AP ES: Unit 9

When ice melts, it exposes more land, further decreasing the earth's reflectivity, causing the earth to warm further and more ice to melt. This is known as a

Positive feedback loop

About what percent of the Sun's energy is reflected by ocean water?

7%

Which law helps protect species and their habitat from harassment in the United States?

Endangered species act

Public lands in the United States are owned by ____

Every citizen of the United States

Which of these is the MAIN factor that will cause ocean levels to rise if Earth's temperatures continue to rise?

Expansion of sea water

Besides skin cancers, what other medical problem in livestock has been associated with increased ultraviolet radiation?

Eye cancers

Which of these BEST describes a hypothesis?

A testable conjecture about how something works

Which of the following is NOT true about national wilderness lands?

Fishing and hunting is never allowed

Both the Preservationist and the Conservationist agree that public lands should be set aside for ___

Future generations

On Earth biodiversity is composed of which three diversity components ?

Genetic, species and habitat

Santa Fe National Forest was MOST LIKELY the result of who's efforts?

Gifford Pinchot

The first head/first director of the National Forest System was ____

Gifford Pinchot

____ wanted to conserve, but use lands.

Gifford Pinchot

___ is an EPA partnership with food retailers to reduce refrigerant emissions and decrease their impact on the ozone layer and climate change .

Greenchill

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was created to mitigate which environmental problem?

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Climate change, volcanic eruptions and asteroid strikes in the past may have caused several of which of these in the past?

Mass extinctions

How could ocean warming be involved in the appearance of a "pizzly", a cross between a polar bear and a grizzly bear?

Melting Arctic ice could force polar bears farther south allowing them to breed with grizzly bears

Which of the following is NOT degraded by UV light?

Metal

Which of the following is an example of all countries of the world working together to protect the environment?

Montreal Protocol

Which of the following is an environmental issue faced by public lands?

Nonnative species invasions

Which of the following would be most protective of natural areas?

Preservationist

____ wanted to protect nature from all human use.

Preservationist

Which of the following would be MOST protective of natural areas?

Preservationists

Which statement BEST describes public lands in the United States?

Public lands are available for use by many entities including industries, citizens and wildlife

Jared Diamond was part of the debate in the 1970's that suggested that a single large reserve was preferable to several smaller reserves whose total areas were equal to the larger . Which acronym describes this debate ?

SLOSS

The melting of ice caps, ice sheets and icebergs INCREASES which of these?

Sea level

Which law makes it illegal to ship plants and animals that are covered by the Lacey Act or Plant Protection Act through the mail ?

The Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement act of 1992

Which of these federal entities embraces the "multiple use" approach to public lands ?

The US Forest Service

Conducting environmental research in the field is challenging mainly due to which factor described here?

The environment is very complex with many variables that cannot be controlled

Which of these species is NOT protected under the Endangered Species Act, the IUCN red list or the Convention in Trade of Endangered Species ?

The human species

Which of these BEST describes the RAD program administered by the EPA

This is a voluntary partnership program designed to help protect the ozone layer

Which of the following BEST explains the intent of he Albedo and Reflectivity Lab?

This lab was designed to show that different colored surfaces have different albedos

A species that is LIKELY to become endangered is considered which of these?

Threatened

How are public lands funded in the United States?

Through tax payer's money

Which species needs the LARGEST territory?

Tiger

In the Albedo and Reflectivity Lab, why were two different colors of paper used to cover the plastic bottles?

To demonstrate the differences in albedo and reflectivity of a high albedo versus low albedo surface

What is the MAIN purpose of repeating a research study or experiment more than once?

To demonstrate the validity of your study or experiment

What is the MAIN purpose of issuing permits for activities such as mining on public lands?

To ensure that no one entity overuses and abuses public lands for profits

Which of these is the over-arching intent of having public lands in the USA?

To preserve lands for the future generation

All of the following are problems faced by public lands EXCEPT ___

Too much funding

Which government entity is charged with protecting endangered species in the United States?

US FISH and Wildlife service

Which of the following protects species mainly?

