AP Chemistry: Unit 3 College Board Questions Izabel Edition

A gaseous air‑fuel mixture in a sealed car engine cylinder has an initial volume of 600.mL at 1.0atm. To prepare for ignition of the fuel, a piston moves within the cylinder, reducing the volume of the air‑fuel mixture to 50.mL at constant temperature. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the new pressure of the air‑fuel mixture?

About 12atm, because the volume of the gas mixture decreased by a factor of 12.

The diagrams above represent two allotropes of solid phosphorus. Which of the following correctly identifies the allotrope with the higher melting point and explains why?

Allotrope II, because it has covalent bonds between the phosphorous atoms that are stronger than the dispersion forces between the P4molecules in allotrope I.

Which of the following best explains what happens as photons of visible light are absorbed by dye molecules?

Certain electrons in the dye molecule move to a higher energy level, with the difference in energy between the lower and higher energy levels being the same as the energy of the absorbed photons.

Which of the diagrams above best represents the interactions that are responsible for the relatively large solubility of KCl crystals in water, and why?

Diagram 1, because strong ion-dipole interactions between KCl and water help to dissociate the solute.

Which particle diagram shown above best represents the strongest intermolecular force between two ethanol, C2H6O, molecules?

Diagram 2, because it shows the formation of a hydrogen bond between an H atom bonded to an O atom with an O atom from another molecule.

A vessel contains Ar(g) at a high pressure. Which of the following statements best helps to explain why the measured pressure is significantly greater than the pressure calculated using the ideal gas law?

The combined volume of the Ar atoms is too large to be negligible compared with the total volume of the container.

The diagrams above represent two samples of Xe gas in containers of equal volume at 280K. Which of the following correctly compares the two samples in terms of their deviation from ideal gas behavior and explains why?

The gas in sample 2 would deviate more from ideal behavior because the Xe atoms are closer together, leading to an increase in intermolecular attractions.

A student adds a 1g sample of an unknown, brittle solid to distilled water, stirs the mixture, and then measures its conductivity. The student repeats this procedure with more samples of the unknown solid and then produces the graph above. Which of the following statements about the graph and the properties of the solid is correct?

The increase in conductivity indicates that the unknown is an ionic solid that dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water.

A student uses a spectrophotometer to analyze a solution of blue food dye. The student first rinses a cuvette with distilled water. Then the student adds the blue dye solution to the cuvette, forgetting to rinse the cuvette with the blue dye solution first. The student places the cuvette in the spectrophotometer and measures the absorbance of the solution. Assuming that some distilled water droplets were still in the cuvette when the blue dye solution was added, how would the measured absorbance be affected?

The measured absorbance would be too low, because the distilled water left in the cuvette would slightly dilute the solution.

When methanol and water are mixed together, they form a homogeneous mixture. Based on the information in the table above, which of the following would be the best procedure for separating a mixture of methanol and water?

distillation

in which flask has the highest density?

highest pressure temp ratio

The diagram above shows thin-layer chromatograms of the same mixture of two compounds. Based on the chromatograms, which solvent would be most effective at separating the two compounds if the same stationary phase is used for column chromatography?

solvent c

When a sample of oxygen gas in a closed container of constant volume is heated until its absolute temperature is doubled, which of the following is also doubled

the pressure of the gas

When water is added to a mixture of Na2O2(s) and S (s) , a redox reaction occurs, as represented by the equation below.

0 in na202 each atom gains one electron

How many moles of Na+ ions are in 100.mL of 0.100MNa3PO4(aq) ?

0.0300 mol (.1x.1 times 3)

A student uses visible spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of CoCl2(aq) in a sample solution. First the student prepares a set of CoCl2(aq) solutions of known concentration. Then the student uses a spectrophotometer to determine the absorbance of each of the standard solutions at a wavelength of 510nm and constructs a standard curve. Finally, the student determines the absorbance of the sample of unknown concentration.

0.200M

How many grams of CaCl2 (molar mass =111g/mol) are needed to prepare 100.mLof 0.100MCl−(aq) ions?

