ap classroom unit 9

The environmental processes illustrated by the two graphs are most closely associated with A An increase in biodiversity in many regions B A decline in soil fertility rates in many regions C An increase in epidemic diseases in many regions D A decline in air and water quality in many regions

A decline in air and water quality in many regions

Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit its land and natural resources. In general, the way to increase a country's population is to increase the number of births and to decrease the number of deaths. Some European states adopt a number of methods to increase their birth rates: (1) additional government services are provided to people who are married and have many children; (2) discounts and tax rebates on expenses related to the education of children are provided; (3) awards are given to families with many children. In Iran, due to the special impact of our national morals and religious traditions, families have many children. Therefore, the best means to increase the Iranian population is to take measures to decrease the death rate. More governmental physicians and health officials are needed to prevent the wasting of the country's human capital. Due to the lack of literature on child rearing available to Iranian mothers, and due to the absence of sufficient means for the treatment of ill children, more than 50% of all children born to Iranian families die before the age of seven. Through instructions and acquainting people with the literature on child rearing, as well as by providing families with free medical treatment, at least 90% of children could live to reach adolescence. In this context, patriotic women's organizations must carry out serious and efficient actions to help invigorate the management of the country's health." Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937 In the late twentieth century, which of the following factors would most directly enable governments around the world to achieve the public policy goals outlined in Keshavarz' article? A The spread of radical nationalist and religious movements B The political and legal emancipation of women C Advances in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics D Advances in communication, such as television and the Internet

Advances in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways? A Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent. B The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars. C Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations. D Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.

Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.

Source 1 "I have long dreamed of buying an island owned by no nation whatsoever and of establishing the World Headquarters of the Dow company there, on the truly neutral ground of such an island, beholden to no nation or society. If we were located on such truly neutral ground, we could then operate in the United States as U.S. citizens, in Japan as Japanese citizens, and in Brazil as Brazilians rather than being governed primarily by the laws of the United States. We could even pay any native workers handsomely to move elsewhere." Carl. A. Gerstacker, chairman of the Dow Chemical Company, a United States corporation, speech before the White House "Conference on the Industrial World Ahead," 1972 Source 2 "I was asked the other day about United States competitiveness in the world economy. I replied that I don't think about it at all. We at NCR think of ourselves as a globally competitive company that happens to be headquartered in the United States." Gilbert Williamson, president of NCR Corporation, a United States technology company, interview with the New York Times, 1989 In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, which of the following was most directly a response to the business philosophy expressed in the two passages? A Trade unionism B Liberation theology C International Socialism D Antiglobalization activism

Antiglobalization activism

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet? A British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population. B Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states. C Religious tensions between India's Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War. D British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.

British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population.

The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 All of the following statements about British rule in India in the twentieth century are factually accurate. Which could best be used as evidence to modify the author's claim about the "public benefits" of British rule in India in the second paragraph? A The British government in India often allowed different religious groups to use their own legal customs in civil matters such as marriage and divorce. B The British government in India developed educational institutions in which instruction was conducted in English, providing a common language that many Indians of diverse linguistic traditions used to communicate with each other. C British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians. D British companies cooperated with the British government to expand India's canal system and irrigation network in order to improve agricultural production and interior communications.

British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.

In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Which of the following international organizations were founded upon principles that were in direct opposition to the approach to international politics advocated in the second paragraph? A Regional trade agreements such as ASEAN and Mercosur B International economic institutions promoting free trade, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank C Cold War military alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact D Collective security and cooperation organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations

Collective security and cooperation organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations

