.701?

6

How many significant figures are present in 607.030?

6

What was the mass of SiO2 in the powdered mixture?

6.158 g

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you put in e position?

60 minutes

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h what do you put in g position?

60 seconds

What is the mass percent of SiO2 in the original 10.000 g of powdered mixture? Choose the closest answer. The formula for mass percent calculations is given here: % m/m = mA / msample × 100

61.58%

Convert: 65 kg to mg

65000000

If 4 significant figures are required, how would 7,145.9 round?

7,146

Convert the following number to standard notation: 7.68 x 103. (Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed).

7,680

What is 456.32 + 65.1 +232.3? Make sure your answer reflects the appropriate number of significant figures and commas as needed.

753.7000

How many kL are in 8383 L?

8.383

Convert: 8700 mL = _____ L

8.7

Create a dimensional analysis for the following problem: How many seconds are in 3 years? You will need to include the following conversion factors: 365 days/1yr or 1yr/365day 1day/24 hours or 24 hours/1 day 60 min /1 hour or 1 hour/60 min 1min/60 sec or 60 sec/1 min Your set-up should resemble the one below. x = 3.0 yr x a/b x c/d x e/f x g/h What is the final answer? Your answer must be in scientific notation, write your exponent as ^, such 103 would be written as 10^3. x = [ans1]

9.4608 x10^7 seconds

How can evaporation be used to separate substances mixed in solution?

A solution can be slowly heated in an evaporating dish, and the solute with remain after the solvent has evaporated.

The study of the composition of matter is [ans]

Analytical Chemistry

Compare and contrast cations and anions. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Anion and cation are both ions. They are formed by either loss or gain of electrons. Anions: negative ions; Cation: a positive ion. Usually anions are formed by non-metals by gaining one or more electrons, this results in the ion acquiring a negative charge due to excess of electrons.eg. Cl gains an electron to form negatively charged chlorine ion i.e Cl- , cations are formed by metals by losing one or more electrons. Due to loss of electrons, the ion acquires a positive charge. e.g sodium loses an electron during chemical reactions to form Na+ ions. During electrolytic reaction the cations ( being positive in nature) move towards the negative electrode whereas the anions ( being negative in nature) move towards the positive electrode.

Compare and contrast cations and anions. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Anions: negative ions; Cation: a positive ion. Usually anions are formed by non-metals by gaining one or more electrons, this results in the ion acquiring a negative charge due to excess of electrons.eg. Cl gains an electron to form negatively charged chlorine ion i.e Cl- , cations are formed by metals by losing one or more electrons. Due to loss of electrons, the ion acquires a positive charge.

Items which can be seen, touched and measured directly can be described as macroscopic .

Answer 1: macroscopic

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

Answer 1: mass Answer 2: space

Anion is an ion with a charge when an atom one or more electrons. These are usually .

Answer 1: negative Answer 2: gains Answer 3: nonmetals

Cation is an ion with a charge formed when an atom one or more electrons. These are usually .

Answer 1: positive Answer 2: loses Answer 3: metals

The two isotopes of hydrogen called "heavy" are tritium and deuterium

Answer 1: tritium Answer 2: deuterium

Divide the following: (7.8x10^3) x (1.2x10^4) Remember to insert commas and decimals as needed.

Answer is 6.5 x 10^-1

Which element has the following noble gas configuration: [Kr] 5s24d105p3

Antimony

[ans1] is a theory regarding structure and properties of atoms.

Atomic Theory

Write the formula for the following chemical compound. diboron tetrabromide [ans1] If a subscript is required please include (s) then the subscript such as O2 would be written as O(s)2. Please do not insert any spaces and use the proper chemical symbols for each element.

B(s)2Br(s)4

[Ans] is the study of chemical process that occur in living things.

Biochemistry

Which element has the following electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p5

Bromine

Why do scientists use scientific notation?

By converting to scientific notation, the numerous zeros which occur with very large or small numbers are eliminated making the numbers easier to work with in calculations.

Write the formula for the following chemical compound. carbon tetrachloride [ans1] If a subscript is required please include (s) then the subscript such as O2 would be written as O(s)2. Please do not insert any spaces and use the proper chemical symbols for each element.

CCl(s)4

Who was the theorist who discovered the neutron?

Chadwick

In several sentences, describe chromatography. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Chromatography is when you take a mixture and separate everything in it. An example of chromatography is when scientists are trying to come up with a vaccine, such as Ebola. They take out different antibodies and see if any of them can neutralize the disease.