0.555 g

A 500.mL aqueous solution of Na3PO4 (molarmass=164g/mol) was prepared using 82gof the solute. What is the molarity of Na3PO4 in the resulting solution?

1.0 m

How many grams of NaCl (molarmass=58g/mol) are needed to prepare 100.mL of a 0.25M NaCl solution?

1.5 g

A sealed vessel contains 0.200 mol of oxygen gas, 0.100 mol of nitrogen gas, and 0.200 mol of argon gas. The total pressure of the gas mixture is 5.00 atm. The partial pressure of the argon is

2 atm

Beaker X and beaker Y each contain 1.0 L of solution, as shown above. A student combines the solutions by pouring them into a larger, previously empty beaker Z and observes the formation of a white precipitate. Assuming that volumes are additive, which of the following sets of solutions could be represented by the diagram above?

2.0 M AgNO3 | 1.0 M MgCl2 | 0.50 M Mg(NO3)2 and AgCl(s)

At 10.°C, 20.g of oxygen gas exerts a pressure of 2.1atm in a rigid, 7.0L cylinder. Assuming ideal behavior, if the temperature of the gas was raised to 40.°C, which statement indicates the new pressure and explains why?

2.3atm, because the pressure P increases by the proportion 313283.

A 2 L sample of N2(g) and a 1 L sample of Ar(g), each originally at 1 atm and 0°C, are combined in a 1 L tank. If the temperature is held constant, what is the total pressure of the gases in the tank?

3 atm

The diagram above shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of O2(g). Which of the following graphs shows the distribution of speeds for the same sample at a higher temperature (dashed line) ?

3rd - low dashed, average solid

The frequency and energy ranges of photons in some parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are given in the table above. Which of the following could be the energy of a photon in the visible range?

4 x 10^-19 J

Equal masses of He and Ne are placed in a sealed container. What is the partial pressure of He if the total pressure in the container is 6 atm?

5 atm

Electromagnetic radiation with a maximum wavelength of 540nm (5.4×10−7 m ) is needed for the study of the photoelectric effect in potassium atoms. What is the approximate frequency that corresponds to this wavelength?

5.6x10^14 s-1

In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, a photon with a frequency of 7×1014s−1was absorbed by a sample. What is the approximate energy of this photon?

5×10−19J

What volume of a 0.100MHCl stock solution should be used to prepare 250.00mLof 0.0250MHCl?

62.5ml

How many grams of N2O5 gas are in a sample that has a volume of 2.00 Liters at 298 K and 100. kPa of pressure.

8.72

A gas mixture at 0°C and 1.0atm contains 0.010mol of H2, 0.015mol of O2, and 0.025molof N2. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the partial pressure of hydrogen gas (H2) in the mixture?

About 0.20atm, because H2 comprises 20% of the total number of moles of gas.

Based on their Lewis diagrams, which of the following pairs of liquids are most soluble in each other?

C2H5OH and H20 (both polar)

Equimolar samples of CH4(g) and C2H6(g) are in identical containers at the same temperature. The C2H6(g) deviates much more from ideal behavior than the CH4(g)does. Which of the following best helps explain this deviation?

C2H6 molecules have a larger, more polarizable electron cloud than CH4 molecules do.

A 2 L container will hold about 4 g of which of the following gases at 0°C and 1 atm?

CO2

The gases CO2(g) and NH3(g) can be liquefied at 20°C by compressing them to sufficiently high pressures. A student claims that NH3(g) can be liquefied at a lower pressure than CO2(g) can be liquefied. Which of the following is the best justification for this claim?

CO2 is a nonpolar molecule that has London dispersion intermolecular forces that are weaker than the dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces between the polar NH3 molecules.

The crystal structure of NaBr is represented in the diagram above. Which statement correctly compares crystalline NaBr(s) to molten NaBr(l) in terms of electrical conductivity?

Crystalline NaBr contains no freely moving electrons to conduct electricity, but molten NaBr is composed of freely moving Na+ and Br− ions, which allows it to be a good conductor of electricity.

