AP Euro Absolutism and Constituionalism
Charles II (Hapsburg) gave all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV, Fearful of the consolidation of power upsetting the balance of power, led to Grand Alliance
Cause of War of Spanish Succession
Capitalism played a major role in the high degree of social mobility. 1. The Commercial Revolution significantly increased the size of the English middle-class. 2. Improved agricultural techniques improved farming and husbandry. 3. The size of the middle-class became proportionately larger than any country in Europe, with the exception of the Netherlands.
English society run 17th century
appointed to throne after Cromwell's son failed by the Cavalier Parliament, Charles had agreed to abide by Parliament's decisions in the post-war settlement. 2. Parliament was stronger in relation to the king than ever before in England. • The king's power was not absolute. 3. Charles agreed to a significant degree of religious toleration, especially for Catholics to whom he was partial. 4. He was known as the "Merry Monarch" for his affable personality.
Restoration of Charles II and James II
Charles II
Restored to throne with Parliament's consent, Cavalier Parliament which was king supporters were in power, he made an agreement with Louis XIV that he would be paid annually but to restore the Catholic Church in England, Catholics are slowly going to be allowed to practice, Parliament passed a law saying Catholics can't take the throne and Charles II freaks out and dissolves them, this is a religious act
James II was forced to abdicate his throne. 1. James' daughters, Mary and Anne, were Protestants. 2. Parliament invited Mary's husband, the Dutch stadholder William of Orange, to assume the throne. • William agreed only if he had popular support in England and could have his Dutch troops accompany him. • William thus prepared to invade England from Holland. 3. In late 1688, James fled to France after his offers for concessions to Parliament were refused. 4. William III and Mary II were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament.
Rise of William II and Mary to power
The Common Wealth
a republic that abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords a. In reality, England became a military state with an army of 44,000 (the best in Europe). b. Scottish Presbyterians, who opposed Puritan rule, proclaimed Charles II as the new king and Cromwell once again defeated a Scottish invasion.
Hereditary Serfdom revival
a. In Poland, nobles gained complete control over peasants in 1574 and could legally impose death penalties on serfs whenever they wished. b. In 1694, the Russian tsar rescinded a 9-year term limit on the recovery of runaway serfs.
Tories
a. Initially, they supported James II as king. b. They were composed of nobles, gentry, and Anglicans who supported the monarchy over Parliament. c. Essentially conservative
Peace of Nijmegan
a. It represented the furthest limit of the expansion of Louis XIV. b. France took the Franche-Comté from Spain, gained some Flemish towns, and took Alsace.
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
a. Like Bach, he wrote in a variety of genres. b. His masterpiece is the oratorio The Messiah.
Russian society in the 17th century
a. Nobles gained more exemptions from military service. b. The rights of peasants declined. • Bloody Cossack revolts resulted in further restrictions on serfs. c. "Old Believers" of the Orthodox Church resisted the influx of new religious sects from the west (e.g. Lutherans and Calvinists). • In protest, 20,000 burned themselves to death over 20 years. • "Old Believers" were severely persecuted by the government. d. Western ideas gained ground. • Western books were translated into Russian, new skills and technology developed, and changes in clothing and customs occurred (such as men trimming their beards). • First Russian translation of the Bible began in 1649 • By 1700, 20,000 Europeans lived in Russia e. By 1689, Russia was the world's largest country (3 times the size of Europe)
Treaty of Paris
Most important peace treaty of the 18th century and most important since the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) o Prussia permanently retained Silesia o France lost all its colonies in North America to Great Britain o Britain gained more territory in India
a. Kings imposed and collected permanent taxes without the consent of their subjects. b. States maintained permanent standing armies. c. States conducted relations with other states as they pleased.
Three important methods of gaining absolute power:
The Fronde
1. Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) controlled France while Louis XIV was a child. 2. Some nobles revolted against Mazarin when Louis was between the ages of 5 and 11. 3. A civil war among various noble factions enabled Mazarin to defeat the nobles. 4. Louis never forgot the humiliation he faced at the hands of the nobles early on and was determined to control the nobility.
Bill of Rights
approved by William II and Mary II, England became a constitutional monarchy. a. The Bill of rights established parliamentary sovereignty. b. This became the hallmark for constitutionalism in Europe. c. The Petition of Right (1628), Habeas Corpus Act (1679), and the Bill of Rights (1689) are all part of the English Constitution.
Peter Paul Rubens and Diego Velazquez
baroque painters
eastern absolutism
based on a powerful nobility, weak middle class, and an oppressed peasantry composed of serfs.
Hereditary serfdom was re-established in Poland, Russia, and Prussia by the mid-17th century. 2. This period saw the growth of estate agriculture, especially in Poland and eastern Germany.
consolidation of serfdom in the east
Cardinal Mazarin
controlled France while Louis XIV was a child., the Fronde
Absolutism
derived from the traditional assumption of power (e.g,. heirs to the throne) and the belief in "divine right of kings."
Corvee
forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects in France under Louis XIV
"I am the State" Bishop Bousset Cardinal Mazarin Subdues the Fronde Middle class ministers State controlled military Richlieu's intendant system Never called Estates General into session
political efforts by Louis XIV
Instituted Parlements 9councils of Noble judges) Treasury Weakened the nobility: Nobility of the Robe (New) vs. Nobility of the Sword Encouraged colonization in the new world
political efforts of Henry IV
france
the nobility's power had been limited, the middle- class was relatively strong, and peasants were generally free from serfdom. Built upon the foundations of a well-developed medieval monarchy and a strong royal bureaucracy.
Robert Walpole
viewed as the first Prime Minister in British history (although the title of Prime Minister was not yet official). 1. He led the cabinet from 1721-1742. 2. This established the precedent that the cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons.
Act of Settlement
(1652): The land from 2/3 of Catholic property owners was given to Protestant English colonists.
quintessential absolutism of Louis XIV of France
"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes, He personified the idea that the sovereignty of the state resides in the ruler. "L' état, c'est moi" ("I am the state"), Strong believer in "divine right" of kings, France became the undisputed major power in Europe during his reign through his modernized, state-controlled military. France's large population meant that a massive standing army could be created and maintained. b. French culture dominated Europe • The French language became the international language in Europe for over two centuries and the language of the well-educated (as Latin had been during the Middle Ages). • France became the epicenter of literature and the arts until the 20th century.