Activists from diverse groups and movements around the world are discussing, networking and organizing for an INTERNATIONAL DAY OF ACTION on November 30th [1999]. On this day, officials of 150 governments will meet in Seattle for the 3rd conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), at which they will decide on new policies that will further escalate the exploitation of our planet and its people by the global economic system. They will attempt to push through a new version of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and further neoliberalization through a new round of free trade talks. We now call for COMMUNITIES, GRASSROOTS GROUPS, AND INDIVIDUALS around the world to organize their own independent actions, protests, and carnivals against economic globalization on November 30th. We realize that no issue is isolated, be it exploitation of workers, the peasant farmers going bankrupt, the indigenous peoples getting displaced by 'development' programs, or our environment being destroyed. We also realize that we must act together against the social, political, and economic institutions of the global economy. Our day of action on November 30th should follow the example of the day of action we organized on June 18th of this year. On that day, separate grassroots movements in over 30 countries on all continents staged protests against the global economic system. The day saw for instance marches by workers in Bangladesh and Pakistan; a mock 'trade conference' by Uruguayan activists; thousands of people in a carnival-style protest in London's financial district; occupations and street parties in Spain, Italy, USA, and Canada; ten thousand people in Nigeria protesting the actions of the global oil businesses; and, in Melbourne [Australia], a prominent politician hit with a cream pie and the offices of a multinational logging corporation blockaded with dead wombats. LET OUR RESISTANCE BE AS TRANSNATIONAL AS CAPITAL!" Appeal by the "November 30 Day of Action Collective," an activist group, published online, 1999 Which of the following types of data would most likely demonstrate a positive effect of economic globalization and thereby undermine the authors' argument regarding free trade? A Data on healthcare expenditure per capita in Western Europe and North America in the 1990s B Data on employment levels and personal disposable income in Pacific Rim Asian countries in the 1990s C Data on employment levels in traditional manufacturing areas of developed countries, such as the United States Rust Belt or the British Midlands, in the 1990s D Data on the global growth of HIV infections in the 1990s

Data on employment levels and personal disposable income in Pacific Rim Asian countries in the 1990s

The trend in Graph 1 most directly led to which of the following? A International efforts to help newly independent nations address air pollution in their major cities B Debates regarding the causes and extent of humanity's contributions to climate change C Binding international commitments to break up the big multinational energy companies D The growing popularity of nuclear power as an alternative energy source

Debates regarding the causes and extent of humanity's contributions to climate change

Which of the following contributed most to the demographic changes shown on the graph above? A Eradication of epidemic diseases in South Asia B Decreasing level of civilian casualties during military conflicts C Diffusion of Green Revolution technology D Increasing fertility rates in western Europe

Diffusion of Green Revolution technology

Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 Based on the passage, anti-malarial programs in the twentieth century are broadly illustrative of health-care efforts to combat which of the following types of diseases? A Diseases associated with poverty B Diseases associated with environmental pollution C New epidemic diseases that first emerged in the twentieth century D Diseases associated with increased longevity

Diseases associated with poverty

The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 could most directly be used as evidence to challenge the author's assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India in the first two paragraphs?After achieving independence, India remained economically tied to Great Britain by joining the British Commonwealth of Nations. B Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees. C After achieving its independence, India joined the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nation-states that refused to side with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. D Indian leaders adopted the policies of many other postcolonial states by using government resources and policy to guide economic development.

Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.

In developed countries during the second half of the twentieth century, more effective methods of contraception contributed to which of the following? A A rise in the birth rate among affluent women B Greater control by women over their own fertility C A loss of power by women within the patriarchal family D National suffrage movements and the acquisition of voting rights

Greater control by women over their own fertility

Which of the following twentieth-century processes contributed most directly to the adoption of the system of cultural values to which Banksy alludes in Image 1 ? A The expansion of European empires led to the expansion of market economies worldwide. B Greater industrial productivity and new technologies led to increased availability of consumer goods. C Cold War rivalries led to ideological and economic competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. D The continued volatility of economic cycles led many governments to enact social welfare legislation for their citizens.

Greater industrial productivity and new technologies led to increased availability of consumer goods.

As a sixteen-year-old schoolgirl, I did not know much about being a freedom fighter, although I read nationalist newspapers and knew about the pronouncements of Jomo Kenyatta.* I read his book and Kenyatta himself was a frequent visitor to our home. He would talk to my father for hours on end. But, as children, we did not know what they were discussing. By the time the British declared a state of emergency in Kenya, I had already taken my first oath to the Mau Mau cause. Repeating carefully after the instructor, I swore to: 1. Fight for the soil of Kenya, which had been stolen by the Whites. 2. If possible, get a gun and any other valuables or money to help strengthen the movement. 3. Kill anyone who was against the movement, even if that person was my brother. The state of emergency and the fighting kept me from studying abroad and joining my sister and brothers, who were studying in England. Finding myself with more time on my hands, I became even more eager to learn about freedom activities and felt even more commitment to Mau Mau, convinced that it was the only way that Kenya could be free. Matters worsened as the state of emergency continued. People were arrested arbitrarily by the colonial authorities, and Black collaborators accused people of being Mau Mau with little or no proof. Despite the pressure, I felt as determined as ever. In my mind, I had no doubt that I was fighting for a just cause." *a Kenyan nationalist and independence leader Wambui Otieno, Kenyan activist, description of her participation in the Mau Mau uprising against British rule in Kenya in the early 1950s, included in an autobiography published in 1998 The Mau Mau ideology described in the passage differed most significantly from that of the A communist Viet Minh in Vietnam, which sought to overthrow French colonial rule B Biafra separatist movement in Nigeria, which sought to create a new state within an independent Nigeria through armed insurrection C Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi in India, which sought to achieve an independent India through protest and civil disobedience D anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, which used both peaceful protest and armed violence to end rule by the descendants of Dutch and English settlers

Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi in India, which sought to achieve an independent India through protest and civil disobedience

"[Case Study 1]: Improving Access to Safe Water- Public and Private Alliance in Guinea 'In the late 1980s less than 15% of the population in Guinea had access to safe water. By 1996, that share had increased almost fourfold to 55%. In a little more than a decade, Guinea had brought one of the least developed water supply services in Sub-Saharan Africa to the point at which it could provide safe water to more than half the population. These significant achievements are the result of a public-private alliance that originated when Guinea transferred responsibility over the water supply agency to an autonomous company that is partly government owned.' [Case Study 2]: Successful Air Quality Management in Chile 'Recently, the government has been quite successful in combating the problem of air pollution in the capital of Santiago based on the Framework Environmental Law, which provides the basis for a gradual improvement in environmental quality, while avoiding conflict and increasing collaboration between industry, government, and pressure groups. Private and public transport fleets were revamped, fuels improved, urban sprawl curbed, and sustainable mechanisms for controlling airborne emissions from industry established. As a result of these efforts, Chile today has good air quality management capabilities.' [Case Study 3]: Alternatives to Pesticide Use 'Integrated pest management and biological control have proved to be successful alternatives to pesticides. Crop rotation, intercropping, and the introduction of natural predators inhibit the proliferation of weeds and pests and introduce biological controls that rely on nature's own checks and balances. This system of integrated pest management has reduced pesticide use in Brazil by 80%, by 90% in China's Jiangsu Province, and by 30-50% in the province of Orissa in India.'" Case studies included in an official report of the United Nations on human development, 1998 The evidence from all of the case studies most strongly illustrates which of the following developments in the twentieth century? A Human societies relying on government regulation of the private sector to curb environmental threats emanating from industrialization B Human societies developing new technologies to address environmental problems stemming from resource depletion C Human societies providing assistance to developing countries facing environmental challenges through international agencies D Human societies increasing cooperation and introducing new methods to address environmental challenges

Human societies increasing cooperation and introducing new methods to address environmental challenges

Source 1: "The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it." Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British India in 1940? A The British skillfully manipulated religious tensions within India to rally support for the imperial war effort. B Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals. C Indian Muslim religious scholars rejected Gandhi's emphasis on nonviolence to achieve political change. D There was a clear difference between Hindu and Muslim visions of what postwar India should be.

Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals.

Source: Adapted from Anders Moberg, et al., Nature, vol. 433, (2005): 613-17. The gray lines indicate temperature variations by year. The black line indicates the long-term temperature change trend. Since the late twentieth century many scientists have argued that the temperature trend after 1800 was most directly influenced by which of the following? A Nuclear power and nuclear weapons B Increasingly violent global conflicts C Industrialization and pollution D Colonialism and exploitation of indigenous labor

Industrialization and pollution

Which of the following aspects of the development of international businesses in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries best explains why the Subway corporation chose to include the specific items shown on the menu? A International corporations sought to impose uniformity on production and consumption patterns worldwide. B International corporations sought to adjust to the cultural preferences of local or regional markets. C International corporations tried to serve as global ambassadors for Western political and cultural values. D International corporations had to yield to the demands of corrupt local political elites and regulators.

International corporations sought to adjust to the cultural preferences of local or regional markets

Which of the following is characteristic of the Green Revolution of the 1960s through the 1980s? A It restored tropical forests destroyed by slash-and-burn agriculture. B It prevented oil exploration in the natural habitats of endangered species. C It sought to limit the use of nuclear energy. D It used new technologies to increase agricultural yields in developing regions.

It used new technologies to increase agricultural yields in developing regions.

Source 1: "The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it." Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 In the second half of the twentieth century, the kind of tensions illustrated by the two sources would most directly lead to the emergence of which of the following in postcolonial Asian and African states? A Communist movements B Popular movements advocating the restoration of colonial rule C Movements advocating for regional autonomy D Famines and epidemics

Movements advocating for regional autonomy

During the second half of the twentieth century, population trends in which of the following regions most strongly contrasted with the overall trends illustrated in the table? A Southeast Asia B North Africa C South Asia D North America

North America

Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 Based on the discussion in the second paragraph, which of the following best describes the relationship between advances in medicine and public health efforts in the twentieth century? A Many diseases remained impossible to treat, despite technological and medical advances. B Advances in medicine resulted in dramatic reductions of infection rates from all communicable diseases. C The emergence of new diseases offset any medical advances related to the treatment of existing diseases. D Political and economic factors stood in the way of advances in medicine living up to their full global potential.