The diagrams above use arrows to represent the speed of a gas particle. Which of the diagrams best represents the speed of the particles of a gas at a fixed temperature, and why?

Diagram 2, because the particles have a variety of different speeds.

The survival of aquatic organisms depends on the small amount of O2 that dissolves in H2O. The diagrams above represent possible models to explain this phenomenon. Which diagram provides the better particle representation for the solubility of O2 in H2O, and why?

Diagram 2, because the polar H2O molecules can induce temporary dipoles on the electron clouds of O2 molecules.

The average kinetic energy of the helium atoms and neon atoms do not change when the gases are combined.

Gas Z has a smaller molar mass than gas X.

The distribution of speeds of H2(g) molecules at 273 K and 1 atm is shown in the diagram above. Which of the following best shows the speed distribution of He(g) atoms under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?

He will have larger bump as it has a larger molar mass

A 0.5 mol sample of He(g) and a 0.5 mol sample of Ne(g) are placed separately in two 10.0 L rigid containers at 25°C. Each container has a pinhole opening. Which of the gases, He(g) or Ne(g), will escape faster through the pinhole and why?

He(g) will escape faster because the He(g) atoms are moving at a higher average speed than the Ne(g) atoms.

A student places a piece of I2(s) in 50.0 mL of H2O(l), another piece of I2(s) of the same mass in 50.0 mL of C6H14(l), and shakes the mixtures. The results are shown above. What do the results indicate about the intermolecular interactions of the substances?

I2 and C6H14 have similar intermolecular interactions, and I2 and H2Odo not (similar can dissolve)

Equal masses of three different ideal gases, X, Y, and Z, are mixed in a sealed rigid container. If the temperature of the system remains constant, which of the following statements about the partial pressure of gas X is correct?

It depends on the relative molecular masses of X, Y, and Z.

On the basis of the solubility curves shown above, the greatest percentage of which compound can be recovered by cooling a saturated solution of that compound from 90°C to 30°C?

KNO3

The diagram above represents four cations, all shown to the same scale. Which cation would be predicted by Coulomb's law to have the strongest ion-dipole attraction to water, and why?

Mg2+

The ideal gas law best describes the properties of which of the following gases at 0°C and 1 atm?

N2

Which of the following best helps explain why the pressure of a sample of CH4(g) (molar mass 16g/mol) is closer to the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law than a sample of NH3(g) (molar mass 17g/mol) ?

NH3 molecules are polar while CH4 molecules are not, and the greater attractions between NH3 molecules cause the molecules to collide with the walls of the container with less force.

Which of the following best helps explain why the pressure of a sample of CH4(g) (molar mass 16g/mol) is closer to the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law than a sample of NH3(g)(molar mass 17g/mol) ?

NH3 molecules are polar while CH4 molecules are not, and the greater attractions between NH3 molecules cause the molecules to collide with the walls of the container with less force.

Equal numbers of moles of He(g), Ar(g), and Ne(g) are placed in a glass vessel at room temperature. If the vessel has a pinhole-sized leak, which of the following will be true regarding the relative values of the partial pressures of the gases remaining in the vessel after some of the gas mixture has effused?

PHe < PNe < PAr

Which of the following methods is most appropriate to use to determine the number of different-colored components in a sample of black ink?

Paper chromatography using different solvents with a range of polarities as the mobile phase

Which of the following gases deviates most from ideal behavior?

SO2

The graph above shows how a particular real gas deviates from ideal behavior at very high pressures. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely the gas and gives the reason based on kinetic molecular theory?

SO2, because it has the largest molecular volume.

One type of organic molecule can be converted to another type of organic molecule through an oxidation-reduction process, as represented in the diagram above. Which of the following best explains why infrared spectroscopy is an appropriate method to confirm that the product contains a carbonyl?

The absorption of infrared radiation leads to an increase in molecular vibrational level associated with the stretching of the carbonyl.