Edict of Fountainbleau
(1685)—revoked the Edict of Nantes a. Huguenots lost their right to practice Calvinism b. About 200,000 Huguenots fled France for England, Holland and the English colonies in North America c. Huguenots later gave major support of the Enlightenment and its ideas of religious toleration.
social actions of Peter the Great
-Built St. Petersburg which was one of his greatest joys, some interesting characteristics of this "window to the west" and it was advertised it to have more people come live their to be more cosmopolitan, it's on water, has grid layout, builds his famous palace known as the Winter Palace and Peterhof which were originally two and then were combined -He targeted the Boyars(nobles) through the table of ranks by making ti so that they can be in high power but not because of their names, wealth, or family but due to their hard work they were to rise in power -Forces them to change their clothes to be like the west, so he shaved and cut the beards off of the Boyars
Maria Theresa of Austria
-Has many children including Joseph II, Leopold II, and Queen Marie Antoinette -Reduces the power of her nobility and this is the one person in Eastern Europe to do this -Reduced the practice of torture -Reduces feudal Manor dues so the serfs had to pay less -She taxed RCC with monasteries and church being taxed -Went after the Jesuits because they were leading inquisitions and very militant -Has issues with an ethnic group known as Magyars, a lot of them are Hungarian and she has issues with them because they want a say in government and she doesn't want to give that to them -War of Austrian succession over her throne -Increases standing army -This is caused by Prussians (Fredrick the Great) invading Silesia and this goes against the Pragmatic Sanction that all of the land is hers and can't be split up -She didn't lose her crown and only lost some territory which leads her children being able to rule after her
Peter the great political actions
-right before he takes the throne as a tsar he goes backpacking through western Europe he realized they were much more highly advanced. He saw better technology and weapons -He realizes that his country needs to modernize so he bring back with him architects, military people, and basically anything he needed to modernize them -orthodoxy in Russia and takes the Russian church and makes it a department in his government he's not doing what Henry viii is doing -Suppression of Strowski is when he suppressed royal guards trying to overthrow him -Had a secret police
Leopold I social and military actions
-still have serfdom -Very strict with religion and starts to restrict Protestantism -Builds Schnober** Palace -is in power during the siege of Vienna -defends austrian empire against the Ottomans
Golden Age of Spain
1. The reign of Ferdinand and Isabella began the process of centralizing power ("New Monarchs"). 2. The foundation for absolutism in Spain was laid by Charles V and Phillip II. 3. Spain's power reached its zenith under Philip II a. Madrid (in Castile) became the capital of Spain. b. He built the Escorial Palace to demonstrate his power. c. A command economy developed in Madrid. d. Numerous rituals of court etiquette reinforced the king's power. 4. The Spanish Inquisition continued to persecute those seen as heretics (especially Jews and Moors).
FREDERICK I
1. first "King of Prussia" 1. Most popular of Hohenzollern kings a. He sought to imitate the court of Louis XIV. b. He encouraged higher education. 2. He fought two wars against Louis XIV to preserve the European balance of power:
King Fredrick William I of Prussia
1.He was the most important Hohenzollern king regarding the development of Prussian absolutism. a. He was a Calvinist, like his father. b. He obsessed with finding tall soldiers for his army. 2. He infused militarism into all of Prussian society. 3. He oversaw the most efficient bureaucracy in Europe. 4. The Junkers remained the officers' caste in the army in return for supporting the king's absolutism. 5. The gov't established compulsory elementary education in 1717.
"Short" Parliament
A Scottish military revolt in 1639-40 occurred when Charles attempted to impose the English Common Book of Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian church. • The Scots remained loyal to the Crown despite the revolt over religious doctrine. 2. Charles I needed new taxes to fight the war against Scotland. 3. Parliament was re-convened in 1640 but refused to grant Charles his new taxes if he did not accept the rights outlined in the Petition of Right and grant church reforms. 4. Parliament was disbanded after only a month
The Dutch Style
A human-centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation was encouraged through the patronage of both princes and commercial elites. 2. Artistic movements also reflected the outlook and values of commercial and bourgeoisie society.
Louis XIII of France
As a youth, his regency was beset by corruption and mismanagement. a. Feudal nobles and princes increased their power. b. Certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile his mother. Had Cardinal Richelieu and Intendant System
Austrian Government
Austria was NOT a national state - its multinational empire included: a. Austria proper: Germans, Italians b. Bohemia: Czechs, Germans c. Hungary: Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Romanians 2. No single constitutional system or administration existed in the empire as each region had a different legal relationship to the Emperor.
Baroque architecture and sculpture
Baroque architecture reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church. 2. Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) 3. Versailles Palace built during the reign of Louis XIV is the quintessential baroque structure. 4. Habsburg emperor Leopold I built Schönbrunn in Austria in response to Versailles Palace. 5. Peter the Great in Russia built the Peterhof in St. Petersburg largely on the influence of Versailles. • His daughter, Catherine, rebuilt the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, one of the most glorious examples of Baroque architecture in Russia.
Arminianism
Calvinism without the belief in predestination, Arminians enjoyed full rights after 1632, They consisted of much of the merchant class.
Religion in England
Calvinists comprised perhaps the largest percentage of the population by the early 17th century while the Anglican Church lost ground. 2. Puritans (the most reform-minded of the Calvinists) sought to "purify" the Church of England by removing many of its Catholic elements. • James I and his son, Charles I, seemed sympathetic to Catholicism. 3. The "Protestant work ethic" profoundly impacted members of the middle-class and gentry.
English Civil War
Cause: Charles tried to arrest several Puritan members of Parliament (MP's) but a crowd of 4,000 came to Parliament's defense. • An Irish rebellion had broken out and Parliament was not willing to give the king an army. 2. In March 1642 Charles declared war against his opponents in Parliament.
Seven Year's War
Cause: Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia from Prussia and gained Russia and France as allies o Goal of Austria, Russia and France was to conquer Prussia and divide its territories among winners. • "Diplomatic Revolution of 1756" • Bloodiest war in Europe since the Thirty Year's War of the 17th Century o World war that also included England and France's Struggle for North America o Prussia outnumbered by its enemies 15 to 1 o Prussia suffered 180,000 dead and sever disruptions to its society o Berlin was twice captured and partially destroyed by Russian troops o Prussia was on the verge of a catastrophic defeat • Russian Czar Peter III (an admirer of Frederick) pulled Russia out of the war in 1763) o This saved Prussia from almost certain defeat o Peter was assassinated and replaced by Catherine II as a result • Treaty of Paris (1763)
Janissary Corps
Christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureaucracy served loyally instead in the Turkish army.
Act of union
Created Great Britain out of England and Scotland, Scotland needed access to England's trade as they fell behind and would soon become full of economic and intellectual growth -Scotland and England create Great Britain and the Stuarts are still in Scotland, they did this because they could benefit from the economy of England and also feared the Stuarts
Habeas Corpus Act
Created by Whig Parliament to control power of Charles II, allowed judges to demand prisoners be present for their trials, required a just cause for continued imprisonment, created right to speedy trials, and stopped people from being accused of crimes they were already acquitted from, Whigs were trying to limit Charles II power
In 1649, Cromwell invaded Ireland to quell an Irish uprising. • Act of Settlement 2. Cromwell conquered Scotland in 1651-52.