Political and economic factors stood in the way of advances in medicine living up to their full global potential

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? A Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence. B Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power. C Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule. D Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.

Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 Which of the following late-twentieth-century developments most directly helped resolve the dilemma (expressed in Source 1) between producing enough food and producing cash crops to grow the economy?

The Green Revolution

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. Which of the following was the most direct outcome of the conflict between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire referred to in the passage? A India achieved independence from Great Britain. B The Ottoman Empire collapsed. C The Bolshevik Revolution broke out in Russia. D Ottoman Turkey allied with Germany against Great Britain

The Ottoman Empire collapsed.

The present world is an open one. China's past backwardness was due to its closed-door policy [to trade]. After the founding of the People's Republic, we were blockaded by others and so the country remained closed to some extent, which created great difficulties for us. We are suggesting that we should develop a little faster and open up to the outside. So, we have opened fourteen medium and large coastal cities to foreign investment, manufacturing, and trade. Our socialist economic base is so huge that it can absorb tens and hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign funds without shaking our socialist foundations. Thus, foreign investment will serve as a major supplement to the building of socialism in our country. We believe that the road we have chosen—building socialism with Chinese characteristics—is the right one. We have followed this road for five and a half years and the pace of development has so far exceeded our expectations." Deng Xiaoping, leader of the communist party of China, speech to a Japanese delegation, 1984 All of the following statements about the 1980s and 1990s are factually accurate. Which could have best been cited at the time to explain a limitation in Deng Xiaoping's arguments about the benefits of enacting the reforms proposed in the passage? A The economic production of many communist states declined partly because they did not have the capital to invest in new manufacturing centers or repair existing centers. B Some Asian states were forced to adopt free-trade, open-market policies as part of receiving economic assistance from the International Monetary Fund. C Some Asian states reformed their economies based both on free-trade, open-market policies and the Japanese model of close cooperation between the government bureaucracy and large corporations. D The Soviet Union collapsed in part because the implementation of economic liberalization policies exposed the weakness of its economy.

The Soviet Union collapsed in part because the implementation of economic liberalization policies exposed the weakness of its economy.

Activists from diverse groups and movements around the world are discussing, networking and organizing for an INTERNATIONAL DAY OF ACTION on November 30th [1999]. On this day, officials of 150 governments will meet in Seattle for the 3rd conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), at which they will decide on new policies that will further escalate the exploitation of our planet and its people by the global economic system. They will attempt to push through a new version of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and further neoliberalization through a new round of free trade talks. We now call for COMMUNITIES, GRASSROOTS GROUPS, AND INDIVIDUALS around the world to organize their own independent actions, protests, and carnivals against economic globalization on November 30th. We realize that no issue is isolated, be it exploitation of workers, the peasant farmers going bankrupt, the indigenous peoples getting displaced by 'development' programs, or our environment being destroyed. We also realize that we must act together against the social, political, and economic institutions of the global economy. Our day of action on November 30th should follow the example of the day of action we organized on June 18th of this year. On that day, separate grassroots movements in over 30 countries on all continents staged protests against the global economic system. The day saw for instance marches by workers in Bangladesh and Pakistan; a mock 'trade conference' by Uruguayan activists; thousands of people in a carnival-style protest in London's financial district; occupations and street parties in Spain, Italy, USA, and Canada; ten thousand people in Nigeria protesting the actions of the global oil businesses; and, in Melbourne [Australia], a prominent politician hit with a cream pie and the offices of a multinational logging corporation blockaded with dead wombats. LET OUR RESISTANCE BE AS TRANSNATIONAL AS CAPITAL!" Appeal by the "November 30 Day of Action Collective," an activist group, published online, 1999 The actions outlined in the last paragraph best illustrate which of the following weaknesses of the anti-globalization movement? A The anti-globalization movement encompassed too many different groups around the world and advocated too many different goals to be truly effective. B The anti-globalization movement focused on social problems arising from cultural or racial bias, but neglected problems arising from economic inequality. C The anti-globalization movement did not make effective use of new communication technologies to broaden its appeal. D The anti-globalization movement advocated revolutionary methods of political change.