The infrared spectrum above represents the absorption of certain wavelengths of radiation by molecules of CO2. Which of the following best explains what occurs at the molecular level as the CO2 molecules absorb photons of the infrared radiation?

The atoms in the CO2 molecules increase their vibration as the bonds between the atoms bend and stretch.

A 1L sample of helium gas at 25°C and 1atm is combined with a 1L sample of neon gas at 25°C and 1atm. The temperature is kept constant. Which of the following statements about combining the gases is correct?

The average kinetic energy of the helium atoms and neon atoms do not change when the gases are combined.

Two flexible containers for gases are at the same temperature and pressure. One holds 0.50 gram of hydrogen and the other holds 8.0 grams of oxygen. Which of the following statements regarding these gas samples is FALSE?

The average speed of the hydrogen molecules is the same as the average speed of the oxygen molecules.

A student measures the absorbance of a solution containing FeSCN2+ ion using a spectrophotometer. The cuvette used by the student has two frosted walls and two transparent walls. The student properly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light goes through the transparent sides of the cuvette when calibrating the spectrophotometer. How will the measured absorbance of the FeSCN2+ be affected if the student incorrectly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light is through the frosted sides of the cuvette?

The measured absorbance of the FeSCN2+ solution will be higher than the actual absorbance.

A solid compound of a group 1 (alkali) metal and a group 17 (halogen) element dissolves in water. The diagram above represents one type of solute particle present in the solution. Which of the following identifies the solute particle and best helps explain how the solute particle interacts with water molecules?

The particle is a positive ion, and the interactions are ion-dipole attractions.

The absorption spectrum of a certain red dye is shown above. If a student analyzing the same concentration of this dye neglected to wipe fingerprints off the cuvette before placing it in the spectrophotometer, how would the absorption curve be affected?

The peak of the curve would be higher because more light would be absorbed.

Of the following, the best explanation for the fact that most gases are easily compressed is that the molecules in a gas

are relatively far apart

At constant temperature, the behavior of a sample of a real gas more closely approximates that of an ideal gas as its volume is increased because the

average distance between molecules becomes greater

At standard temperature and pressure, a 0.50 mol sample of H2 gas and a separate 1.0 mol sample of O2 gas have the same

average molecular kinetic energy

A rigid metal tank contains oxygen gas. Which of the following applies to the gas in the tank when additional oxygen is added at constant temperature?

average speed stays the same

The table below contains information about samples of four different gases at 273 K. The samples are in four identical rigid containers numbered 1 through 4. The best explanation for the lower pressure in container 4 is that SO2 molecules

have stronger intermolecular attractions than the other three gases

The diagram above shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of N2(g) at 25°C. Which of the following graphs shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of O2(g) at 25°C (dashed line) ?

higher and longer (first diagram)

A sample of an ideal gas is cooled from 50.0oC to 25.0oC in a sealed container of constant volume. Which of the following values for the gas will decrease? I. The average molecular mass of the gas II. The average distance between the molecules III. The average speed of the molecules

iii only

Under which of the following conditions of temperature and pressure will H2 gas be expected to behave most like an ideal gas?

largest temperature, smallest pressure

in which flask has the greatest average speed?

largest temperature, smallest pressure

in which flask has the smallest number of moles of gas

largest temperature, smallest pressure

Methanol, CH3OH, dissolves completely in water to form a solution that does not conduct electricity. Which of the following diagrams best shows the major type of attractive force that exists between the particles in the solution?

molecule attached to hydrogen

Ar(g) deviates more from ideal behavior at extremely high pressures than Ne(g) does. Which of the following is one reason for this difference?

the particle volume of Ar is greater than that of Ne

A compound is heated to produce a gas whose molecular weight is to be determined. The gas is collected by displacing water in a water-filled flask inverted in a trough of water. Which of the following is necessary to calculate the molecular weight of the gas, but does NOT need to be measured during the experiment?

vapor pressure of the water

When the actual gas volume is greater than the volume predicted by the ideal gas law, the explanation lies in the fact that the ideal gas law does NOT include a factor for molecular.

volume