Cromwell's military campaigns
"Long" Parliament
Desperate for money after the Scottish invasion of northern England in 1640, Charles finally agreed to certain demands by Parliament. a. Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. b. Parliament had to meet a minimum of once every three years. c. "Ship money" was abolished. d. The leaders of the persecution of Puritans were to be tried and executed (including Archbishop Laud). e. The Star Chamber (still used to suppress nobles) was abolished. f. Common law courts were supreme to the king's courts. g. It refused funds to raise an army to defeat the Irish revolt. 2. The Puritans came to represent the majority in Parliament against the king's Anglican supporters.
His reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy. b. Mercantilism: He increased the role of the state in the economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries. • Granted monopolies in the production of gunpowder and salt • Encouraged manufacturing of silk and tapestries • Government monopolized mining c. He reduced the royal debt. • Employed systematic bookkeeping and budgets • In contrast, Spain was drowning in debt. d. He reformed the tax system to make it more equitable and efficient. e. He oversaw improved transportation. • Began a nation-wide -Canals linked major rivers -began a canal to link the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic
Duke of Sully
James I
Elizabeth I left no heir to the throne when she died in 1603, James VI of Scotland was next in line to assume the throne; thus, England got a Scottish king. believed in "divine right" of kings, Growing desire to allow the power of parliament to expand. However, the personal charisma of this monarch distracted attention from parliament's steady rise, He twice dissolved Parliament over issues of taxation and parliamentary demands for free speech.
baroque music
Emphasis on text in the music; the lyrics and libretto were most important b. Baroque composers developed the modern system of major-minor tonalities. c. Dissonance was used much more freely than during the Renaissance 2. Claudio Monteverdi (1547-1643) developed the opera and the modern orchestra • L'Orfeo (1607) is his masterpiece
James II
Exiled to France during the "Glorious revolution", wanted England to be Catholic so he put other Catholics in high positions in the government and universities, Glorious Revolution occurred, created Declaration of Indulgence giving catholics freedom of religion and demanded it be read in church, marries a Catholic and wanted Catholicism to be the religion of England again, this is why we get glorious revolution because parliament had put in places rule to keep out Catholic rulers and James II heir would be Catholic
The Bank of Amsterdam (founded in 1609)
First central bank in European history • Offered far lower interest rates than English banks; this was the major reason for its banking dominance.
1. Dutch participation against the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War led to its recognition as an independent country, free from Spanish influence. 2. England's Navigation Laws and removal of the Dutch from New York reduced Dutch economic influence in North America. 3. War with England and France in the 1670s damaged the Dutch Republic. 4. By the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, the Dutch Republic saw a significant economic decline. • Britain and France were now the two dominant powers in the Atlantic trade.
Foreign policy of the Dutch
Frederick I efforts encouraging education
Founded a university and encouraged the founding of an academy of science • Welcomed immigrant scholars
The First Hanoverian kings
George I & II, Neither king spoke English fluently and seemed more concerned with their territory in Hanover. • Decision making by the crown declined as a result.
recruited his chief ministers from the middle class in order to keep the aristocracy out of government. 2. He continued the intendant system begun by Richelieu. 3. He checked the power of French institutions that might resist his control. 4. Control over the peasantry (which accounted for about 95% of the population)
Government of Louis XIV
constitutionalism
Government power is limited by law. There is a delicate balance between the power of government and the rights and liberties of individuals.
Peter Paul Rubens
He worked much for the Habsburg court in Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands). b. He emphasized color and sensuality; animated figures and melodramatic contrasts; monumental size c. Nearly half of his works dealt with Christian subjects.
League of Augsburg
HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Dutch Republic joining to fight France along with England
Emperor Charles VI of Austria
Hapsburg ruler a. Austria was saved from French expansion during the War of Spanish Succession due to its alliance with Britain and the military leadership of Prince Eugene. b. issued the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713. c. still has serfdom
Leopold I of Austria
Hapsburg ruler a.He severely restricted Protestant worship. b. Battle of Vienna (Siege of Vienna):
Ferdinand III of Austria
Hapsburg that centralized gov't in the old hereditary provinces of Austria proper.
Ferdinand II of Austria
Hapsburg that took control of Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War.
James II
He inherited the throne at age 55 from his brother, Charles II. 2. He sought to return England to Catholicism. • He appointed many Catholics to high positions in gov't and in colleges.
Henry IV of France
He laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the 17th century. He was the first king to actively encourage French colonization in the New World; this stimulated the Atlantic trade. He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 providing a degree of religious toleration to the Huguenots (Calvinists). The old "nobility of the sword" was not allowed to influence the royal council. b. Many of the "nobles of the robe", new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in the government and remained loyal to the king (e.g., Sully). • They had been commercially successful members of the bourgeoisie and now sought to raise their social status. Duke of Sullywas his finance minister
Frans Hals
He painted portraits of middle-class people and militia companies.
bureaucracy in Prussia under King Fredrick William I
He removed the last of the parliamentary estates and local self-government. b. He demanded absolute obedience and discipline from civil servants. • Promotions were based on merit. • Some commoners were able to rise to positions of power. c. High levels of taxation
Rembrant van Rijn
He was perhaps the greatest of all Baroque-era artists although he doesn't fit neatly into any one category. b. His scenes covered an enormous range throughout his long career. c. He used extremes of light and dark in the Baroque style: tenebrism. d. His works were far more intimate and psychological than typical Baroque works. e. He painted with the restraint of the classicist style.
Peter the Great of Russia background
His sister, Sophia, ruled as his and his half-brother's regent early on. • Her plot to kill him failed and Peter had her banished to a monastery; his mother, Natalia, took over as his regent. • Peter and his half-brother, Ivan, began ruling in their own right when Peter was 22. b. Peter was nearly 7 feet tall and so strong he could bend a horse shoe with his bare hands.
Ferdinand created a permanent standing army which was unprecedented for the Habsburg empire
How was Austrian Empire centralized by Ferdinand III?
Peace of Alais
Huguenots lost their fortified cities and Protestant armies takes by Richelieu under Louis xiii
Act of Settlement 1701
If King William, or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children, the Crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager, or to her Protestant heirs. 2. The Stuarts were no longer in the line of succession. 3. When Anne died in 1714, her Hanoverian heir assumed the throne as George I. -Secured Protestant succession to the throne giving power to the German Hanovers
Robot System
In certain regions, peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord. THIS INCLUDES ALL SERF AND NON-SERF PEASANTS
Whigs
Initially, they were anti-Catholic and opposed to James II (a Catholic) from inheriting the throne. b. Later, they were composed of the wealthy middle-class and Puritans who favored Parliament and religious toleration. c. They were more liberal in the classical sense.