The anti-globalization movement encompassed too many different groups around the world and advocated too many different goals to be truly effective.

Source 1: "The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it."Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 During the negotiations to end British rule in India in the aftermath of the Second World War, British actions were ultimately most strongly influenced by which of the following arguments? A The argument in Source 1 that, for the British, "the concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal . . . for every country" B The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction" C The argument in Source 2 that "religious and cultural differences should not interfere with [Indians'] shared association with our homeland." D The argument in Source 2 that "the [Indian National] Congress . . . has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state"

The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction"

Activists from diverse groups and movements around the world are discussing, networking and organizing for an INTERNATIONAL DAY OF ACTION on November 30th [1999]. On this day, officials of 150 governments will meet in Seattle for the 3rd conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), at which they will decide on new policies that will further escalate the exploitation of our planet and its people by the global economic system. They will attempt to push through a new version of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and further neoliberalization through a new round of free trade talks. We now call for COMMUNITIES, GRASSROOTS GROUPS, AND INDIVIDUALS around the world to organize their own independent actions, protests, and carnivals against economic globalization on November 30th. We realize that no issue is isolated, be it exploitation of workers, the peasant farmers going bankrupt, the indigenous peoples getting displaced by 'development' programs, or our environment being destroyed. We also realize that we must act together against the social, political, and economic institutions of the global economy. Our day of action on November 30th should follow the example of the day of action we organized on June 18th of this year. On that day, separate grassroots movements in over 30 countries on all continents staged protests against the global economic system. The day saw for instance marches by workers in Bangladesh and Pakistan; a mock 'trade conference' by Uruguayan activists; thousands of people in a carnival-style protest in London's financial district; occupations and street parties in Spain, Italy, USA, and Canada; ten thousand people in Nigeria protesting the actions of the global oil businesses; and, in Melbourne [Australia], a prominent politician hit with a cream pie and the offices of a multinational logging corporation blockaded with dead wombats. LET OUR RESISTANCE BE AS TRANSNATIONAL AS CAPITAL!" Appeal by the "November 30 Day of Action Collective," an activist group, published online, 1999 In the broader context of the 1990s, which of the following most likely limited the popular appeal of protests against the "global economic system" such as the ones called for in the passage? A Global military tensions resulting from the expansion of NATO B Rising concerns over environmental problems such as air pollution and ozone layer depletion C The collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting absence of alternatives to the Western-dominated political and economic order D The continuing reoccurrence of famines, civil wars, and other humanitarian crises in Third World countries, despite international efforts to address these crises

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting absence of alternatives to the Western-dominated political and economic order

Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would most directly support the claim in the first paragraph that "Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens"? A The declaration was signed in Paris, and UNESCO was a specialized agency of the United Nations. B South Africa's government withdrew from UNESCO soon after the declaration on race was adopted. C The declaration was signed by experts from many countries with racially and culturally diverse populations. D The adoption of the declaration contributed to debates in Western countries on the question of race.

The declaration was signed by experts from many countries with racially and culturally diverse populations.

"As a sixteen-year-old schoolgirl, I did not know much about being a freedom fighter, although I read nationalist newspapers and knew about the pronouncements of Jomo Kenyatta.* I read his book and Kenyatta himself was a frequent visitor to our home. He would talk to my father for hours on end. But, as children, we did not know what they were discussing. By the time the British declared a state of emergency in Kenya, I had already taken my first oath to the Mau Mau cause. Repeating carefully after the instructor, I swore to: 1. Fight for the soil of Kenya, which had been stolen by the Whites. 2. If possible, get a gun and any other valuables or money to help strengthen the movement. 3. Kill anyone who was against the movement, even if that person was my brother. The state of emergency and the fighting kept me from studying abroad and joining my sister and brothers, who were studying in England. Finding myself with more time on my hands, I became even more eager to learn about freedom activities and felt even more commitment to Mau Mau, convinced that it was the only way that Kenya could be free. Matters worsened as the state of emergency continued. People were arrested arbitrarily by the colonial authorities, and Black collaborators accused people of being Mau Mau with little or no proof. Despite the pressure, I felt as determined as ever. In my mind, I had no doubt that I was fighting for a just cause." *a Kenyan nationalist and independence leader Wambui Otieno, Kenyan activist, description of her participation in the Mau Mau uprising against British rule in Kenya in the early 1950s, included in an autobiography published in 1998 Which of the following best explains why the movement described in the passage began after the Second World War? A The settlement of the conflict divided former German and Japanese colonies among the victorious Allied powers. B The racist ideology of the German Nazi regime spread in influence as a result of its early military success. C The defeat of the Axis powers required the Allies to grant political concessions in order mobilize colonial populations militarily and economically. D The Allied Western European states began to implement more active measures to intervene in the economy through the creation of extensive welfare states.

