AP Enviromental Science

Salinisation

Removes essential soil nutrients

Troposphere

0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapour. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases) contains 75% of earth's air

50-83%

A 2005 report indicates humans have disturbed what percentage of the earth's land surface?

Competition

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.

Permafrost

A layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the tundra

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Keystone Species

A species whose impact on its community or ecosystem are much larger and more influential than would be expected from mere abundance

Nekton

All organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents

Males and Female among age groups in a population

An age structure graph represents the number or percentage of?

Per Capita Ecological Footprint

An average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country

Predation

An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

Aquifer

An underground formation that contains groundwater

The zone of saturation

At a certain depth, the area where the spaces in the soil and rock are completely filled with water is called

Africa & Asia

By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continues, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth

Shows little variation in a population by age

Countries that have reached zero population growth have an age structure diagram that

Overgrazing

Destruction of vegetation when too many grazing animals feed too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland or pasture area.

Carbon and Sulphur

Elements that cycle in the environment and that also have a gaseous phase at some point in their cycle?

The first law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form.

Commenaslism

Exemplified by moss growing on a tree truck in a forest, relationship in which one orgainsm beneifs and the other helped

Producers don't like the environment

Full-cost pricing is not widely used for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT

Ultraplankton

Much smaller plankton, photosynthetic bacteria may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface.

Causes increases in prices

Hiding the harmful environmental costs from the market prices of goods and services causes all of the following, EXCEPT

Oligotrophic Lakes

Lakes that have a small supply of plant nutrients and often, this type of lake is deep and has steep banks.

The second law of thermodynamics

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following?

Zooplankton

Microscopic animals that swim or drift near the surface of aquatic environments; Ex: Jellyfish

Soil Erosion

Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.

Rain Shadow Effect

Precipitation falls on the windward side of a mountain range, resulting in lush vegetation & a warm, moist climate on one side, but a desert area on the leeward side.

Less government revenues with fewer workers

Problems associated with rapid population decline include all the following EXCEPT

Eutrophication

Process by which a body of water becomes too rich in dissolved nutrients, leading to plant growth that depletes oxygen

Rangeland

Provides food for grazing and browsing animals without plowing and planting

Has a broad-based pyramid

Rapidly growing countries have an age structure diagram that

Invasive Species

Species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

Native Species

Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem

Foundation Species

Species that plays a major role in shaping communities by creating and enhancing a habitat that benefits other species.

Indicator Species

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded.

Geology

Study of Earth's Surface, interior, process and history

Fishprint

The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world.

Background Extinction

The continuous, low level extinction of species that has occurred since the beginning of life on earth is called?

Bangladesh

The country with the highest population density is

Lithosphere

The layer of the earth where all terrestrial life resides.

GDP

The measurement of the annual economic value of all goods and services within a country is called the

Epicentre

The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus where an earthquake starts.

Subduction

The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary

Community

This is the total of all the different species that live in an certain area

Carbon Monoxide

What isn't a greenhouse gas?

The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate

What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?

Overnutrition

When energy use is less than the energy intake

Offsprings are large in individual size

Which of the following are NOT true about r-selected species?

Low phosphorus content in the soil limits the growth of vegetation

Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment?

Increase in life expectancy

Which of the following is NOT an effect of a high level of aids in a country?

Plankton -> filter feeding clam -> octopus -> shark

Which of the following is a correct food chain?

Offshore oil wells

Which of the following is a point source of water pollution?

Phosphates

Which of the following will result in a accelerated eutrophication when introduced into stream, lakes, and bays?

71%

Which percent of the earth's surface is covered by water?