The Clarendon Code
Instituted in 1661 by monarchists and Anglicans who sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life and included the Test Act. Trying to force Anglicanism on the people
Ottoman Empire
It could not maintain possessions in eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion. a. The Ottoman Empire was built on expansion. • The Sultan had absolute power in the empire. • After 1560 the decline in its western expansion resulted in the gradual disintegration of the empire. b. Suleiman the Magnificent c. Highly talented Christian children from the conquered provinces were incorporated into the bureaucracy or became professionals. d. "Janissary corps" e. was fairly tolerant regarding religion in its conquered provinces. f. It failed to conquer Vienna in 1683 and saw its decline in eastern Europe accelerate thereafter.
Toleration Act of 1689
It granted the right to worship for Protestant non- conformists (e.g., Puritans and Quakers) although they could not hold office. 2. It did not extend religious liberties to Catholics, Jews or Unitarians (although they were largely left alone). in regards to constitutionalism it added a level or religious toleration but doesn't include Jews or Catholics, allows the Puritans and Quakers the right to practice
Amsterdam
It replaced Antwerp that had dominated in the late-16th century. b. It was the richest city in Europe with a population of over 100,000 people. c. The Bank of Amsterdam (founded in 1609)
goal: economic self-sufficiency for France a. Oversaw the construction of roads and canals b. Granted gov't-supported monopolies in certain industries c. Heavily regulated guilds to ensure quality of goods produced. d. Reduced local tolls (internal tariffs) that inhibited trade (the trade union was called Five Great Farms) e. Organized French trading companies for international trade (East India Co., West India Co.) f. Forbade export of foodstuffs
Jean Baptiste Colbert economic efforts under Louis XIV
Russia: Romanov Dynasty
Lasted from the ascent of Michael Romanov in 1613 to the Russian Revolution in 1917.
Structure of the Cabinet system of the 18th century
Leading ministers, who were members of the House of Commons and had the support of the majority of its members, made common policy and conducted the business of the country. 2. The Prime Minister, a member of the majority, was the leader of the government.
Battle of Vienna
Leopold I successfully repelled the Turks from the gates of Vienna in 1683. • This was the last attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take central Europe. • In 1697, Prince Eugene of Savoy led Austria's forces to a victory over the Ottomans at Zenta, thus securing Austria from future Ottoman attacks
Bill of Rights
Limits the power of the monarch, only a Protestant can ascend to the throne, only Protestants can bear arms, the king approves laws but is not above the law, Parliament makes the laws, copy and paste the Petition of Right and the Habeas Corpus in the bill of rights, creates a new constitutional or limited monarchy like never seen before
Richlieu further developed mercantilism Increased taxation to fund the military Sold government offices Exploited peasants
Louis XIII economic efforts
Cardinal Richelieu - a politique Intendant system Middle class or nobles replaced local officials with civil servants Thirty Years War
Louis XIII political efforts
Subdued Huguenots Peace of Alais - Huguenots lost their fortified cities and protestant armies
Louis XIII social efforts
War of Devolution (First Dutch War)
Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) without declaring war for expansion. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends it
The Dutch War (second dutch war)
Louis invaded the southern Netherlands as revenge for Dutch opposition in the previous war. 2. The Dutch flooded their countryside by opening their dykes preventing France (and England) from invading Holland. 3. Peace of Nijmegan (1678-79) William of Orange was t most important figure in stopping French Expansion.
Nine Years' War (War of the League of Augsburg)
Louis launched another invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1683. 2. In response the League of Augsburg formed in 1686 • This demonstrated the emergence of balance of power. 3. William of Orange (now king of England) brought England in against France. • This initiated a period of Anglo-French military rivalry that lasted until Napoleon's defeat in 1815. 4. The war ended with the status quo prior to the war.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Louis received 12 fortified towns on the border of the Spanish Netherlands but gave up the Franche-Comté (Burgundy) to Spain ended First dutch war
Political reasons for serfdom
Most kings were essentially "first among equals" in the noble class and directly benefited from serfdom. b. Eastern lords had more political power than in the west; monarchs needed the nobles c. Constant warfare in eastern Europe and political chaos resulted in noble landlord class increasing their political power at the expense of monarchs. d. Weak eastern kings had little power to control landlord policies aimed at peasants. • Strong sovereign kings were not in place prior to 1650. e. Peasants were weaker politically than in the west. • Uprisings did not succeed. • Peasant solidarity in the east was weaker than western communities. f. Landlords undermined medieval privileges of towns and the power of urban classes. • The population of towns and the importance of urban middle classes declined significantly.
Fredrick II (the Great) of Prussia
Most powerful and famous of the Prussian kings 2. Considered to be an "Enlightened Despot" for his incorporation of Enlightenment ideas into his reign. • Instituted a number of important reforms 3. Increased Prussia's territory at the expense of the Austrian Hapsburgs economically- He frees his personal serfs and crown lands were extensive, he gave the serfs tools, seeds, and swamp land when he set them free giving them the ability to farm for themselves socially- Has freedom of religion and freedom of the press and actually publicly advertises that if you're being persecuted to come to Prussia this would increase his power military- -Involved in the war of austrian succession and takes Malaysia
Military actions under Frederick I
Nine Years' War (1688-97) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) b. He allied with the Habsburgs. c. Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
balance of power system
No one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power. b. Dutch stadholder William of Orange (later King William III of England) was the most important figure in thwarting Louis' expansionism.
1. The government was dominated by the bourgeoisie whose wealth and power limited the power of the state. 2. Government was run by representative institutions Each province sent a representative to the Estates General. 3. Holland and Zeeland were the two richest and influential provinces 4. Each province and city was autonomous (self-governing) 5. Each province elected a stadholder (governor) and military leader. 6. During times of crisis, all seven provinces would elect the same stadholder, usually from the House of Orange.
Oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders with 7 provinces government
The Protectorate
Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector (in effect, a Puritan dictatorship was created). a. He dissolved the "Rump Parliament" in 1653 after a series of disputes. b. England was divided into 12 districts, each under the control of a military general. c. He denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics. d. He allowed Jews to return to England in 1655 (Jews had not been allowed since 1290).
Petition of Right
Parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases. Charles dissolved Parliament, Parliament continued to refuse increased taxation without its consent and demanded that any movement of the gov't toward Catholicism and Arminianism (rejection of Church authority based on "liberty of conscience") be treated as treason. 3. Charles' rule without Parliament between 1629 and 1640 became known as the "Thorough." a. In effect, Charles ruled as an absolute monarch during these 11 years. b. He raised money using medieval forms of forced taxation (those with a certain amount of wealth were obligated to pay). c. "Ship money": All counties were now required to pay to outfit ships where before only coastal communities had paid. d. Religious persecution of Puritans became the biggest reason for the English Civil War.
Pride's purge
Parliament debated whether or not to restore Charles to the throne. b. In response, elements of the New Model Army (without Cromwell's knowledge) removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament leaving a "Rump Parliament" with only 1/5 of members remaining. c. The "Rump" then received orders to try Charles for treason.