The defeat of the Axis powers required the Allies to grant political concessions in order mobilize colonial populations militarily and economically.

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration is an example of which of the following post-Second World War developments? A The creation of institutions to aid the economic development of newly independent nations B An increase in international migration in search of economic opportunities C The escalation of violence and proxy wars between countries during the Cold War D The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights

The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights

"I have long dreamed of buying an island owned by no nation whatsoever and of establishing the World Headquarters of the Dow company there, on the truly neutral ground of such an island, beholden to no nation or society. If we were located on such truly neutral ground, we could then operate in the United States as U.S. citizens, in Japan as Japanese citizens, and in Brazil as Brazilians rather than being governed primarily by the laws of the United States. We could even pay any native workers handsomely to move elsewhere." Carl. A. Gerstacker, chairman of the Dow Chemical Company, a United States corporation, speech before the White House "Conference on the Industrial World Ahead," 1972 Source 2 "I was asked the other day about United States competitiveness in the world economy. I replied that I don't think about it at all. We at NCR think of ourselves as a globally competitive company that happens to be headquartered in the United States." Gilbert Williamson, president of NCR Corporation, a United States technology company, interview with the New York Times, 1989 The views expressed in the two passages were most directly enabled by which of the following economic trends in the late twentieth century? A Many of the defeated countries in the Second World War received generous economic assistance from the United States after the war. B Governments in newly independent postcolonial states sought to limit their countries' economic reliance on the former colonial powers. C The governments of many developed Western countries adopted policies of economic liberalization and deregulation. D Governments in Asia cooperated with private businesses in an effort to maximize exports and acquire foreign currencies from Europe and the United States.

The governments of many developed Western countries adopted policies of economic liberalization and deregulation.

The population trend shown in the table for sub-Saharan African states such as Angola and Zimbabwe in the period 1950-2000 most likely reflects which of the following? A Increased political stability B Increased wealth from the sale of natural resources C The greater availability of vaccines D The greater availability of financial assistance from international institutions

The greater availability of vaccines

Which of the following aspects of the historical situation in India at the beginning of the twenty-first century is most significant in understanding the menu items illustrated in the image? A The great wealth of India's new urban middle classes B The strength of India's currency, the rupee C The growing resistance against industrial agriculture in Third World countries D The increasing globalization of consumer culture

The increasing globalization of consumer culture

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following? A The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India B The revival of traditional Hindu social structures as a reaction against British influence in India C The example of American revolutions influenced by Enlightenment principles D The return of overseas migrants from plantations in the Pacific and Caribbean

The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

Which of the following most likely accounts for the extent of the population changes for Argentina, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia in the period 1950-2000 ? A The introduction of agricultural techniques associated with the Green Revolution B Religious restrictions on the use of birth control C The implementation of socialist economic policies D The introduction of desalination technologies from Western states

The introduction of agricultural techniques associated with the Green Revolution

While the dynamic force in Globalization 1.0 was countries globalizing and the dynamic force of Globalization 2.0 was companies globalizing, the dynamic force in Globalization 3.0 — the thing that gives it its unique character — is the newfound power for individuals to collaborate and compete globally." Thomas Friedman, journalist, 2005 Which of the following contributed most to the development of the process that Friedman labels Globalization 3.0? A The invention of the Internet and the increased availability of personal computers B The creation of multinational corporations and international stock markets C The United Nations' adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights D The creation of supranational entities such as the European Union

The invention of the Internet and the increased availability of personal computers

Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." The religious tensions alluded to in Poem 2 would result most directly in which of the following? A The migration of many South Asians to Great Britain B The development of new syncretic belief systems in India such as Sikhism and Bahaism C The Japanese invasion of India during the Second World War D The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