US FISH and Wildlife service

95% of the UV radiation hitting the Earth's surface is ___

UV - A

Which type of UV radiation has the longest wavelength, accounts for 95% of the UV radiation reaching Earth's surface, and penetrates farthest into the skin?

UV - A

Which type of long-wave UV radiation penetrates skin the MOST ?

UV - A

The IUCN has a "red list" that regulates what ?

Which species can be traded or sold on the international market

Which color absorbs the least energy?

White

Which color has maximum reflectivity?

White

When throwing at the center of a dart board and nearly all of your darts land in, or near, the center, which statement BEST describes your results?

You have been both accurate and precise

Which of the following is an example of genetic pollution?

Zebra Mussel

The Endangered Species Act was enacted in which year?

1973

Which of the following is known to deplete the ozone layer?

CFCs

What is allowed in national wilderness areas?

Hiking

____ was instrumental in the creation of National Parks

John Muir

Historically, the albedo of Earth is approximately ___ percent

30

Carbon dioxide concentrations have risen over ____ ppm.

400

Some refrigerators, and air conditioners still have ozone depleting substances in them and it is expected that damage to the ozone hole will continue for another ___ years .

50 years

About how long have scientists been keeping a written record of weather and climate on Earth?

A couple hundred years

What is a null hypothesis?

A prediction that there's no difference between groups or conditions or an idea that's proven wrong

Climate change may cause changes in temperature , dissolved oxygen in water , and acidity of ocean water What is the collective term for environmental factors such as these?

Abiotic factors

Which of these accounts for the warming of the stratosphere?

Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer accounts for the warming of the stratosphere

Which of the following is an environmental issue faced by too many human visitors on public lands?

Air pollution from vehicles degrades air quality

_____ is the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface , typically that of a planet or moon .

Albedo

___ of the sunlight entering the Earth eventually leaves

All

Who is responsible for resolving the thinning of the ozone layer?

All of Earth's countries

Who is responsible for the thinning of the ozone layer?

All of earth's countries

Man-made chemicals have been shown to interact with the ozone layer causing a thinning of that layer. Which of these means "man-made"

Anthropogenic

CFCs were used ___

As refrigerants

WHY did the United States choose not to ratify the Protocol

Because of economics

WHY is the effort to resolve the thinning of the ozone layer necessarily a global effort?

Because the atmosphere knows no boundaries and thinning ozone potentially affects all humans

WHY is the conservation of species necessarily a GLOBAL effort?

Because the biosphere is interconnected and it will take everyone's help to save all species

Zooplankton and phytoplankton have been shown to incur damage due to increased UV radiation . Why would the loss of these species be especially harmful to oceans?

Because these species form the base of most ocean food chains

Which of these is MOST ACCURATE about a "population bottleneck"?

Biodiversity that is under environmental pressure is forced through a population bottleneck.

Climate change may cause changes in species migration patterns reproductive rates and size of ranges of species . What is the collective term for environmental factors such as these ?

Biotic factors

Besides mammals , what group has the highest number of species that are endangered?

Birds

Which color absorbs the most energy?

Black

Which color is least reflective?

Black

All of the following are likely to increase if the ozone layer is depleted EXCEPT ___

Brain cancer

Which conservation strategy takes species into captivity and helps them reproduce to build up their numbers before returning them to nature ?

Captive Breeding Programs

Which of these strategies significantly benefited the California Condor

Captive breeding programs

What is the name of the technique by which carbon emissions are captured , liquified and injected underground ?

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

When discussing greenhouse warming potential, scientists compare various greenhouse gases to which substance?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following elements would be MOST LIKELY to be involved in depleting the ozone layer?

Chlorine

What does CFC stand for?

Chlorofluorocarbons

____ regulates air emissions and authorizes the EPA to establish NAAQS.

Clean Air Act

____ is what we expect in terms of temperature and precipitation .

Climate

____ disrupt solar energy from leaving Earth .

Clouds

Besides habitat alteration, what is the next largest cause of endangered species?

Commercial hunting

Which of these is an important purpose for preserving and conserving public lands?