Diego Velazquez
Perhaps the greatest court painter of the era b. He painted numerous portraits of the Spanish court of Philip IV and their surroundings.
a. A more modern military and state bureaucracy were created. b. An emerging concept of interest in the state, as separate from the tsar's interest, developed. c. Peter began issuing explanations to his decrees to gain popular support.
Peter the Greats Reforms
England's defeat of the Spanish Armada is the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire, Poor leadership by three successive kings in the 17th century damaged Spain's political power (Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II), Spain's defeat in Thirty Years' War under Philip IV was politically and economically disastrous and they lost the Netherlands. Treaty of Pyrenees, The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) saw Spain lose most of its European possessions at Utrecht.
Political and economic decline of Spain
military under King Fredrick William I of Prussia
Prussia became known as "Sparta of the North" • One notable diplomat said, "Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state." • Society became rigid and highly disciplined. • Unquestioning obedience was the highest virtue. • It was the most militaristic society of modern times. b. He nearly doubled the size of the army. • Prussia had the best army in Europe. • It was Europe's 4th largest army (next to France, Russia and Austria). c. 80% of gov't revenues went towards the military. d. The Prussian army was designed to avoid war through deterrence. • The only time Frederick William I fought a war was after Sweden occupied a city in northern Germany; the Swedes were subsequently forced out.
Prussias invasion by the Tartars of southern Russia
Prussia is invaded in 1656-57 and the invaders who killed or carried off as slaves more than 50,000 people. • The invasion weakened the noble estates and strengthened the urgency of the elector's demands for more money for a larger army. • Prussian nobles refused to join representatives of towns in resisting royal power.
-Calvinism was the dominant religion but was split between the Dutch Reformed (who were the majority and the most powerful) and Arminian factions. -Catholics and Jews also enjoyed religious toleration but had fewer rights. -Religious toleration enabled the Netherlands to foster a cosmopolitan society that promoted trade.
Religion in the Netherlands
hre
Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist princes.
encouragement of industry and trade by Frederick William the Great Elector
Skilled craftsmen and Dutch farmers were imported. b. New industries emerged: woolens, cotton, linens, velvet, lace, silk, soap, paper and iron products. c. Efforts at overseas trade largely failed due to Prussia's lack of ports and naval experience.
Charles I
Son of James I, Like James, he claimed "divine right" theory of absolute authority for himself as king and sought to rule without Parliament. He also sought to control the Church of England. Tax issues pitted him against Parliament. needed money to fight wars. To save money, soldiers were quartered in English homes during wartime (this was very unpopular). 3. Some English nobles were arrested for refusing to lend money to the government. 4. By 1628, both houses of Parliament were firmly opposed to the king.
mercantilism under Louis XIV
State control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries French mercantilism reached its height under Louis' finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665-83). 3. Colbert's goal: economic self-sufficiency for France France was Europe's leading industrial country, creation ion merchant marine
The Interregnum
The Commonwealth and The Protectorate
Reorganization of Bohemia
The Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of Thirty Years' War. • Ferdinand II (1619-1637) redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers from all over Europe. • Conditions for serfs declined.
-The first half of the 17th century was the "golden age" of the Netherlands -It developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and to protect traditional rights. -The government consisted of an organized confederation of seven provinces, each with representative gov't -characterized by religious toleration, Calvinism was the dominant religion -became the greatest mercantile nation of the 17th century.
The Netherlands/ Dutch Republic
regulate the moral life of England by commanding that people follow strict moral codes that were enforced by the army.
The Puritan-controlled gov't sought to
Treaty of Utrecht in Prussia
The elector of Brandenburg/Prussia was now recognized internationally as the "King of Prussia" in return for aid to Habsburgs. • Thus, Frederick I was the first "king of Prussia"
Prussian taxes
The nobility was not exempted from taxing. • Soldiers also served as tax collectors and policemen, thus expanding the government's bureaucracy.
Prussia: House of Hohenzollern
The ruler of Brandenburg was designated as one of 7 electors in the Holy Roman Empire in 1417. 2. By the 17th century, Brandenburg was not significantly involved in HRE affairs. 3. Marriages increasingly gave the Hohenzollerns control of German principalities in central and western Germany. 4. The prince had little power over the nobility.
Third Estate
bourgeoisie (middle class), artisans, urban workers, and peasants.
three estates
The three social groups in France
wars of Louis XIV
The wars were initially successful but eventually became economically ruinous to France. 2. France developed the professional modern army. 3. This is perhaps the first time in modern European history that one country was able to dominate politics. 4. A balance of power system emerged in response to the threat posed by Louis.
France pre-absolutism in the 17th century
This hierarchy of social orders, based on rank and privilege, was restored under the reign of Henry IV. -France was primarily agrarian: 90% of the population lived in the countryside. -Its population of 17 million made France the largest country in Europe (20% of Europe's population). -This accounted for France becoming the strongest nation in Europe.
Frederick William, the "Great Elector"
Though a strict Calvinist, he granted religious toleration to Catholics and Jews. b. He admired the Swedish system of government and the economic power of the Netherlands. c. The ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of the Baltic after 1648 and the wars of Louis XIV created an atmosphere of permanent crisis. STARTED SPENDING A LOT OF $$ ON MILITARY
important motivations for eastern European monarchs' drive to consolidate power.
Threat of war with European and Asian invaders were
It allowed for change in the system of the government with more representation and the Bill of Rights created a list of rights for people, the king's power is taken and now the King has to share political and economical power with Parliament, Parliament even has more power technically
To what extent was the Glorious Revolution, a revolution?
Tulip Bulb Mania
Tulips came in bulbs and came from Russia. People lived in big houses and wanted to surround himself in pretty tulips. Then people started to create futures, tulips can only be dug up when they are dormant or they die. If you wanted to trade tulips there were only certain times you could do it. People started bidding on the future price of tulips like 1,000 pounds of cheese for one bulb.
Versailles Palace
Under Louis XIV, became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe. the palace Built during Louis XIV reign is the quintessential Baroque structure.
Intendant System
Used to weaken the nobility • It replaced local officials with civil servants— intendants—who reported directly to the king. • Intendants were largely middle-class or minor nobles ("nobles of the robe"). • Each of the country's 32 districts had an intendant responsible for justice, police and finance. • Thus, gov't became more efficient and centrally controlled.
gentry
Wealthy non-noble landowners in the countryside dominated politics in the House of Commons (England's lower house in Parliament). 2. Many of them had been commercially successful and had moved up from the middle-class into the upper-class. 3. They relied heavily on legal precedent to limit the power of the king on economic and political matters. 4. They were willing to pay taxes so long as the House of Commons had a say in national expenditures. a. Unlike France, there was no stigma to paying taxes in England. Since the tax burden was more equitable in England, the peasantry was not as heavily exploited. b. The issue of taxation brought the House of Commons and the monarchy into direct conflict.