Write the compound name when given the formula. Remember spelling counts and include Roman numerals when needed. Co2(CO3)3

Cobalt(III) Carbonate

Explain how single, double and triple bonds form in covalent bonding. Please give explain in detail using proper grammar, spelling and mechanics.

Covalent bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms. Double and triple covalent bonds occur when four or six electrons are shared between two atoms, and they are indicated in Lewis structures by drawing two or three lines connecting one atom to another.

Who was the theorist who believed in "indestructible atoms"?

Democritius

Write the compound of the formula below Si2Br6 [ans1] . Check your periodic table for the spelling. Put only one space between the ions.

Disilicon Hexabromide

Describe where the colored bands come from in the Atomic Emission Spectra? Please give lots of detail, use proper grammar and mechanics.

Each element has a series of 'shells' that contain the the electrons. These shells are all approximately in the same place. The emission spectrum is when an electron moves from a higher orbital to a lower one and in doing so releases a quanta of energy. Although the movement is basically the same, the energy for each transition is different depending on the attractive forces between the electron and the nucleus. A transition between two shells of say He and Li+. Both have the same number of electrons and the electron in question is moving between the same shells. The difference is that the He has 2 protons to attract whereas the Li+ has three to that the quanta required are different hence you get a different wavelength and different spectra. Another example. Take the end of a rubber band and nail it to a board. Take the other end and without stretching it mark the point were it extends to. Now stretch the rubber band 5 cm. It takes a certain amount of force to do so. Now do the same thing with 2 rubber bands. You have moved the band through the same distance but it has taken a substantial amount of extra energy. Think of the nailed end being the nucleus, the number of rubber bands being the protons and the point being an electron. The more protons (rubber bands) you have the harder it is for the rubber band (the electron) to be extended.

Which element has the following noble gas configuration: [Rn]7s25f11

Einsteinium

In few sentences, compare and contrast extensive and intensive properties. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Extensive properties are when something is dependent on the amount of matter present. It can change the amount of the substance, while intensive property doesn't change the amount of the substance. It is independent of the amount of substance present.

Write the correct ionic formula. NO spaces. Use the proper abbreviations. If a superscript is needed use ^ then the number. If a subscript is needed (s) then the number. Sodium Hydroxide [ans]

Fe(s)2O(s)3

Write the correct ionic formula. NO spaces. Use the proper abbreviations. If a superscript is needed use ^ then the number. If a subscript is needed (s) then the number. Iron(III)Phosphide

FePO(s)4

Compare and contrast nuclear fusion and fission. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Fission starts with large atoms such as uranium or plutonium. Then with neutron bullets the large atoms are split, releasing a large amount of energy. Fusion starts with small atoms like hydrogen and helium and slams them together to form larger atoms. This releases even more energy than fission. This is also a much cleaner reaction that does not leave nuclear waste.

Gold and Silver are first mentioned in what book of the Bible? [ans1]

Genesis

Write the formula for the following acid. If a subscript is required, please write it as (s)2. Example water would be written as H(s)2O. Please use the correct symbols and add no spaces. Sulfuric Acid

H(s)2SO(s)4

Write the formula for the following acid. If a subscript is required, please write it as (s)2. Example water would be written as H(s)2O. Please use the correct symbols and add no spaces. hydroselenic acid

H(s)2Se

Write the formula for the following acid. If a subscript is required, please write it as (s)2. Example water would be written as H(s)2O. Please use the correct symbols and add no spaces. nitrous acid

HNO(s)2

Compare AND contrast the electromagnetic spectra and the atomic emission spectra. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

In atomic emission spectra, only radiation of certain wavelengths is emitted. The emission spectra is composed of discrete emission lines. In the continuous spectrum, radiation of all wavelengths is present, and there are no discrete lines or bands present.

[Ans] is the study of matter without carbon.

Inorganic chemistry

In several sentences, describe the properties of ionic compounds. Please use proper mechanics and grammar please.

Ionic solids are insulators. Since ions in ionic solids are tightly bound, they cannot conduct electricity. However, when the solid is dissolved in water, the separated ions can freely move and conduct electricity through the solution. The strong attraction between negative and positive ions also causes ionic solids to harden. An ionic bond is formed when a non-metal reacts with a metal. Common examples of ionic compounds include sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium oxide (MgO).