Conservation of biodiversity

____ believe that public lands can be used both for recreation and industry .

Conservationists

____ wants to preserve, but use lands

Conservationists

Increased UV radiation can cause ___

Damage to marine life

If the albedo of the earth increases , we would expect global temperatures to ___

Decrease

If ice melts , exposing land, there will be less ice to reflect heat and more land to absorb heat . How would this affect Earth's reflectivity?

Decrease earth's reflectivity/ Decrease Earth's albedo

As ice melts and the planet warms , animals adapted to arctic climates are being confined to smaller and smaller areas. This can cause all of the following EXCEPT

Decreased prevalence of disease

Which of these human activities is considered a "doubled-edged sword" because it both adds greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and halts a mechanism for removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere?

Deforestation of large tracts of Forect

Which Department in the United States is charged with managing invasive species ?

Department of Agriculture

Which of the following helps people grow or harvest for a profit?

Department of Agriculture

The Bureau of Land Management falls under the auspices of what larger federal department?

Department of interior

What is the FIRST step in the ozone formation process?

Disassociation of a diatomic oxygen molecule into two single atoms of oxygen by UV radiation

The Biodiversity Treaty was enacted at which event?

Earth Summit

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an invasive species?

Economically helpful

The _ is when incoming solar radiation hitting the earth and slowing down results in the radiation not being able to escape the earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases .

Greenhouse effect

The ____ occurs when incoming solar radiation strikes Earth and slows down becoming unable to escape Earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse effects

Which of these refers to the variety of issues that are currently leading to a global loss of biodiversity?

HIPPCO

The "S.L.O.S.S" debate focuses on what aspect of biodiversity protection?

Habitat

Which of the following is the largest cause for endangered species?

Habitat destruction

The banning of DDT helped bald eagles make a comeback Under the Endangered Species Act what additional protection was afforded eagles to help save them ?

Habitat protection

The term used to describe the group of chemicals known to deplete the ozone layer are

Halocarbons

Ozone depleting chemicals are MOST LIKELY to belong to which group on the periodic fable?

Halogens

CFCs were implicated in depletion of the ozone layer. Now, CFCs are ____

Heavily regulated

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an endangered species (such as the white rhino shown here

High reproductive rate

Which of these species is the ONLY one capable of saving all of the other ones?

Humansy

All of the following have low albedo EXCEPT ___

Ice

Which of the following has the highest albedo?

Ice

We can examine ____ to see past climate patterns

Ice cores

Where in the atmosphere were holes in the ozone layer first noticed?

In the south pole

Which of the following is an economic issue faced by public lands?

Inadequate funding

In general, light surfaces ____ reflectivity.

Increase

As the Earth continues to warm, we would expect mosquito-transmitted diseases to ____ range

Increase in

Which of these is NOT one of the effects climate change will have in natural areas?

Increased albedo due to increases in snow and ice at the poles

All of the following EXCEPT _____ are effects of ozone depletion on natural systems.

Increased biodiversity

What effect do natural events such as volcanic eruptions have on Earth's albedo ?

Increased dust and other particles from volcanoes cause Earth's albedo to increase

What is something public lands have done to counteract decreased funding?

Increased entrance fees

What is the purpose of a greenhouse?

Increasing plant growth

Carbon dioxide concentrations have risen since the ___

Industrial revolution

Which component of solar radiation vibrates greenhouse gases causing them to trap heat ?

Infrared

Which of these three forms of light is MOST trapped by the earth's atmosphere AFTER striking Earth's surfaces resulting in increased atmospheric temperatures?

Infrared

In the SLOSS debate , the several small" biosphere reserves would ideally include what extremely important feature ?

Interconnected migration paths or species "roadways"

WHY is human population growth such a threat to biodiversity?

It increases pressure on the natural environment due to resource depletion and habitat destruction

Which of these BEST describes the purpose of the Yellowstone to Yukon Initiative ?

It is a way to mitigate habitat loss by connecting protected land areas of species

Why is the Endangered Species Act considered such a powerful law in protecting biodiversity?

It protects the HABITAT of species in trouble

This is an image of Iceland. What would happen to Earth's ambient temperature if all ice caps melted?