William III and Mary II
Were Protestant, declared joint sovereigns by Parliament as long as they accepted the bill of rights, under them England became constitutional monarchy, eliminated divine right, mary was James II daughter
Dr. Tulp's Anatomy Lesson
What is this painting called?
Oliver Cromwell's victory
a fiercely Puritan Independent and military leader of the Roundheads, eventually led his New Model Army to victory in 1649. Charles surrendered himself to the Scots in 1646 and convinced them to invade England to restore him to the throne. 2. A division between Puritans and Presbyterians (and non-Puritans) developed late in the war. 3. Parliament ordered the army to disband; Cromwell refused. • Cromwell successfully thwarted a Scottish invasion (Charles I had promised Scotland a Presbyterian system if they would help defeat Cromwell).
military under Peter the Great
a. Each Russian village was required to send recruits for the Russian army; 25-year enlistments. b. 75% of the national budget was spent on the military by the end of Peter's reign. • The royal army consisted of over 200,000 men plus an additional 100,000 special forces of Cossacks and foreigners. c. He established royal, military and artillery academies. d. All young male nobles were required to leave home and serve 5 years of compulsory education. e. A large navy built on the Baltic (though it declined after Peter's death). f. Non-nobles had opportunities to rise up the ranks
J. S. Bach (1685-1750)
a. Greatest of the Baroque composers b. Often wrote dense and polyphonic structures (in contrast to the later balance and restraint of the Classical Period—Mozart and Haydn) c. He wrote in a variety of genres, both choral and instrumental, for a variety of instruments (e.g., masses, organ works, concertos). d. He was hired by several princes and churches throughout his career to compose religious music, some of which are considered the greatest of all time (e.g., St. Matthew Passion).
Thomas Hobbes
a. He articulated a pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature: • "Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short strong" • Anarchy results from chaos. • The central drive in every person is power. b. He stated political sovereignty is derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. c. His ideas justified absolute monarchy (but not "divine right" of kings). • His ideas became most closely identified with Voltaire in the 18th century: "Enlightened Despotism" d. His ideas were not very popular in the 17th century. • He did not favor "divine right" of kings, as was favored by Louis XIV in France and James I and Charles I in England • Those with constitutional ideas saw his ideas as too authoritarian (e.g., Locke)
Modernization of Russia Under Peter the Great
a. He traveled to the West as a young man to study its technology and culture. • Military technology was his primary concern. b. He imported to Russia substantial numbers of western technicians and craftsmen to aid in the building of large factories. c. By the end of his reign, Russia out-produced England in iron production (though Sweden and Germany produced more). • An industrial form of serfdom existed in factories where workers could be bought and sold. d. State-regulated monopolies were created (echoed mercantilist policies of western Europe). • However, this actually stifled economic growth. • Industrial serfs created inferior products.
Jean Bodin
a. He was among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states. b. He lived and wrote during the chaos of the French Civil Wars of the late 16th century. c. He believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government.
Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
a. He was the principle advocate of "divine right of kings" in France during the reign of Louis XIV. b. "Divine right" meant that the king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group.
Jan Vermeer
a. His paintings specialized in simple domestic interior scenes of ordinary people. b. Like Rembrandt, he was a master in the use of light.
government changes with Peter the Great
a. Peter ruled by decree(ex of absolutism) • The tsar theoretically owned all land in the state; nobles and peasants served the state. • No representative political bodies existed. • All landowners owed lifetime service to the state (either in the military, civil service, or court); in return they gained greater control over their serfs. b. Table of Ranks c. The Russian secret police ruthlessly and efficiently crushed opponents of the state. d. Taxation • Heavy rates were placed on trade sales and rent. • A head tax was placed on every male. e. Peter turned the Orthodox Church into a government department in 1700.
Michael Romanov
a. Romanov came to power in Muscovy after the horrific "Time of Troubles" (civil war). b. Romanov favored the boyars (Russian nobles) in return for their support. • He reduced military obligations significantly. c. The Russian empire was expanded to the Pacific Ocean in the Far East. d. He fought several unsuccessful wars against Sweden, Poland and the Ottoman Empire.
The Great Northern War
a. Russia (with Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies) vs. Sweden (under Charles XII) b. Treaty of Nystad (1721): Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its "Window on the West" in the Baltic Sea. Wins against Sweden and gets access to the Baltic Sea and has issues because it's so cold it froze and they couldn't always trade so he wants the Black Sea from the Ottomans but he doesn't get it eventually Catherine the great gets it instead
The Dutch East India Company
a. The DEIC challenged the Portuguese in Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Sri Lanka. b. DWIC traded extensively with Latin American and Africa. c. By 1700, the Dutch dominated the spice trade in Indonesia and other parts of Asia.
St. Petersburg
a. The city was one of Peter's crowning achievements. • He sought to create a city similar to Amsterdam and his palace, the Peterhof, with the grandeur of Versailles. • By his death, the city was the largest in northern Europe (75,000 inhabitants). b. St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia. • Cosmopolitan in character c. Construction began in 1703; labor was conscripted. d. Peter ordered many noble families to move to the city and build their homes according to Peter's plans. e. Merchants and artisans were also ordered to live in the city and help build it. f. Peasants were conscripted for heavy labor in the city's construction (heavy death toll—perhaps 100,000).
Peter the Great of Russia
a. The revolt of the Strelski was defeated by Peter in 1698. b. Military power was Peter's greatest concern c. The Great Northern War d. Modernization and westernization were Peter's major focuses e. Government became more efficient f. St. Petersburg g. Peter's reforms modernized Russia and brought it closer to the European mainstream.
Revolt of Strelski
a. These Moscow guards had overthrown previous leaders. b. The security of Peter's reign was now intact.
Military used for defense and expansion Prussia with the Tartars Austria with the Ottomans Eco System - Agricultural (Serfdom) and limited trade Junkers ad Boyars have more power in the East. "Enlightened Despotism" Merchants bound to towns for tax purposes (Russia)
absolutism in Eastern Europe
Military for expansion or religious wars Eco System: Mercantilism (Duke of Sully - Colbert) and Capitalism (Dutch Golden Age) Nobles to be controlled (MC in bureaucracy and itnenentdent system, Nobility of the Sword vs. The Robe) Limited Governments emerge against Absolutism in England and the Netherlands
absolutism in Western Europe
Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire and Polish Kingdom
aging empires
Presbyterian form
allowed more freedom of conscience and dissent among church members (used in Scotland)
-It did not share the Baroque style of trying to overwhelm the viewer. -It reflected the Dutch Republic's wealth and religious toleration of secular subjects. - It reflected the urban and rural settings of Dutch life during the "Golden Age of the Netherlands." -Many works were commissioned by merchants or government organizations.
characteristics of dutch style
1st Estate
clergy, 1% of population -no taxes
George II
discontinued the practice of meeting with the cabinet.