Explain in several sentences how an ion forms. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Ions form most commonly from ionic bonding. An example is common table salt: NaCl. What happens is that Chlorine will actually strip Sodium of one electron (due to electronegativity) which results in a positive charge on sodium, and a negative charge on chlorine, thus sodium and chlorine are now both ions. Moreover, the resulting positive and negative charges of these 2 ions is what's responsible for the attractive force that keeps these 2 atoms "bonded".

Which element has the following electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6

Iron

What is sublimation?

It is when a substance passes from a solid phase to the gaseous phase, skipping the liquid phase.

Write the correct ionic formula. NO spaces. Use the proper abbreviations. If a superscript is needed use ^ then the number. If a subscript is needed (s) then the number. Lithium Oxide

Li(s)2O

Who is the Father of the Periodic Table?

Mendeleev

Who would have been the Father of the Periodic Table had he not delayed in publishing his work?

Meyer

Write the correct ionic formula. NO spaces. Use the proper abreviations. If a superscript is needed use ^ then the number. If a subscript is needed (s) then the number.. Manganese (III) fluoride

MnF(s)3

Write the correct ionic formula. NO spaces. Use the proper abbreviations. If a superscript is needed use ^ then the number. If a subscript is needed (s) then the number. Sodium Permanganate

NaMnO(s)4

Which description best fits this picture?

Neither accurate nor precise

Which of the chemists created the Law of Octaves?

Newlands

In the number, 0.004304, is the highlighted digit significant or not (worth 5 points)? Explain (worth 5 points).

No, the highlighted digit is not significant. All of the numbers after the two zeros are significant digits. Our lessons states, "Zeros to the left of a non zero number are not significant. They are only placeholders".

Why might nuclear fusion be a better source of energy on earth than nuclear fission? Please think about your answer, use proper grammar and mechanics.

Nuclear energy must be a consideration for the future with the rapidly depleting supply of fossil fuels. This type of energy can be created through nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atom into two or more parts, releasing huge amounts of energy. The release of energy can be controlled and captured for generating electricity. Nuclear fusion involves bombarding hydrogen atoms together to form helium. In the long run, nuclear fusion has greater potential than fission.

Name one of the three areas a nuclear accident occurred.

One of the areas where a nuclear accident occurred is Fukushima, Japan 2011.

[Ans] is the study of chemicals containing carbon.

Organic chemistry

Write the formula for the following chemical compound. tetraphosphorus pentasulfide [ans1] If a subscript is required please include (s) then the subscript such as O2 would be written as O(s)2. Please do not insert any spaces and use the proper chemical symbols for each element.

P(s)4S(s)5

In [ans], macroscopic & atomic properties are studied.

Physical Chemistry

In a few sentences, compare and contrast physical and chemical properties. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Physical properties are things that change in appearance, not necessarily chemical-wise. It stays the same, just in a different physical form. Like cutting paper, it's still paper and it has the same chemicals, it's just in a different shape and form.

Describe the difference in polar and nonpolar covalent bond in detail. Please use correct spelling, proper grammar and mechanics.

Polar bond is simply a type of covalent bond in which the electrons are shared but not equally. This happens when two different atoms come together, such a C and O. Each atom has a different ability to draw electrons to itself when it shares electrons (that drawing ability is called Electronegativity). Polar covalent bond = same as a "polar bond". Nonpolar bond = two of the same atoms come together, such as the diatomic molecule N2, or triatomics such as O3, etc. A nonpolar covalent bond could be viewed as having "pure" covalent character. There is perfectly equal sharing. Polar molecule is a molecule in which the polar bonds are disposed in such a way that it imparts an asymmetry to the molecule as a whole. That is, it gives the whole molecule a Dipole Moment: example: water H-O-H has two polar bonds. Since this molecule is Bent, those two polar bonds ADD TOGETHER to produce a molecule with a dipole moment. That is, a polar molecule.

Write the noble gas configuration for Radium.

Rn 7s2

Who was the theorist who discovered the proton?

Rutherford

Write the formula for the following chemical compound. selenium hexabromide [ans1] If a subscript is required please include (s) then the subscript such as O2 would be written as O(s)2. Please do not insert any spaces and use the proper chemical symbols for each element.

SeBr(s)6

Write the formula for the following chemical compound. silicon dioxide [ans1] If a subscript is required please include (s) then the subscript such as O2 would be written as O(s)2. Please do not insert any spaces and use the proper chemical symbols for each element.

SiO(s)2

Lithium and fluorine undergo ionic bonding. Explain, step by step using proper grammar and mechanics.