It would increase

Yellowstone National Park was MOST LIKELY the result of who's efforts?

John Muir

____ wanted to protect nature from all human use.

John Muir

Which of these BEST explains why scientists "keep score" when it comes to species worldwide?

Keeping score helps us all keep track of which species are doing well and which ones are in trouble

Which of these are two specific issue involved in trail maintenance on public lands?

Keeping up with trail markings for navigation to and railroad erosions

Which treaty , that was created in 1997 in Japan to help mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions , was not ratified by the United States?

Kyoto Protocol

What is not allowed in restricted use lands?

Logging

The largest number of species in trouble of extinction are part of which of the following?

Mammals

Which United States law takes the MOST SPECIFIC approach to conserving species ?

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Which of the following is a law in the United States that helps to protect species such as dolphins , walruses and whales?

Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972

Organisms that have short generation times are ____ likely to adapt to climate change than organisms with long generation times

More likely

Climate change is expected to increase our vectors for diseases such as ___

Mosquitoes

What would the state of the earth be if there was no greenhouse effect ?

Most, if not all, life on Earth would not exist if there was no greenhouse effect

National parks are managed by the ____

National Park Service

Which of the following agencies manages lands that allow resources to be extracted?

National forest service

Which of the following are classified as multiple use lands?

National forests

Which of the following are classified as restricted use lands?

National parks and national wilderness areas

Which of the following are afforded the HIGHEST level of protection from buildings , roadways, and motorized vehicles in the United States?

National wilderness areas

Which of the following are classified as moderately-restricted?

National wildlife refugees

All of the following have high albedo EXCEPT ____

Oceans

Which of the following has the lowest albedo?

Oceans

Which of these is the short answer for why most National Parks require a reservation prior to visting?

Overpopulation and overuse

What element does chlorine bind with in the first stage of the breakdown of ozone molecules?

Oxygen

As the climate warms , ice and snow melt. This makes the climate hotter , which then melts more snow and ice. This is an example of ___

Positive Feedback

Climate change is a great example of which type of feedback loop?

Positive feedback loop

How do many of the invasive species get moved and transported around the world?

Shipping

As the ozone layer gets thinner, ___.

Skin cancer rate increases

Organisms can do all of the following EXCEPT ___ in response to climate change.

Sleep

Which of these refers to "the number of different species found in an ecosystem"?

Species richness

What is something public lands have done to counteract nonnative species invasions?

Spend money to try and remove them

Where is ozone beneficial?

Stratosphere

Once holes in the ozone layer were discovered , what principle action did humans take ?

The precautionary principle

What are the two general approaches to preserving and conserving biodiversity?

The species approach and the habitat approach

WHY can the energy of sunlight pass through glass and the earth's atmosphere easily but cannot pass back out after striking a surface ?

The sunlight loses momentum and changes from a short wavelength to a longer wavelength

Which statement BEST describes the changes in Earth's climate over the past 500,000 years?

There have been times of increasing and decreasing ambient temperatures over this time period

Warmer temperatures on Earth result in increased melting of ice and snow layers . Less ice and snow layers results in a lower albedo on Earth. A lower albedo results in more ice and snow layers melting . What type of feedback loop does this describe?

This describes a positive feedback loop

The S.L.O.S.S. " debate (Single Large or Several Small) is MOST ACCURATELY described by which of these statements ?

This is a debate about whether a single large or several small protected areas is best for species.

Besides skin cancers, what other medical problem in livestock has been associated with increased ultraviolet radiation?

UV-B

All of the following are types of Ultraviolet light EXCEPT ___.

UV-D

Of the three types of ultraviolet radiation , which type is LEAST able to reach the surface of the earth ?

UVC

Which of these BEST explains WHY coral reefs can still suffer damage from ozone depletion even thought they are under water?

Ultraviolet radiation can penetrate into clear water and coral reef grows in shallow, clear water

Greenhouse gases ___

Warm the planet

Which greenhouse gas has the shortest residence time in the atmosphere ?

Water vapor

Three types of ultraviolet radiation are known. On what basis are the three types classified ?

Wavelength