girl with a pearl earring, woman holding a balance, The astronomer
dutch style art by jan Vermeer
French Colonialism in New World Duke of Sully Mercantilism Reduced French debt Reformed the tax system Government Monopolized mining
economic efforts of Henry IV
Corvee System (Both political and economic) Jean Baptiste Colbert Mercantilism and Bullionism Infrastructure built Regulated guilds to ensure quality of products. Created the Merchant Marine Hurt the peasants due to over taxation
economic efforts of Louis XIV
Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centers and a money economy. 2. Amsterdam became the banking and commercial center of Europe. 3. It had to rely on commerce since it had few natural resources at its disposal. 4. It lacked government controls and monopolies that interfered with free enterprise. 5. Fishing was the cornerstone of the Dutch economy. 6. The Dutch East India Company and Dutch West India Company were organized as cooperative ventures of private enterprise and the state.
economics and finance sin the Netherlands
They destroyed the French economy due to a severe disruption of trade. 2. 20% of French subjects died. 3. A huge debt would be placed on the shoulders of the Third Estate • The French gov't was bankrupt. 4. These financial and social tensions sowed the seeds of the French Revolution later in the century.
effects and costs of Louis XIV wars
Excelled in such industries as textiles, mirrors, lace- making and foundries for steel manufacturing and firearms b. Colbert's most important accomplishment was developing the merchant marine. c. Louis' military buildup stimulated the economy due to the production for uniforms, overcoats, weapons, and ammunition employed weavers, tailors, and gun makers.
effects of French thriving in the industrial industry
a. Food prices increased due to influx of gold and silver from the Americas. b. Surpluses in wheat and timber were sold to big foreign merchants who exported them to feed the wealthier west.
effects of growth of estate agriculture from serfdom
Fredrick William the Great Elector
established Prussia as a Great Power and laid the foundation for the future unification of Germany in the 19th century. a. Most significantly, he oversaw Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe. b. He employed military power and taxation to unify his Rhine holdings, Prussia, and Brandenburg into a strong state. c. Increased military spending was achieved through heavy taxes (twice that of Louis XIV in France).
Officials who criticized the government could be arrested. c. Louis never called the Estates General into session.
evidence of Louis XIV checking the power of French institutions
b. Corvée c. Idle peasants could be conscripted into the army or forced into workhouses. d. Rebellious peasants could be executed or used as galley slaves on ships.
evidence of how Louis XIV controlled peasantry
Test Act of 1673
excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings.
Junkers
formed the backbone of the Prussian military officer corps • These nobles and landowners dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. • In 1653, the hereditary subjugation of serfs was established as a way of compensating the nobles for their support of the crown.
Charles seemed to support Catholicism and drew criticism from Whigs in Parliament. 1. He granted freedom of worship to Catholics. 2. He made a deal with Louis XIV in 1670 whereby France would give England money each year in exchange for Charles relaxing restrictions on Catholics. 3. Charles dissolved Parliament when it passed a law denying royal succession to Catholics (Charles' brother, James, was Catholic) The Whig Parliament sought to limit Charles' power. led to habeas corpus act
issues with Charles II
Scotland had again gained its independence when Charles II assumed the throne in 1660. 2. Charles reneged on his 1651 pledge that acknowledged Presbyterianism in Scotland and in 1661 declared himself the head of the Church of Scotland. • He sought to impose the episcopal form of church hierarchy in Scotland, similar to the Anglican Church. 3. Thousands were killed in Scotland for resisting Charles' dictatorship. • The last few years of Charles' reign in Scotland was known as the "Killing Time."
issues with Charles II in Scotland
They lacked the political astuteness of Elizabeth I. b. James I (1603-1625): first of the Stuart kings—struggled with Parliament c. Charles I (1625-1629): twice suspended Parliament; beheaded during the English Civil War d. Charles II (1660 -1685): restored to the throne but with the consent of Parliament e. James II (1685-1688): exiled to France during the "Glorious Revolution"
issues with the tudors
Cardinal Richelieu
laid the foundation for absolutism in France, was a politique that put political issues before religious issues, Created the Intendant System, He built upon Sully's economic achievements in further developing mercantilism. He increased taxation to fund the military although his tax policies were not as successfully as Sully's. • He resorted to the old system of selling offices. • Tax farmers ruthlessly exploited the peasantry. e. Richelieu subdued the Huguenots with Peace of Alais (1629): Huguenots lost their fortifiedcities and Protestant armies and Calvinist aristocratic influenced was thus reduced. Huguenots were still allowed to practice Calvinism. 3. Thirty Years' War: "French phase" a. Richelieu and Louis XIII sought to weaken the Habsburg Empire (a traditional French policy dating back to Francis I in the early-mid 16th century). • Reversed Maria de' Medici's pro-Spanish policy • Declared war against Spain in 1635 b. France supported Gustavus Adolphus with money during the "Swedish Phase" of the war. c. Later, France entered the "International Phase" of the war and ultimately forced the Treaty of Westphalia on the Habsburgs
textiles, furniture, fine woolen goods, sugar refining, tobacco cutting, brewing, pottery, glass, printing, paper making, weapons manufacturing and ship building.
major industries in the Netherlands
Treaty of Pyrenees
marked end of Spain as a Great Power a. The war between Spain and France continued for 11 years after the end of the Thirty Years' War. b. Spain lost parts of the Spanish Netherlands and territory in northern Spain to France.
Poor peasant conditions (especially taxation) resulted in large emigration out of France. b. Louis opted for creating a massive army instead of a formidable navy. • Result: France later lost naval wars with England c. War in later years of Louis' reign nullified Colbert's gains • Louis was at war for 2/3 of his reign
negatives of French economy
Second Estate
nobility; 3-4% of population
Roundheads
opposed the king. • Consisted largely of Puritans (Congregationalists) and Presbyterians (who favored the Scottish church organization) • Allied with Scotland (in return for guarantees that Presbyterianism would be imposed on England after the war) • Supported by Presbyterian-dominated London • Comprised a majority of businessmen • Included some nobles in the south and east • Had the support of the navy and the merchant marine
Russia, Prussia, Austria
order of absolute power in the east from greatest to least
Pragmatic Sanction
passed by Charles VI so that his daughter would be guaranteed to take the throne next -Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and henceforth to be passed intact to a single heir. - His daughter, Maria Theresa, inherited Charles' empire in 1740 and ruled for 40 years.
Suleiman the Magnificent
perhaps the most powerful ruler in the world during the 16th century. • He nearly conquered Austria in 1529, and captured Belgrade (Serbia), nearly 1/2 of eastern Europe including all Balkan territories, most of Hungary, and part of southern Russia.
Gianlorenzo Bernini, David, 1623
personified Baroque architecture and sculpture.
