AP Classroom Period 6 Questions

(graph of immigration rates, slight decline in 1890's, big jump overall) The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the A) West and Midwest B) South and Midwest C) South and Northeast D) Midwest and Northeast

Midwest and Northeast

(picture of rich sitting in boat with goods, and poor -majority- holding up the raft) Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers? A) Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods B) Groups that advocated for women's voting rights C) Alternative visions of a good society offered through utopianism D) Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late nineteenth century? A) The economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities B) Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians C) The outbreak of war with Mexico over control of territory D) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians

"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century? A) Establishment of a transcontinental network of trains and the improvement of roads in the western United States B) Expansion of United States influence in Central America and access to new international markets C) Social and political reform guided by the idea of the survival of the fittest D) Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

(graph of increase in railroad shipping from California to the East) Which of the following helps to explain the development of railroad transportation as depicted in the graph? A) Growth of support from farmers for the business practices of railroads B) Forced relocation of American Indians to work as railroad laborers C) Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations D) Increase of competition between different railroad companies

Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations

(picture of rich sitting in boat with goods, and poor -majority- holding up the raft) Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth-century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in the image? A The federal government provided social welfare services for people living in poverty. B Immigrant workers contributed to economic growth in the United States. C Evolutionary principles determined that people succeeded based on their merits. D The reliance on male laborers protected women from the dangers of factory work.

Evolutionary principles determined that people succeeded based on their merits.

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported? A) The use of federal power to redistribute wealth B) Government creation of jobs for unemployed people C) Increased regulation of corporations D) Laissez-faire economics

Laissez-faire economics

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? A) The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast B) The building of new roads and canals C) Increased immigration from eastern Europe D) Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? A) Urban workers B) Railroad executives C) New York City financiers D) Midwestern farmers E) White-collar and professional workers

Midwestern farmers

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt? A) Business leaders planning to promote philanthropy B) Activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness C) Southern European immigrants seeking opportunity in urban areas D) Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

"Gospel of Wealth, making free libraries, no needed government regulations" Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 Which of the following can best be concluded about the late 1800s based on the situation in which the excerpt was produced? A) Industrialists focused on establishing international markets for their products. B) People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities. C) Politicians argued about whether to increase taxes on people with wealth. D) Workers supported the consolidation of businesses into corporations.

People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities.

(Washington opposing immigration and Pillow encouraging, in the context of economic struggles in the South) Which of the following describes a difference between Washington's and Pillow's arguments in the excerpts? A) Washington argues in favor of bringing Chinese immigrants into the United States, while Pillow argues in favor of a ban on allowing any Chinese immigration. B) Washington asserts that there should be biracial cooperation on economic development, while Pillow asserts that African Americans should be excluded from the southern economy. C) Pillow advocates against labor strikes by southern agricultural workers, while Washington advocates that African American agricultural workers should strike until immigration is halted. D) Pillow proposes that immigrant laborers should be recruited to work in agriculture, while Washington proposes that African Americans should be recruited instead.

Pillow proposes that immigrant laborers should be recruited to work in agriculture, while Washington proposes that African Americans should be recruited instead.

"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 The ideas of the Populist Party, as expressed in the excerpt, had the most in common with the ideas of the A) Federalists in the 1790s B) Progressive movement C) Whigs in the 1830s D) Civil Rights movement

Progressive movement

"immigration numbers graph from 1870-1900, major decline from 1890-1900" Which of the following best accounts for the curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900? A) Rapid expansion of the British Empire into the Southern Hemisphere B) Restrictive congressional legislation C) Immigration to less-settled areas of the world D) Improved worldwide economic conditions E) Reduction of potential immigrant populations by widespread epidemics

Restrictive congressional legislation

(Washington opposing immigration and Pillow encouraging, in the context of economic struggles in the South) Based on their claims in the excerpts, Washington and Pillow would most likely have taken different positions on which of the following social questions in the 1800s? A) Can African Americans continue to be employed in agricultural work? B) Should immigrants be used to diversify the southern industrial labor force? C) Can wealthy plantation owners promote progress in the South? D) Should the southern economy abandon agricultural production?

Should immigrants be used to diversify the southern industrial labor force?

"Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization." The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought? A) Dialectical materialism B) Utopian socialism C) Social Darwinism D) Transcendentalism E) Existentialism

Social Darwinism

"Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as A) transcendentalists B) Populists C) scientific managers D) Social Darwinists E) Mugwumps

Social Darwinists

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them." — Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935, published in 1991 Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women's activism during which of the following earlier periods? A) The Protestant evangelism of the mid-1700s B) The decade leading up to the American Revolution C) The two decades following the American Revolution D) The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? A) The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico B) A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States C) A large-scale African American migration to the region D) The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural market

The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural market

"Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868, article talking about reservations and rules, also encourages farming." Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? A) The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands B) A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations C) The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land D) The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

"Gospel of Wealth, making free libraries, no needed government regulations" Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments in the late 1800s? A) The impact of the construction of transcontinental railroads on United States commerce B) The growing support for labor unions among the owners of corporations C) The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society D) The decline of urban centers as immigrant populations moved westward

The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society

(graph of increase in railroad shipping from California to the East) Which of the following developments helps to explain the change in agriculture depicted in the graph? A) The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods. B) The growth of an internal slave trade provided an enlarged workforce whose labor helped increase agricultural production. C) Farmers' cooperative organizations reduced consolidation in the agricultural markets in order to increase production. D) Increased migration from the West for industrial jobs in eastern cities led to increased consumption of agricultural goods.

The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods.

"political cartoon, William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image? A) The rapid growth of cities B) The dismantling of the national bank C) The acquisition of territory in the West D) The rise of the People's (Populist) Party

The rapid growth of cities

(graph of immigration rates, slight decline in 1890's, big jump overall) Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph? A) Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society C) Progressive Era reforms of social conditions in the United States D) The outbreak of global war

The transformation of the United States into an industrial society

"Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868, article talking about reservations and rules, also encourages farming." Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? A) They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. B) They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. C) They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. D) They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.

They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations.

"Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868, article talking about reservations and rules, also encourages farming." The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing A) styles of farming B) claims to land C) forms of government D) family structures

claims to land

"political cartoon, William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" The cartoon above is a commentary on late-nineteenth-century A) municipal corruption B) imperialism C) labor unrest D) business monopolies E) civil-rights campaigns

municipal corruption

"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren.'' These sentiments are most characteristic of A) transcendentalism B) pragmatism C) the Gospel of Wealth D) the Social Gospel E) Reform Darwinism

the Gospel of Wealth

(picture of rich sitting in boat with goods, and poor -majority- holding up the raft) The situation depicted in the image contributed most immediately to A) the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power B) businesses seeking control over markets and resources outside the United States C) efforts by southern leaders to achieve industrial development similar to that of the North D) the creation of a federal agency to regulate the money supply

the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power

"political cartoon, William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" The image was created most directly in response to A) social reform efforts by settlement-house workers B) poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting C) the power gained by urban political machines D) the exclusion of women from voting

the power gained by urban political machines

(Washington opposing immigration and Pillow encouraging, in the context of economic struggles in the South) Which of the following describes a similarity between Washington's and Pillow's arguments in the excerpts? A) Both hold that plantation owners exhibit hostility toward formerly enslaved laborers. B) Both argue that hiring immigrant workers would be cheaper than hiring native-born workers. C) Both believe that southern progress and prosperity depend on addressing a question of labor. D) Both assert that encouraging industrialization is essential to creating new jobs for southern workers.

Both believe that southern progress and prosperity depend on addressing a question of labor.

"political cartoon, William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following? A) Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians B) Granting American Indians full citizenship and voting rights C) The expansion of the transcontinental railroad system D) Calls for reforms to local and state governments

Calls for reforms to local and state governments

"Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868, article talking about reservations and rules, also encourages farming." Article 6 of the treaty most likely reflected which of the following sentiments? A) A desire by many American Indians to change their way of life B) A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers C) A need felt by many American Indians to more clearly legitimize their claims to the land D) A wish by some in government to protect American Indian landholdings from encroachments by railroads

A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers

(graph of increase in railroad shipping from California to the East) Which of the following developments helps to explain the rise in exports from the West Coast depicted in the graph? A) An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets. B) The decline in bison populations created higher demand for fruit and sugar from the West Coast. C) A reduction in labor strikes led to more regular and efficient transportation on existing railroad lines. D) The growth of western United States settlements led to increased trade with American Indian groups.

An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets.

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools—intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported the national expansion of A) vocational job training B) financial aid for college C) exams for civil service jobs D) access to higher education

access to higher education

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was A) discouraged by the federal government through legislation B) motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity C) accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership D) the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery

accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the A) growth of cities in both size and number B) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies C) efforts by workers to organize local and national unions D) government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade

consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

(picture of rich sitting in boat with goods, and poor -majority- holding up the raft) The image was created most directly in response to the A) provision of government subsidies for transportation B) rampant consumerism of the middle class C) increased migration of people from southern and eastern Europe D) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming B) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment C) development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening D) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers

growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them." — Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935, published in 1991 Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to help A) formerly enslaved men and women adjust to life after slavery B) immigrants adapt to American customs and language C) farmers fight unfair banking practices D) American Indians resist encroachment on their lands

immigrants adapt to American customs and language

"Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any territory of the United States . . .is hereby declared illegal." The passage above was most effectively used for which purpose in the late nineteenth century? A) Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists B) Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts C) Limiting the power of labor unions D) Regulating railroads and grain storage silos E) Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act

limiting the power of labor unions