Start with separate atoms, Lithium gives an atom to fluorine, atoms get a charge and become ions, ions have separate charges and stick together.

Using a step by step description, explain how Potassium and Bromine would create an ionic bond. Please use proper grammar and mechanics please.

Start with separate atoms, Lithium gives an atom to fluorine, atoms get a charge and become ions, ions have separate charges and stick together.

In several sentences, describe sublimation. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

Sublimation is when a solid turns into a gas without turning into a liquid in between. Examples of sublimation are dry ice and solid CO2. A good example that we all know of is when you have food in the freezer and you open it to find little ice crystals in the box or bag.

Which element has the following electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p4

Sulfur

What is the electron configuration and the noble gas configuration for carbon?

The electron configuration for carbon is 1s^2 2s^ 2 2p^2. The noble gas notation for carbon [He] 2s^2 2p^2.

What is the electron configuration and the noble gas configuration for gold?

The electron configuration for gold is 1s2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9 The noble gas configuration is [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d9

What is the electron and noble gas configuration for Cesium?

The electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s1 The noble gas configuration is [Xe] 6s1

What is the electron and noble gas configuration for silver?

The electron configuration is 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s1 The noble gas configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s1

What is the electron configuration and the noble gas configuration for sodium?

The noble gas configuration is [Ne]3s1 The electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

In several sentences, explain how a nuclear power plant works. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

The nuclear fuel is bombarded with a neutron causing that material to change into new material which in the process releases huge amounts of energy which is used to boil water to make steam from there it works like any other steam plant. The reaction is controlled by control rods which are made of a neutron absorbing material. The rods are pushed in to slow or stop the reaction by absorbing the neutrons and pulled at to let them run free.

Summarize the various atomic models; starting with the Plum Pudding and ending with Quantum Mechanical Model. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

The plum pudding model of the atom was a hypothesized model of the atom that is now known to be wrong. The hypothesis stated that all atoms were solid bodies consisting of both positive and negative charge mixed together into a sort of ball, just as if raisins were positive charges mixed into the negatively charged vanilla pudding of plum pudding (hence the plum pudding model).

List the seven diatomic molecules.

The seven diatomic molecules are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Pick one of the three Nuclear Accident Sites, research it and discuss what happened to cause the accident and what could have been done to prevent it. Please use proper grammar and mechanics. Use your words and cite your sources.

There a six nuclear reactors at the Fukushima location. The massive earthquake caused power to fail throughout the entire region. The nuclear reactors automatically shutdown upon loss of off-site power and due to the seismic shaking. Immediately after a nuclear reaction shuts down, it is still generating "residual heat" which can be up to 10% of maximum power. So, if the reactors were rated for 800 megawatts electric, that means they generated about 2400 megawatts of heat and 10% of that is 240 megawatts of heat immediately after shutdown. That heat must be dissipated otherwise the heat will build up, boil off the water, and start melting the fuel assemblies. About 45 minutes after the earthquake, the tsunami hit the plant and destroyed the diesel fuel tanks that were providing fuel to the diesel generators that were providing power to the emergency cooling pumps. The battery back-up system engaged and kept the cooling pumps going for another eight hours, but once the batteries depleted, there was no other power source and the heat began to build up. Once the heat reached a certain level, the zirconium fuel cladding started reacting with the cooling water and forming hydrogen gas. A few days later, the accumulation of hydrogen gas caused an explosion that blew apart the upper part of the reactor buildings for reactors 1, 2 and 3. Reactors 4, 5, and 6 were already off-line and defueled for planned maintenance. While this was happening, the operators were desperate to cool the reactors so they ended up using raw ocean salt water. This was good because it kept things cool, but bad because it causes a huge amount of corrosion. There is some controversy regarding whether the operators were trying to vent the hydrogen before it exploded, but couldn't get permission from the government. Once the upper part of the reactor buildings were blown off, the radioactive cooling water was allowed to boil off to the atmosphere and it carried some radioactive iodine and cesium along with it. This required evacuations of a few hundred thousand people to avoid excessive radiation exposure to members of the public. To this day, the reactors need to be kept cool because they are still generating residual heat. Also at each reactor, there are spent fuel pools which also generate heat and need to be cooled. These are a less serious concern than the reactors, but still cannot be ignored. The three reactors that were running at the time of the earthquake suffered partial meltdowns. There is also significant damage to the buildings, piping and possibly the reactor vessels. Nobody knows for sure, because the buildings are too radioactive to send people in. Instead, they are sending in robots to try to get readings and take pictures and video. However, even the robots suffer radiation damage. Enough damage was done to the buildings to allow radioactive water to leak into the ground and then into the ocean. The company cannot seem to stop it and the Japanese government has stepped in to help get control of the situation. The company is trying to rebuild enough of the plants so they can be decommissioned properly, however the damage to the reactor buildings and the cranes is severe. They also have to deal with millions of gallons of contaminated water.