[Case Study 1]: Improving Access to Safe Water- Public and Private Alliance in Guinea 'In the late 1980s less than 15% of the population in Guinea had access to safe water. By 1996, that share had increased almost fourfold to 55%. In a little more than a decade, Guinea had brought one of the least developed water supply services in Sub-Saharan Africa to the point at which it could provide safe water to more than half the population. These significant achievements are the result of a public-private alliance that originated when Guinea transferred responsibility over the water supply agency to an autonomous company that is partly government owned.' [Case Study 2]: Successful Air Quality Management in Chile 'Recently, the government has been quite successful in combating the problem of air pollution in the capital of Santiago based on the Framework Environmental Law, which provides the basis for a gradual improvement in environmental quality, while avoiding conflict and increasing collaboration between industry, government, and pressure groups. Private and public transport fleets were revamped, fuels improved, urban sprawl curbed, and sustainable mechanisms for controlling airborne emissions from industry established. As a result of these efforts, Chile today has good air quality management capabilities.' [Case Study 3]: Alternatives to Pesticide Use 'Integrated pest management and biological control have proved to be successful alternatives to pesticides. Crop rotation, intercropping, and the introduction of natural predators inhibit the proliferation of weeds and pests and introduce biological controls that rely on nature's own checks and balances. This system of integrated pest management has reduced pesticide use in Brazil by 80%, by 90% in China's Jiangsu Province, and by 30-50% in the province of Orissa in India.'" Case studies included in an official report of the United Nations on human development, 1998 The solutions implemented in the case studies were most directly in response to which of the following developments in the twentieth century? A Decolonization in the mid-twentieth century prevented developing states from addressing their environmental challenges. B The rapid growth of human populations increased competition for natural resources and placed enormous pressures on the environment. C The increase in epidemic diseases forced governments to address the consequences of environmental degradation. D Political rivalries during the Cold War resulted in an increase in government funding for militaries and a decline in spending on environmental conservation.

The rapid growth of human populations increased competition for natural resources and placed enormous pressures on the environment.

Which of the following best explains how the technological processes, reflected in the image, influenced the twentieth-century world? A The proliferation of nuclear weapons during the Cold War threatened global destruction. B Increased mobility resulted in the spread of new infectious diseases. C The release of greenhouse gases contributed to debates about the nature of climate change. D New medical advances, such as antibiotics and immunizations, significantly increased the global population.

The release of greenhouse gases contributed to debates about the nature of climate change.

Source 1 "I have long dreamed of buying an island owned by no nation whatsoever and of establishing the World Headquarters of the Dow company there, on the truly neutral ground of such an island, beholden to no nation or society. If we were located on such truly neutral ground, we could then operate in the United States as U.S. citizens, in Japan as Japanese citizens, and in Brazil as Brazilians rather than being governed primarily by the laws of the United States. We could even pay any native workers handsomely to move elsewhere." Carl. A. Gerstacker, chairman of the Dow Chemical Company, a United States corporation, speech before the White House "Conference on the Industrial World Ahead," 1972 Source 2 "I was asked the other day about United States competitiveness in the world economy. I replied that I don't think about it at all. We at NCR think of ourselves as a globally competitive company that happens to be headquartered in the United States." Gilbert Williamson, president of NCR Corporation, a United States technology company, interview with the New York Times, 1989 The corporate philosophy reflected in the two passages most directly contributed to which of the following? A The inability of the Soviet-planned economy to compete successfully with the economies of the United States and other Western countries B The shift of manufacturing capacity from the postindustrial countries of the West to the new manufacturing centers in Asia and Latin America C The passage of stronger measures to safeguard workers' and consumers' rights in many developed countries D Increased popular hostility toward economic migrants and migrations in many countries

The shift of manufacturing capacity from the postindustrial countries of the West to the new manufacturing centers in Asia and Latin America

Based on the images, Banksy's work best illustrates which of the following? A The trend in modern art toward experimentation with abstract techniques and styles B The spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration C The attainment of greater economic and political equality for women worldwide D The expansion of educational opportunities in developing African, Asian, and Latin American countries

The spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration

Which of the following was a significant environmental effect of the globalization of the world's economy in the period 1980 to the present? A There was a significant improvement in air and water quality worldwide. B While air and water quality generally improved in the developed world, they deteriorated in many parts of the developing world. C Emissions of greenhouse gasses that contribute to global warming generally decreased. D While biodiversity decreased in the developing world, it generally increased in the developed world.

While air and water quality generally improved in the developed world, they deteriorated in many parts of the developing world.