The Stuarts ruled England for most of the 17th century. 1. Although they exhibited absolutist tendencies, they were restrained by the growth of Parliament. Two major issues prior to the Civil War: 1. Could the king govern without the consent of Parliament or go against the wishes of Parliament? 2. Would the form of the Anglican Church follow the established hierarchical episcopal form or acquire a presbyterian form?
problems of England in the 17th century
Only Parliament had right to levy taxes, gifts, loans, or contributions. b. No one should be imprisoned or detained without due process of law. c. All had the right to habeas corpus (trial). d. No forced quartering of soldiers in homes of private citizens would be allowed. e. Martial law could not be declared in peacetime.
provisions of the petition of right
was hurt by the loss of middle class Moors and Jews from the inquisition, trade with its colonies fell 60% between 1610 and 1660 due to English and Dutch competition. The Spanish treasury was bankrupt, National taxes hit the peasantry particularly hard leading to food production decrease, Inflation from the "price revolution" hurt domestic industries that were unable to export goods, A poor work ethic stunted economic growth because nobles weren't paying taxes and capitalism was far less prevalent
reason for economic decline in Spain
Baroque art
reflected age of absolutism, began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church. a. The Baroque was encouraged by the papacy and the Jesuits. b. It was prominent in France, Flanders, Austria, southern Germany, and Poland. 2. It spread later to Protestant countries such as the Netherlands and northern Germany and England. 3. Characteristics a. It sought to overwhelm the viewer: Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme. b. Versailles Palace typifies Baroque art: huge frescoes throughout the palace were unified around the emotional impact of a single theme.
Louis considered himself the head of the French Catholic Church. did not allow the pope to exercise political power in the French Church. 2. Edict of Fountainbleau 3. Louis supported the Jesuits in cracking down on Jansenists (Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas).
religious policies of Louis XIV
lords in eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. 1. Areas most affected: Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary, eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. 2. The drop in population in the 14th century (especially from the "Black Death") created tremendous labor shortages and hard times for nobles. 3. Lords demanded that their kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants' right of moving freely. a. By 1500 Prussian territories had laws requiring runaway peasants to be hunted down and returned to their lords. b. Laws were passed that froze peasants in their social class. 4. legal system was monopolized by the local lord. 5. Lords confiscated peasant lands and imposed heavier labor obligations.
revival of serfdom in eastern Europe
1. The ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as the Holy Roman Emperor. 2. After the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the Spanish throne was now occupied by the Bourbons; Habsburg power was concentrated in Austria. 3. Ineffective Habsburg rule in the HRE forced monarchs to turn their attention inward and eastward to consolidate their diverse holdings into a strong unified state.
rise of Austria
R ussia A ustria P russia
rising empires
Baroque Art Divine Right Peasant Labor (Corvee & Robot System) State run religion (French Gallican Church and Russian Orthodoxy) Palaces Revolts Suppressed (Fronde & Stelski) Suppression of Religious sects (Peace of Alais, Edict of Fontainebleau, Inquisition, vs Persecution of Jews and Protestants in Russia
similarities between absolutism in east and west
Edict of nantes Restored Rank and Privilege to the Estates Structure
social efforts of Henry IV
Versailles Palace Required nobles to live at palace for months each year in order to keep an eye on them. Louis Considered himself head of the French Catholic Church Edict of Fountainbleu Supported cracking down on Jansenists
social efforts of Louis XIV
Cavaliers
supported the king • Clergy and supporters of the Anglican Church • Majority of the old gentry (nobility); north and west • Eventually, Irish Catholics (who feared Puritanism more than Anglicanism)
The Glorious Revolution
the final act in the struggle for political sovereignty in England. 1. Parliament was not willing to sacrifice constitutional gains of the English Civil War and return to absolute monarchy. 2. Two issues in particular drove Parliament to action: a. James' reissue of the Declaration of Indulgence (granting freedom of worship to Catholics) and his demand that the declaration be read in the Anglican Church on two successive Sundays b. Birth of a Catholic heir to the English throne in 1688 -did not amount to a democratic revolution. a. Power remained largely in the hands of the nobility and gentry until at least the mid-19th century. b. Parliament essentially represented the upper classes. c. The majority of English people did not have a say in political affairs.
George I
the first of the Hanoverian kings, regularly presided at cabinet meetings.
Episcopal form
the king, Archbishop of Canterbury, and bishops of the church determined church doctrine and practices (used in England)
Treaty of Utrecht
the most important treaty between the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Paris (1763). • It maintained the balance of power in Europe. • It ended the expansionism of Louis XIV. Maintained the Balance of Power in Europe Britain gained the Asiento and the right to send one English ship to trade with New Spain Spanish Netherlands given to Austria Prohibition of the unifying of the Spanish and French thrones
Polish Kingdom
voting in the Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom a. The inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its power over the nobility led to Poland's partition. b. Russia and Prussia encouraged certain members of the Polish nobility to invoke the liberum veto to weaken the country. c. By 1800, Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign state; it was carved up by Russia, Austria and Prussia.
a. The Dutch had the largest fleet in the world dedicated to trade. b. They had several outstanding ports that became a hub of European trade.
ways the dutch relied on commerce
reinforced his image as the most powerful absolute ruler in Europe. Royal court grew from 600 people to 10000 people at Versailles. palace became pleasure prison for the French nobility so he gained absolute control over them.
what did the palace of Versailles do for Louis XIV
mostly upper class and most of England didn't have a say
who did parliament represent
Most kings, in fact, were essentially "first among equals" in the noble class and directly benefited from serfdom. b. Eastern lords had more political power than in the west; monarchs needed the nobles c. Constant warfare in eastern Europe and political chaos resulted in noble landlord class increasing their political power at the expense of monarchs. d. Weak eastern kings had little power to control landlord policies aimed at peasants. • Strong sovereign kings were not in place prior to 1650. e. Peasants were weaker politically than in the west. • Uprisings did not succeed. • Peasant solidarity in the east was weaker than western communities. f. Landlords undermined medieval privileges of towns and the power of urban classes. • The population of towns and the importance of urban middle classes declined significantly.The reasons were not necessarily economic as the west was also devastated by the Black Death and the resulting labor shortages helped labor. 2. Political reasons are more plausible - the supremacy of noble landlords.
why was serfdom still in the east but not the west
War of Austrian Succession
• Cause: Frederick invaded and annexed Silesia, part of the Austrian Hapsburg empire o Frederick violated Austria's Pragmatic Sanction (1713) whereby the Great Powers recognized that Charles VII's daughter, Maria Theresa, would inherit the entire Hapsburg empire • Prussia efficiently defeated Austria • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle o Prussia gained Silesia ( and doubled Prussia's population in the process) o Prussia was now recognized as the most powerful of all the German states and as one of Europe's "Great Powers."
Table of Ranks
• It set educational standards for civil servants (most of whom were nobles). • Peter sought to replace the old Boyar nobility with a new service-based nobility loyal to the tsar.