Describe the differences in ionic and covalent bonds.

These two opposite ions attract each other and form the ionic bond. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds.

In several paragraphs, throughly discuss nuclear medicine include what it is and how it works. Please use proper grammar and mechanics.

This usually has to do with the different types of medical imaging, e.g. x-rays, MRI, CAT, etc. Some people are the boots on the ground, the technicians who operate the machinery and the physicians who interpret the results. Others, work in designing devices and developing new imaging techniques based on existing theories in biology, chemistry, physics, and math. These are called nuclear not because they have any similarities to things like atomic weapons, but because they use properties of nuclei to produce their results. For example, MRI stimulates a electron response using a magnetic field, and different tissues are composed of different atoms and thus produce different results. It's a very interesting field, and the technology is improving constantly. We've come from simply blasting x-rays at limbs to analyzing the body at the molecular level.

Who was the theorist who discovered the electron?

Thomson

Write the compound name when given the formula. Remember spelling counts and include Roman numerals when needed. V3(PO4)5

Vanadium(V) Phosphate

In the number, 90,001,000, is the highlighted digit significant or not (worth 5 points)? Explain (worth 5 points).

Yes, it is a significant number. Because it is located in front of another significant number, that means it has to be one. "ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant. So 101 has 3 figures", according to the lesson.

Divide the following: (8.1 x 10^-2) divided by (9.0 x 10^2)

Your Answer: 8.1/9 = .9 Move the decimal over to the right, because the number has to be equal to or greater than 1. So it is now 9 10^-2-10^2 = 10^-4 But, we need to subtract another exponent because we moved the decimal from .9 to 9 So the Answer is 9 x 10 ^-5

Select one of the multiplication or division problems, and explain in detail the steps you took to work it out.

Your Answer: 8.1/9 = .9 Move the decimal over to the right, because the number has to be equal to or greater than 1. So it is now 9 10^-2-10^2 = 10^-4 But, we need to subtract another exponent because we moved the decimal from .9 to 9 So the Answer is 9 x 10 ^-5

Think of the 5 areas of chemistry, what would a chemist in each area do?

Your Answer: Analytical Chemistry - Perform qualitative and quantitative analysis Sample, define, isolate, concentrate, and preserve sample Set error limits Validate and verify results through calibration and standardization Perform separations based on differential chemical properties Create new ways to make measurements Interpret data in proper context Communicate their results and conclusions to other scientists Biochemistry - Biochemists do a lot of research in their job. They research chemicals and molecules as well as their patterns, and they look at chemical reactions that take place in their labs. They study food, drugs, hormones and biologic process in their labs. Biochemists isolate proteins, work with DNA and other molecules and apply their research to hypotheses. Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic Chemists' job include checking plant readings on the computer, going out onsite to take samples from the boilers, analyzing samples in the lab, working on projects together with engineers and operatives to improve processes onsite and doing risk assessments of the chemicals being used. Organic Chemistry - Organic chemists study molecules that contain carbon. They may characterize, synthesize or find applications for organic molecules. They perform calculations and chemical reactions to achieve their goals. Organic chemists typically work with advanced, computer-driven equipment as well as traditional chemistry lab equipment and chemicals. Physical Chemistry - Physical chemists seek a fundamental understanding of how materials behave and how chemical reactions occur at the molecular and atomic level. Physical chemists research subjects to create materials with new properties and develop pharmaceutical products, among other tasks.

In several sentences, compare and contrast applied and pure research. Please use proper grammar and mechanics (this means complete sentences).

Your Answer: Pure research is when you look something up just because you want to, not because there's a purpose for it. Applied research is when you look something up for a project or to solve a problem. An example of pure research would be "how many dogs are in the world?" just because you want to know for the sake of knowing. An example of applied research is, "How to fix a car tire?". This would be an example of a question that is asked because the person needs to solve a problem.

When calculating a measurement, one must estimate ONE place value after the most precise measurement. WHY?

Your Answer: When working with measurements, you don't want to round off after every operation because it could mess up your data and calculations. So you wait until you are done with operations and have your final answer to round off and get rid of extra place values.