The present world is an open one. China's past backwardness was due to its closed-door policy [to trade]. After the founding of the People's Republic, we were blockaded by others and so the country remained closed to some extent, which created great difficulties for us. We are suggesting that we should develop a little faster and open up to the outside. So, we have opened fourteen medium and large coastal cities to foreign investment, manufacturing, and trade. Our socialist economic base is so huge that it can absorb tens and hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign funds without shaking our socialist foundations. Thus, foreign investment will serve as a major supplement to the building of socialism in our country. We believe that the road we have chosen—building socialism with Chinese characteristics—is the right one. We have followed this road for five and a half years and the pace of development has so far exceeded our expectations." Deng Xiaoping, leader of the communist party of China, speech to a Japanese delegation, 1984 Which of the following economic developments in the late twentieth century could best be cited to explain a limitation of the path of economic development alluded to in the passage? A Although China liberalized its economy, it often used its newly created wealth to increase its influence in various world regions, such as Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America, often with controversial results. B While Asian states such as China experienced economic growth because of liberal economic reforms, agricultural subsidies in Western nations prevented rural areas from experiencing the same rates of growth as urban areas. C While economic liberalization in Asian states such as China made Asia a center of global manufacturing, Western states became knowledge economies, which allowed for higher wages and standards of living for their populations. D Although China enacted economic reforms, the state maintained tight control over much of the economy, which in some cases allowed bureaucrats to prevent market distortions and transfer capital to important firms quickly.

While economic liberalization in Asian states such as China made Asia a center of global manufacturing, Western states became knowledge economies, which allowed for higher wages and standards of living for their populations.

Considering the context of the global economy in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, all of the following would represent corporate efforts to appeal cross-culturally to new consumers or audiences EXCEPT A an Italian designer clothing company opening a retail store in Shanghai B a popular United States fried chicken restaurant opening a location in Moscow C a Brazilian television channel broadcasting a match of Brazil's national soccer team playing in a tournament in Germany D an Indian Bollywood movie studio marketing one of its films in the United States

a Brazilian television channel broadcasting a match of Brazil's national soccer team playing in a tournament in Germany

The overall trend in global carbon dioxide emissions as shown in Graph 1 was primarily caused by the A increased use of petroleum and other fossil fuels B destruction of rain forests and expansion of deserts C development of genetically modified crops D proliferation of nuclear weapons

increased use of petroleum and other fossil fuels

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because A it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary. B it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century. C it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century. D its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.

it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century

"The present world is an open one. China's past backwardness was due to its closed-door policy [to trade]. After the founding of the People's Republic, we were blockaded by others and so the country remained closed to some extent, which created great difficulties for us. We are suggesting that we should develop a little faster and open up to the outside. So, we have opened fourteen medium and large coastal cities to foreign investment, manufacturing, and trade. Our socialist economic base is so huge that it can absorb tens and hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign funds without shaking our socialist foundations. Thus, foreign investment will serve as a major supplement to the building of socialism in our country. We believe that the road we have chosen—building socialism with Chinese characteristics—is the right one. We have followed this road for five and a half years and the pace of development has so far exceeded our expectations." Deng Xiaoping, leader of the communist party of China, speech to a Japanese delegation, 1984 A supporter of free-market policies in the late twentieth century would have most likely explained that the policy argued for in the passage did not sufficiently A protect Chinese workers because foreign companies could lower their wages B liberalize the Chinese economy because only fourteen cities were opened to foreign investment and trade C outline a path for China to maintain its social welfare programs while liberalizing the economy D establish a regulatory system to restrict foreign companies from taking business away from Chinese firms

liberalize the Chinese economy because only fourteen cities were opened to foreign investment and trade

The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 The fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to Great Britain after the end of British rule could indirectly be used as evidence to support the author's arguments mostly because the migrations of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles in the late twentieth century demonstrate that A migrants from former colonies could expect to encounter little racial discrimination in imperial societies B migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies C migrants from former colonies quickly found lucrative jobs in imperial societies and could use their income to boost the fortunes of their families back home D migrants were quick to relinquish their cultural traditions upon settling in imperial societies

migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

map above shows the territorial arrangements in South Asia that resulted from A Akbar's expansion of the Mughal Empire B rival Arab trading empires C Dutch and Portuguese colonies D partition at the time of decolonization E treaties with Russia and China

partition at the time of decolonization

The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was A a lasting nuclear nonproliferation pact between the newly created states B religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres C a peaceful transition to independence along the lines that Mohandas Gandhi, the nationalist and advocate of nonviolence, had envisioned D the peaceful annexation of Kashmir, a predominantly Muslim state, by Pakistan

religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 As outlined in the passage, the institutions involved in twentieth-century anti-malarial efforts best illustrate the link between global public health efforts and A the rise of multinational corporations B the process of decolonization C the development of organizations to safeguard international peace D the development of anti-globalization movements and groups

the development of organizations to safeguard international peace