Name two ways chemistry has benefited mankind.

Your Answer: Without chemistry, we wouldn't have means of communication, such as the mobile phone. We also wouldn't have social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Food we eat and clothes we wear wouldn't be here without chemistry as well.

Write the noble gas configuration for cobalt.

[Ar] 3d7 4s2

Ionic bonding is generally.....

a metal and a nonmetal

When changing phases from solid to a gas, heat needs to be... added

added

Write the compound of the formula below SbBr3[ans1]

antimony tribromide

Write the compound of the formula below SbBr3[ans1] . Check your periodic table for the spelling. Put only one space between the ions.

antimony tribromide

Using your periodic table, which of the following has the lowest electronegavtivity?

calcium

Name the following acid. You may need your polyatomic ion chart. [ans] H2CO3

carbonic acid

In the question, "How many cm are in 100 inches? (1 inch = 2.54 cm)," what is your unit ending point?

centimeters

Write the compound of the formula below ClO2[ans1] . Check your periodic table for the spelling. Put only one space between the ions.

chlorine dioxide

Who created a periodic table on a cylinder?

de Chancourtouis

What is the formula for Density?

density = mass/volume

If you have two liquids with two different boiling points, which separation method would you use? [ans1]

distillation

Which separation method would you use to collect sea salt from the ocean? [ans1]

evaporation

When a electron is at a higher level it is said to be

excited

The measured value is also known as the [ans1] value.

experimental

The liquid which passed through the filter is called the... [ans1].

filtrate

Nuclear [ans] is used in power plants.

fission

Using your periodic table, which element has the highest electronegativity?

flourine

The process of converting a liquid phase to a solid phase is... freezing.

freezing

Nuclear [ans] occurs on the sun.

fusion

One of the elements from the Bible was... [ans]

gold

The difference in mass and weight is based upon... [ans1]

gravity

A colloid is a homogeneous mixture.

homogeneous

The image above shows a mixture which is... homogeneous (ignore the ice cubes).

homogeneous

Name the following acid. You may need your polyatomic ion chart. [ans] HF

hydroflouric acid

Density is a(n) [ans1] property.

intensive

Write the compound of the formula below IF5[ans1] . Check your periodic table for the spelling. Put only one space between the ions.

iodine pentafluoride

The lattice structure of metals are similar to

ionic bonds

Electronegativity increases horizontally from to

left to right

To become stable, an excited electron gives off

light

Solve the following problem and show your work with the three steps. What is the wavelength of an electron moving at 2.5 x107m/s if the mass of the electron is 9.11 x10-31 kg.

m = 9.11 x 10^-31 wavelength = 3.31 x 10^-10 there is a constant h = 6.67 x 10^-34 the formula is wavelength = H/mv v is velocity v = 6.67 x 10^-34 / (9.11 x 10^-31) x (3.31 x 10^-10) =2.2119712 x 10^6 m/s 2 m = 45.9 g v = 77 m/s same formula wavelength = 6.67 x 10^-34/ (45.9) x (77) = 1.88722 x 10^-31 m

Chemistry is the study of [ans] and the changes it undergoes.

matter

The process of shifting from solid phase to liquid phase is called... melting.

melting

Metallic Bonding is

metals only

The tiny particles which make up matter can be described as [ans].

microscopic

What other subject was octave similar?

music

Electrons have a [ans1] charge.

negative

Neutrons have a [ans1] charge.

neutral

Write the compound of the formula below NF3 [ans1] . Check your periodic table for the spelling. Put only one space between the ions.

nitrogen trifluoride

Covalent bonding is

nonmetals only

Protons and Neutrons are found in the... [ans1].

nucleus

The repetition of properties is... [ans1]

periodicity

Name the following acid. You may need your polyatomic ion chart. [ans] H3PO4

phosphoric acid

[ans1] is having tiny holes through which the air or liquid may pass through.

porous

Protons have a [ans1] charge.

positive

The loose electrons are said to be.....

positive charged

The gaps allowed Mendeleev to make [ans] about elements.

predictions

The number of [ans1] in the nucleus are equal to the atomic number of an element.

protons

Which separation method would you use to purify gold? [ans1]

smelting

Actual value is also know as the [ans1] value.

theoretical

What were the gaps and spaces on Mendeleev's table? [ans1]

undiscovered elements

What is the heavier nucleus that is created in fusion?

uranium

What is the formula for de Broglie's Wave Equation?

λ = h/mv